The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis

Download The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813059429
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis by : Barbara L. Voss

Download or read book The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis written by Barbara L. Voss and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2015-03-31 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Compelling new evidence, careful documentation, and an artfully woven narrative make The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis a path-breaking book for sociocultural scholars as well as for general readers interested in the politics of identity, ethnicity, gender, and the colonial and U.S. Western history.”—Transforming Anthropology “Voss’s lucid explanations of method and theory make the book accessible to a broad range of audiences, from upper-level undergraduate and graduate students to professionals and lay audiences. . . . Its interdisciplinarity, indeed, may help to sell archaeology to audiences who do not typically consider archaeological evidence as an option for identity studies.”—Current Anthropology “The book reminds historians that other disciplines can offer fruitful methodological forays into well-trodden areas of study.”—Journal of American History “Those scholars studying various aspects of the Hispanic worldwide empire would be well advised to peruse Voss’s work.”—Historical Archaeology “[W]ell written, theoretically sophisticated, and unburdened by abstract concepts or hyper-qualified verbiage.”—H-Net Reviews “[E]ngaging. Overall, the text belongs in the library of every student of Spanish and Mexican Alta California. . . . The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis will become an anthropological standard.”—Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology “[A] must-read for all interested not only in colonial California, but for all historical archaeologists and to any archaeologist interested in the examination of identities.”—Cambridge Archaeological Journal “Shows how individuals negotiate ethnic identity through everyday objects and actions.”—SMRC Revista In this interdisciplinary study, Barbara Voss examines religious, environmental, cultural, and political differences at the Presidio of San Francisco, California, to reveal the development of social identities within the colony. Voss reconciles material culture with historical records, challenging widely held beliefs about ethnicity.

The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis

Download The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520931955
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis by : Barbara L. Voss

Download or read book The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis written by Barbara L. Voss and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2008-02-05 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This innovative work of historical archaeology illuminates the genesis of the Californios, a community of military settlers who forged a new identity on the northwest edge of Spanish North America. Since 1993, Barbara L. Voss has conducted archaeological excavations at the Presidio of San Francisco, founded by Spain during its colonization of California's central coast. Her research at the Presidio forms the basis for this rich study of cultural identity formation, or ethnogenesis, among the diverse peoples who came from widespread colonized populations to serve at the Presidio. Through a close investigation of the landscape, architecture, ceramics, clothing, and other aspects of material culture, she traces shifting contours of race and sexuality in colonial California.

Israel's Ethnogenesis

Download Israel's Ethnogenesis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113494215X
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (349 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Israel's Ethnogenesis by : Avraham Faust

Download or read book Israel's Ethnogenesis written by Avraham Faust and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-01 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner (for best semi-popular book) of the 2008 Irene Levi-Sala Prize for publications on the archaeology of Israel. The emergence of Israel in Canaan is a central topic in biblical/Syro-Palestinian archaeology. However, the archaeology of ancient Israel has rarely been subject to in-depth anthropological analysis until now. 'Israel's Ethnogenesis' offers an anthropological framework to the archaeological data and textual sources. Examining archaeological finds from thousands of excavations, the book presents a theoretical approach to Israel's ethnogenesis that draws on the work of recent critics. The book examines Israelite ethnicity - ranging from meat consumption, decorated and imported pottery, Israelite houses, circumcision, and hierarchy - and traces the complex ethnic negotiations that accompanied Israel's ethnogenesis. Israel's Ethnogenesis is unique in its contribution to the archaeology of ethnicity, offering an anthropological study that will be of interest to students of history, Israelite culture and religion, and the evolution of ethnic groups.

Becoming Brothertown

Download Becoming Brothertown PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 0816530300
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (165 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Becoming Brothertown by : Craig N. Cipolla

Download or read book Becoming Brothertown written by Craig N. Cipolla and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2013-09-26 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In this book, Craig Cipolla follows the Brothertown Indians and their predecessors across New England, New York, and Wisconsin, disregarding the rigid cultural essences often associated with colonial histories in search of a deeper understanding of colonial culture and Native American identity politics from the eighteenth century to the present"--Provided by publisher.

Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power

Download Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Amsterdam University Press
ISBN 13 : 9053567054
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (535 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power by : Nico Roymans

Download or read book Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power written by Nico Roymans and published by Amsterdam University Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This study explores the theme of Batavian ethnicity and ethnogenesis in the context of the Early Roman empire. Its starting point is the current view in the social and historical sciences of ethnicity as a culturally determined, subjective construct that is shaped through interaction with an ethnic 'other'. The study analyses literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources relating to the Batavian image and self-image against the backdrop of Batavian integration into the Roman world. The Batavians were intensively exploited by the Roman authorities for the recruitment of auxiliary soldiers, with the result that their society developed into a full-blown military community."--Jacket.

Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia

Download Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 1457111586
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (571 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia by : Alf Hornborg

Download or read book Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia written by Alf Hornborg and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2011-10-01 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A major contribution to Amazonian anthropology, and possibly a direction changer." -J. Scott Raymond,University of Calgary A transdisciplinary collaboration among ethnologists, linguists, and archaeologists, Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia traces the emergence, expansion, and decline of cultural identities in indigenous Amazonia. Hornborg and Hill argue that the tendency to link language, culture, and biology--essentialist notions of ethnic identities--is a Eurocentric bias that has characterized largely inaccurate explanations of the distribution of ethnic groups and languages in Amazonia. The evidence, however, suggests a much more fluid relationship among geography, language use, ethnic identity, and genetics. In Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia, leading linguists, ethnographers, ethnohistorians, and archaeologists interpret their research from a unique nonessentialist perspective to form a more accurate picture of the ethnolinguistic diversity in this area. Revealing how ethnic identity construction is constantly in flux, contributors show how such processes can be traced through different ethnic markers such as pottery styles and languages. Scholars and students studying lowland South America will be especially interested, as will anthropologists intrigued by its cutting-edge, interdisciplinary approach.

The Archaeology of Colonialism

Download The Archaeology of Colonialism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781107401266
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (12 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Colonialism by : Barbara L. Voss

Download or read book The Archaeology of Colonialism written by Barbara L. Voss and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-10-31 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines human sexuality as an intrinsic element in the interpretation of complex colonial societies. While archaeological studies of the historic past have explored the dynamics of European colonialism, such work has largely ignored broader issues of sexuality, embodiment, commemoration, reproduction, and sensuality. Recently, however, scholars have begun to recognize these issues as essential components of colonization and imperialism. This book explores a variety of case studies, revealing the multifaceted intersections of colonialism and sexuality. Incorporating work that ranges from Phoenician diasporic communities of the eighth century to Britain's nineteenth-century Australian penal colonies to the contemporary maroon community of Brazil, this volume changes the way we understand the relationship between sexuality and colonial history.

Pestilence and Persistence

Download Pestilence and Persistence PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520258479
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pestilence and Persistence by : Kathleen Louann Hull

Download or read book Pestilence and Persistence written by Kathleen Louann Hull and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This innovative examination of the Yosemite Indian experience in California poses broad challenges to our understanding of the complex, destructive encounters that took place between colonists and native peoples across North America. Looking closely at archaeological data, native oral tradition, and historical accounts, Kathleen Hull focuses in particular on the timing, magnitude, and consequences of the introduction of lethal infectious diseases to Native communities. The Yosemite Indian case suggests that epidemic disease penetrated small-scale hunting and gathering groups of the interior of North America prior to face-to-face encounters with colonists. It also suggests, however, that even the catastrophic depopulation that resulted from these diseases was insufficient to undermine the culture and identity of many Native groups. Instead, engagement in colonial economic ventures often proved more destructive to traditional indigenous lifeways. Hull provides further context for these central issues by examining ten additional cases of colonial-era population decline in groups ranging from Iroquoian speakers of the Northeast to complex chiefdoms of the Southeast and Puebloan peoples of the Southwest.

