The Affordable Care Act's Effects on Patients, Providers and the Economy

Download The Affordable Care Act's Effects on Patients, Providers and the Economy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (111 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Affordable Care Act's Effects on Patients, Providers and the Economy by : Jonathan Gruber

Download or read book The Affordable Care Act's Effects on Patients, Providers and the Economy written by Jonathan Gruber and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As we approach the tenth anniversary of the passage of the Affordable Care Act, it is important to reflect on what has been learned about the impacts of this major reform. In this paper we review the literature on the impacts of the ACA on patients, providers and the economy. We find strong evidence that the ACA's provisions have increased insurance coverage. There is also a clearly positive effect on access to and consumption of health care, with suggestive but more limited evidence on improved health outcomes. There is no evidence of significant reductions in provider access, changes in labor supply, or increased budgetary pressures on state governments, and the law's total federal cost through 2018 has been less than predicted. We conclude by describing key policy implications and future areas for research.

Health-Care Utilization as a Proxy in Disability Determination

Download Health-Care Utilization as a Proxy in Disability Determination PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030946921X
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Health-Care Utilization as a Proxy in Disability Determination by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Health-Care Utilization as a Proxy in Disability Determination written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-04-02 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Social Security Administration (SSA) administers two programs that provide benefits based on disability: the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program and the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. This report analyzes health care utilizations as they relate to impairment severity and SSA's definition of disability. Health Care Utilization as a Proxy in Disability Determination identifies types of utilizations that might be good proxies for "listing-level" severity; that is, what represents an impairment, or combination of impairments, that are severe enough to prevent a person from doing any gainful activity, regardless of age, education, or work experience.

The Impacts of the Affordable Care Act on Preparedness Resources and Programs

Download The Impacts of the Affordable Care Act on Preparedness Resources and Programs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780309303606
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Impacts of the Affordable Care Act on Preparedness Resources and Programs by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book The Impacts of the Affordable Care Act on Preparedness Resources and Programs written by Institute of Medicine and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many of the elements of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) went into effect in 2014, and with the establishment of many new rules and regulations, there will continue to be significant changes to the United States health care system. It is not clear what impact these changes will have on medical and public health preparedness programs around the country. Although there has been tremendous progress since 2005 and Hurricane Katrina, there is still a long way to go to ensure the health security of the Country. There is a commonly held notion that preparedness is separate and distinct from everyday operations, and that it only affects emergency departments. But time and time again, catastrophic events challenge the entire health care system, from acute care and emergency medical services down to the public health and community clinic level, and the lack of preparedness of one part of the system places preventable stress on other components. The implementation of the ACA provides the opportunity to consider how to incorporate preparedness into all aspects of the health care system. The Impacts of the Affordable Care Act on Preparedness Resources and Programs is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Catastrophic Events in November 2013 to discuss how changes to the health system as a result of the ACA might impact medical and public health preparedness programs across the nation. This report discusses challenges and benefits of the Affordable Care Act to disaster preparedness and response efforts around the country and considers how changes to payment and reimbursement models will present opportunities and challenges to strengthen disaster preparedness and response capacities.

The Affordable Care Act as a National Experiment

Download The Affordable Care Act as a National Experiment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303066726X
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Affordable Care Act as a National Experiment by : Harry P. Selker

Download or read book The Affordable Care Act as a National Experiment written by Harry P. Selker and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-27 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The landmark 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), or “Obamacare,” is a topic of great debate in mainstream, academic, and scientific media that generated strong opinions across the political spectrum and our nation. Soon after the enactment of the ACA and the fierce debate that ensued, The Affordable Care Act as a National Experiment was published by Springer in 2014. Now five years later, just finishing an election year in which the ACA was a hotly debated issue, the second edition of this title examines the history, lessons, and impact of this ground-breaking legislation. Now a decade since implementation nationally, the ACA is the largest healthcare policy innovation in the United States in at least 50 years and one of our nation’s largest healthcare experiments ever. The history of public health and medicine shows us that to develop better solutions for important health problems, we must innovate. And when we try a new strategy, we are reminded that to innovate is to experiment. This is the basis of all medical research, public health interventions, and health policy innovations. Moreover, in recent years, there is an increasing emphasis on “translational science,” research that always has an ultimate focus on having real impact on medical care and the public’s health – whether in translating from bench research to the bedside, or from limited clinical use into widespread practice, public health interventions or policy. As with the previous edition, the book opens with a chapter that gives a basic overview of The Affordable Care Act. The second chapter, which previously discussed the objectives of the ACA, now takes a look at the successes, unfinished work and impact of the ACA in the past ten years. The third chapter now ponders the question of whether the ACA has protected patients since its implementation while its previous counterpart gave predictions for the future. The chapters that follow highlight things such as Medicaid expansion and insurance reform under the ACA, the Supreme Court Review of the ACA, social determinants of health, stories of the uninsured and stabilization of the ACA, among others. The book rounds out with a summary of what’s next and the push for universal healthcare followed by an epilogue. Due to the timely nature of the subject matter, some chapters from the previous edition have been dropped and seven new chapters have been added in their place. The remaining seven chapters from the previous edition have also been fully revised and updated. Written by nationally known healthcare policy leaders who were involved directly in the creation and implementation of the ACA, the second edition of The Affordable Care Act as a National Experiment again will examine the history and impact of this ground-breaking legislation as well as recommend priorities, objectives, and next steps for translational research. It is an essential resource for all healthcare providers as well as policy makers and academics.