Crossroads and Cosmologies

Download Crossroads and Cosmologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780813034966
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (349 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Crossroads and Cosmologies by : Christopher Fennell

Download or read book Crossroads and Cosmologies written by Christopher Fennell and published by . This book was released on 2009-11-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Christopher Fennell offers a fresh perspective on ways that the earliest enslaved Africans preserved vital aspects of their traditions and identities in the New World. He also explores similar developments among European immigrants and the interactions of both groups with Native Americans. Focusing on extant artifacts left by displaced Africans, Fennell finds that material culture and religious ritual contributed to a variety of modes of survival in mainland North America as well as in the Caribbean and Brazil. Over time, new symbols of culture led to further changes in individual customs and beliefs as well as the creation of new social groups and new expressions of identity. Presenting insights from archaeology, history, and symbolic anthropology, this book traces the dynamic legacy of the trans-Atlantic diasporas over four centuries, and it challenges existing concepts of creolization and cultural retention. In the process, it examines some of the major cultural belief systems of west and west central Africa, specific symbols of the BaKongo and Yoruba cosmologies, development of prominent African-American religious expressions in the Americas, and the Christian and non-Christian spiritual traditions of German-speaking immigrants from central Europe.

The Archaeology of Ethnicity

Download The Archaeology of Ethnicity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134767935
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (347 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Ethnicity by : Siân Jones

Download or read book The Archaeology of Ethnicity written by Siân Jones and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2002-11-01 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The question of ethnicity is highly controversial in contemporary archaeology. Indigenous and nationalist claims to territory, often rely on reconstructions of the past based on the traditional identification of 'cultures' from archaeological remains. Sian Jones responds to the need for a reassessment of the ways in which social groups are identified in the archaeological record, with a comprehensive and critical synthesis of recent theories of ethnicity in the human sciences. In doing so, she argues for a fundamentally different view of ethnicity, as a complex dynamic form of identification, requiring radical changes in archaeological analysis and interpretation.

Studies in Culture Contact

Download Studies in Culture Contact PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SIU Press
ISBN 13 : 0809334097
Total Pages : 513 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Studies in Culture Contact by : James G. Cusick

Download or read book Studies in Culture Contact written by James G. Cusick and published by SIU Press. This book was released on 2015-03-05 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: People have long been fascinated about times in human history when different cultures and societies first came into contact with each other, how they reacted to that contact, and why it sometimes occurred peacefully and at other times was violent or catastrophic. Studies in Culture Contact: Interaction, Culture Change, and Archaeology, edited by James G. Cusick,seeks to define the role of culture contact in human history, to identify issues in the study of culture contact in archaeology, and to provide a critical overview of the major theoretical approaches to the study of culture and contact. In this collection of essays, anthropologists and archaeologists working in Europe and the Americas consider three forms of culture contact—colonization, cultural entanglement, and symmetrical exchange. Part I provides a critical overview of theoretical approaches to the study of culture contact, offering assessments of older concepts in anthropology, such as acculturation, as well as more recently formed concepts, including world systems and center-periphery models of contact. Part II contains eleven case studies of specific contact situations and their relationships to the archaeological record, with times and places as varied as pre- and post-Hispanic Mexico, Iron Age France, Jamaican sugar plantations, European provinces in the Roman Empire, and the missions of Spanish Florida. Studies in Culture Contact provides an extensive review of the history of culture contact in anthropological studies and develops a broad framework for studying culture contact’s role, moving beyond a simple formulation of contact and change to a more complex understanding of the amalgam of change and continuity in contact situations.

The Archaeology of Hybrid Material Culture

Download The Archaeology of Hybrid Material Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SIU Press
ISBN 13 : 0809333163
Total Pages : 495 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Hybrid Material Culture by : Jeb J. Card

Download or read book The Archaeology of Hybrid Material Culture written by Jeb J. Card and published by SIU Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, archaeologists have used the terms hybrid and hybridity with increasing frequency to describe and interpret forms of material culture. Hybridity is a way of viewing culture and human action that addresses the issue of power differentials between peoples and cultures. This approach suggests that cultures are not discrete pure entities but rather are continuously transforming and recombining. The Archaeology of Hybrid Material Culture discusses this concept and its relationship to archaeological classification and the emergence of new ethnic group identities. This collection of essays provides readers with theoretical and concrete tools for investigating objects and architecture with discernible multiple influences. The twenty-one essays are organized into four parts: ceramic change in colonial Latin America and the Caribbean; ethnicity and material culture in pre-Hispanic and colonial Latin America; culture contact and transformation in technological style; and materiality and identity. The media examined include ceramics, stone and glass implements, textiles, bone, architecture, and mortuary and bioarchaeological artifacts from North, South, and Central America, Hawai‘i, the Caribbean, Europe, and Mesopotamia. Case studies include Bronze Age Britain, Iron Age and Roman Europe, Uruk-era Turkey, African diasporic communities in the Caribbean, pre-Spanish and Pueblo revolt era Southwest, Spanish colonial impacts in the American Southeast, Central America, and the Andes, ethnographic Amazonia, historic-era New England and the Plains, the Classic Maya, nineteenth-century Hawai‘i, and Upper Paleolithic Europe. The volume is carefully detailed with more than forty maps and figures and over twenty tables. The work presented in The Archaeology of Hybrid Material Culture comes from researchers whose questions and investigations recognized the role of multiple influences on the people and material they study. Case studies include experiments in bone working in middle Missouri; images and social relationships in prehistoric and Roman Europe; technological and material hybridity in colonial Peruvian textiles; ceramic change in colonial Latin America and the Caribbean; and flaked glass tools from the leprosarium at Kalawao, Moloka‘i. The essays provide examples and approaches that may serve as a guide for other researchers dealing with similar issues.

Archaeology and Ancient Religion in the American Midcontinent

Download Archaeology and Ancient Religion in the American Midcontinent PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Alabama Press
ISBN 13 : 0817319964
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (173 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Archaeology and Ancient Religion in the American Midcontinent by : Brad H. Koldehoff

Download or read book Archaeology and Ancient Religion in the American Midcontinent written by Brad H. Koldehoff and published by University Alabama Press. This book was released on 2018-11-06 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyses of big datasets signal important directions for the archaeology of religion in the Archaic to Mississippian Native North America Across North America, huge data accumulations derived from decades of cultural resource management studies, combined with old museum collections, provide archaeologists with unparalleled opportunities to explore new questions about the lives of ancient native peoples. For many years the topics of technology, economy, and political organization have received the most research attention, while ritual, religion, and symbolic expression have largely been ignored. This was often the case because researchers considered such topics beyond reach of their methods and data. In Archaeology and Ancient Religion in the American Midcontinent, editors Brad H. Koldehoff and Timothy R. Pauketat and their contributors demonstrate that this notion is outdated through their analyses of a series of large datasets from the midcontinent, ranging from tiny charred seeds to the cosmic alignments of mounds, they consider new questions about the religious practices and lives of native peoples. At the core of this volume are case studies that explore religious practices from the Cahokia area and surrounding Illinois uplands. Additional chapters explore these topics using data collected from sites and landscapes scattered along the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. This innovative work facilitates a greater appreciation for, and understanding of, ancient native religious practices, especially their seamless connections to everyday life and livelihood. The contributors do not advocate for a reduced emphasis on technology, economy, and political organization; rather, they recommend expanding the scope of such studies to include considerations of how religious practices shaped the locations of sites, the character of artifacts, and the content and arrangement of sites and features. They also highlight analytical approaches that are applicable to archaeological datasets from across the Americas and beyond.