Care Without Coverage

Download Care Without Coverage PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309083435
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Care Without Coverage by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Care Without Coverage written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-06-20 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many Americans believe that people who lack health insurance somehow get the care they really need. Care Without Coverage examines the real consequences for adults who lack health insurance. The study presents findings in the areas of prevention and screening, cancer, chronic illness, hospital-based care, and general health status. The committee looked at the consequences of being uninsured for people suffering from cancer, diabetes, HIV infection and AIDS, heart and kidney disease, mental illness, traumatic injuries, and heart attacks. It focused on the roughly 30 million-one in seven-working-age Americans without health insurance. This group does not include the population over 65 that is covered by Medicare or the nearly 10 million children who are uninsured in this country. The main findings of the report are that working-age Americans without health insurance are more likely to receive too little medical care and receive it too late; be sicker and die sooner; and receive poorer care when they are in the hospital, even for acute situations like a motor vehicle crash.

The ACA at 10 (Part One)

Download The ACA at 10 (Part One) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781478011538
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The ACA at 10 (Part One) by : Jonathan Oberlander

Download or read book The ACA at 10 (Part One) written by Jonathan Oberlander and published by . This book was released on 2020-07-03 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ACA at 10 marks the tenth anniversary of the Affordable Care Act with essays from prominent analysts of US health policy and politics. Its contributors, an interdisciplinary roster of scholars, policymakers, and health policy researchers, explore critical issues and themes in the ACA's evolution. Topics include the role of race in US health politics, the ACA's surprising economic impacts, the history of ACA litigation and its implications for future health reform, the paradoxes of post-ACA Medicaid, shifting directions in public opinion, and much more. Offering a comprehensive accounting of the signal event in US health policy of the last half-century, this issue constitute a landmark contribution to the health politics literature. Contributors. Daniel Béland, Linda Blumberg, Andrea Louise Campbell, Sherry Glied, Sarah Gordon, Scott Greer, Colleen Grogan, Michael Gusmano, Allison Hoffman, Jon Holahan, Nicole Huberfeld, Lawrence Jacobs, Holly Jarman, David Jones, Timothy Stolzfus Jost, Katie Keith, Aryana Khalid, Larry Levitt, John McDonough, Stacey McMorrow, Suzanne Mettler, Jamila Michener, Jonathan Oberlander, Mark Peterson, Philip Rocco, Marilyn Tavenner, Frank Thompson, Carolyn Hughes Tuohy, Alex Waddan

Health Care Reform

Download Health Care Reform PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 0809094622
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Health Care Reform by : Jonathan Gruber

Download or read book Health Care Reform written by Jonathan Gruber and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2011-12-20 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A graphic explanation of the PPACA act"--Provided by publisher.

The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on the Safety Net

Download The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on the Safety Net PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 6 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (958 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on the Safety Net by : Laura Summer

Download or read book The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on the Safety Net written by Laura Summer and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) presents both opportunities and significant challenges for the safety net, a system of health care providers that primarily serve patients who otherwise cannot afford or gain access to care. In 2014, the ACA will extend health insurance coverage to more than 30 million currently uninsured people. The law also promises some significant investments to build provider capacity and help deliver care in a more coordinated manner. However, safety net providers are concerned that changes in the ACA regarding health care financing may affect the availability of adequate and sustainable funding as they continue to care for the most vulnerable consumers, particularly the millions who will still lack insurance. Safety net providers note that the successes of health reform and of the safety net are bound together as the health of the nation will not improve unless providers are available to deliver care. All providers recognize the need to plan strategically in anticipation of major changes in the health care system, but safety net providers also face the immediate challenge of responding to a significant increase in the demand for services that accompanied the recent recession. At the same time, cuts in Medicaid, the largest single revenue source for safety net providers, have occurred in states that face large budget deficits. Safety net providers must focus on sustaining current services while planning for the major changes to come in 2014 The ACA gives federal agencies the discretion to define critical terms and concepts in the law. The manner in which they are interpreted can have a profound impact on the viability of the safety net.

The Affordable Care Act. A Critical Review of "Obama Care"

Download The Affordable Care Act. A Critical Review of

Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3668097372
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (68 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Affordable Care Act. A Critical Review of "Obama Care" by : Murali Mg

Download or read book The Affordable Care Act. A Critical Review of "Obama Care" written by Murali Mg and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2015-11-27 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2015 in the subject Health - Public Health, grade: 80, University of South Florida (Post Graduate School), course: Health Care and Public Administration, language: English, abstract: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which is also referred as The Affordable Care Act was duly signed by the President of United States of America, Barack Obama on 23rd March 2010. The act allows and ensures all the legal Americans to gain access to quality and affordable health care and will also create transformation within the health care system necessary to contain costs (DPC Senate, 2010). As stated by HSS, the affordable care act would likely to put the customers’ in charge of their own health which in turn provides a great degree of flexibility and stability and they can be wise informed decisions about their health concerns. The ACA act also prohibits of any denial of coverage and claims based on pre-existing conditions as well as insurance taxes and penalties for insurance carriers, businesses, and individuals (Jones, 2014).

Hidden Costs, Value Lost

Download Hidden Costs, Value Lost PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309133203
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hidden Costs, Value Lost by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Hidden Costs, Value Lost written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-06-19 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hidden Cost, Value Lost, the fifth of a series of six books on the consequences of uninsurance in the United States, illustrates some of the economic and social losses to the country of maintaining so many people without health insurance. The book explores the potential economic and societal benefits that could be realized if everyone had health insurance on a continuous basis, as people over age 65 currently do with Medicare. Hidden Costs, Value Lost concludes that the estimated benefits across society in health years of life gained by providing the uninsured with the kind and amount of health services that the insured use, are likely greater than the additional social costs of doing so. The potential economic value to be gained in better health outcomes from uninterrupted coverage for all Americans is estimated to be between $65 and $130 billion each year.

Landmark

Download Landmark PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1586489356
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (864 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Landmark by : Staff of the Washington Post

Download or read book Landmark written by Staff of the Washington Post and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2010-04-27 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Washington Post's must-read guide to the health care overhaul What now? Despite the rancorous, divisive, year-long debate in Washington, many Americans still don't understand what the historic overhaul of the health care system will -- or won't -- mean. In Landmark, the national reporting staff of The Washington Post pierces through the confusion, examining the new law's likely impact on us all: our families, doctors, hospitals, health care providers, insurers, and other parts of a health care system that has grown to occupy one-sixth of the U.S. economy. Landmark's behind-the-scenes narrative reveals how just how close the law came to defeat, as well as the compromises and deals that President Obama and his Democratic majority in Congress made in achieving what has eluded their predecessors for the past seventy-five years: A legislative package that expands and transforms American health care coverage. Landmark is an invaluable resource for anyone eager to understand the changes coming our way.

Achieving Health Equity via the Affordable Care Act

Download Achieving Health Equity via the Affordable Care Act PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309294630
Total Pages : 101 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Achieving Health Equity via the Affordable Care Act by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Achieving Health Equity via the Affordable Care Act written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-01-23 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its creation by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 2007, the Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity and the Elimination of Health Disparities has been fostering dialogue on racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care, examining the development of programs and strategies to reduce disparities, and encouraging the emergence of new leadership focused on health equity. For the past several years, a prominent topic of discussion within the roundtable has been the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The ACA has multiple provisions specific to race, ethnicity, and language and other provisions with significant implications for racially and ethnically diverse populations. In April 2013, the roundtable held a workshop to address many issues surrounding the ACA, including expansion of coverage, delivery systems, and access points, service delivery and payment reform, public-private partnerships, and challenges to the safety net. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Population Health Implications of the Affordable Care Act