The Baiuvarii and Thuringi

Download The Baiuvarii and Thuringi PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Boydell & Brewer Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1843839156
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (438 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Baiuvarii and Thuringi by : Janine Fries-Knoblach

Download or read book The Baiuvarii and Thuringi written by Janine Fries-Knoblach and published by Boydell & Brewer Ltd. This book was released on 2014 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of two Germanic tribes, the Baiuvarii and Thuringi, looking at their origins, development, and customs between the fifth and the eighth centuries. The large neighbouring tribes of the Baiuvarii and Thuringi, who lived between the Alps and the River Elbe from the fifth to eighth centuries, are the focus of this book. Using a variety of different sources drawn from the fieldsof archaeology, history, linguistics and religion, the contributions discuss how an ethnos, a gens, or a tribe, such as the Baiuvarii or Thuringi, might appear in the written and archaeological evidence. For the Thuringi tribal traditions started around the year 400 or even earlier, while the Baiuvarii experienced a much later ethnogenesis from both immigrants and a local, partly Romance population in the mid-sixth century. The Baiuvarii and Thuringi are studied together because of the astonishing connections between their two settlement landscapes. In the context of the row-grave civilisation the Thuringi belonged primarily to the eastern, the Baiuvarii to thewestern sphere. The kingdom of the Thuringi was assimilated into the Merovingian Empire after their defeat by the Franks in the 530s, which also changed their burial customs to the style of the western row-grave zone. In contrast, the Baiuvarii were not "Frankicised" until more than a century later and their grave customs remained more typically "Bavarian". The chapters highlight typical features of each region and beyond: settlements, agricultural economy, law, religion, language, names, craftsmanship, grave goods, mobility and communication. Janine Fries-Knoblach is a freelance archaeologist with a special interest in the fields of settlements, agriculture and technology of protohistoric Central Europe, and has taught at a number of German universities; Heiko Steuer is Professor Emeritus of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Middle Ages at Freiburg University, Germany, with a special interest in the social and economic history of Germanic tribes in Central Europe; John Hines is Professor of Archaeology at Cardiff University and is supervising the publication of the remaining volumes inthis series. Contributors: Giorgio Ausenda, Janine Fries-Knoblach, Heike Grahn-Hoek, Dennis H. Green, Wolfgang Haubrichs, Joachim Henning, Max Martin, Peter Neumeister, Heiko Steuer, Claudia Theune-Vogt, Ian Wood.

Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity

Download Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Amsterdam University Press
ISBN 13 : 9089640789
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (896 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity by : Ton Derks

Download or read book Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity written by Ton Derks and published by Amsterdam University Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A bold and original examination of the relationships between ethnicity and political power in the ancient world.

The Archaeology of Gender in Historic America

Download The Archaeology of Gender in Historic America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780813064772
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (647 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Gender in Historic America by : Deborah L. Rotman

Download or read book The Archaeology of Gender in Historic America written by Deborah L. Rotman and published by . This book was released on 2018-02-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, gender roles and relations in Deerfield, Massachusetts, are presented to illustrate the material and spatial expressions of the dominant Anglo-European ideologies (particularly corporate families, republican motherhood, and the cult of domesticity) of each respective time period in historic America.

On Barbarian Identity

Download On Barbarian Identity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Brepols Publishers
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis On Barbarian Identity by : Andrew Gillett

Download or read book On Barbarian Identity written by Andrew Gillett and published by Brepols Publishers. This book was released on 2002 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethnicity has been central to medieval studies since the Goths, Franks, Alamanni and other barbarian settlers of the Roman empire were first seen as part of Germanic antiquity. Today, two paradigms dominate interpretation of barbarian Europe. In history, theories of how tribes formed ('ethnogenesis') assert the continuity of Germanic identities from prehistory through the Middle Ages, and see cultural rather than biological factors as the means of preserving these identities. In archaeology, the 'culture history' approach has long claimed to be able to trace movements of peoples not attested in the historical record, by identifying ethnically-specific material goods. The papers in this volume challenge the concepts and methodologies of these two models. The authors explore new ways to understand barbarians in the early Middle Ages, and to analyse the images of the period constructed by modern scholarship. Two responses, one by a leading exponent of the 'ethnogenesis' approach, the other by a leading critic, continue this important debate.