Download Population Health Implications of the Affordable Care Act PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309294371
Total Pages : 99 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Population Health Implications of the Affordable Care Act by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Population Health Implications of the Affordable Care Act written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-03-20 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Population Health Implications of the Affordable Care Act is the summary of a workshop convened in June 2013 by the Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Population Health Improvement to explore the likely impact on population health improvement of various provisions within the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This public workshop featured presentations and discussion of the impact of various provisions in the ACA on population health improvement. Several provisions of the ACA offer an unprecedented opportunity to shift the focus of health experts, policy makers, and the public beyond health care delivery to the broader array of factors that play a role in shaping health outcomes. The shift includes a growing recognition that the health care delivery system is responsible for only a modest proportion of what makes and keeps Americans healthy and that health care providers and organizations could accept and embrace a richer role in communities, working in partnership with public health agencies, community-based organizations, schools, businesses, and many others to identify and solve the thorny problems that contribute to poor health. Population Health Implications of the Affordable Care Act looks beyond narrow interpretations of population as the group of patients covered by a health plan to consider a more expansive understanding of population, one focused on the distribution of health outcomes across all individuals living within a certain set of geopolitical boundaries. In establishing the National Prevention, Health Promotion, and Public Health Council, creating a fund for prevention and public health, and requiring nonprofit hospitals to transform their concept of community benefit, the ACA has expanded the arena for interventions to improve health beyond the "doctor's" office. Improving the health of the population - whether in a community or in the nation as a whole - requires acting to transform the places where people live, work, study, and play. This report examines the population health-oriented efforts of and interactions among public health agencies (state and local), communities, and health care delivery organizations that are beginning to facilitate such action.

The Affordable Care Act

Download The Affordable Care Act PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1440834431
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (48 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Affordable Care Act by : Purva H. Rawal

Download or read book The Affordable Care Act written by Purva H. Rawal and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2016-01-18 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first reference book to provide a detailed assessment of the Affordable Care Act, explaining the realities and myths surrounding one of the most divisive political struggles in recent U.S. history. The Affordable Care Act—also known as Obamacare—is one of the most controversial and politicized topics in the United States today. This timely book examines prominent claims about the legislation's drafting, debate, passage, and implementation, and discerns what is true and false about the law. Each of the text's eight chapters delves into the common beliefs, misinterpretations, and myths surrounding the act, tracing the history of the assertion and supporting or challenging its veracity through nonpartisan research and analyses. Chapters begin with an objective look at the claim's origins—with a brief focus on the person or group that conceived it and why—then set about clarifying or debunking it using evidence from research studies and reports from authoritative sources. Entries feature primary documents, a further reading section, and tables and graphs. Topics include the impact on health care costs for families, states, and the federal government; the effect of the Affordable Care Act on employer-sponsored insurance; and the role of health status on coverage under the Affordable Care Act.

The Effect of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions on Financial Well-Being

Download The Effect of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions on Financial Well-Being PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 45 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (946 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Effect of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions on Financial Well-Being by : Luojia Hu

Download or read book The Effect of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansions on Financial Well-Being written by Luojia Hu and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We examine the effect of the Medicaid expansions under the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) on financial outcomes using credit report data for a large sample of individuals. We employ the synthetic control method (Abadie et al., 2010) to compare individuals living in states that expanded Medicaid to those that did not. We find that the Medicaid expansions significantly reduced the number of unpaid bills and the amount of debt sent to third-party collection agencies among those residing in zip codes with the highest share of low income, uninsured individuals. Our estimates imply a reduction in collection balances of around $600 to $1,000 among those who gain Medicaid coverage due to the ACA. Our findings suggest that the ACA Medicaid expansions had important financial impacts beyond health care use.

The Affordable Care Act and Integrated Behavioural Health Care

Download The Affordable Care Act and Integrated Behavioural Health Care PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131753493X
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Affordable Care Act and Integrated Behavioural Health Care by : Ford H. Kuramoto

Download or read book The Affordable Care Act and Integrated Behavioural Health Care written by Ford H. Kuramoto and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-10-02 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a scholarly discussion of arguably the most important advance in U.S. public health services since Medicare 50 years ago - how the Federal program known as the Patient Care and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) or "Obamacare" became law. It addresses ACA in terms of its impact on improving health and behavioural health services for key diverse populations in America, including people with disabilities, consumers, women, racial and ethnic minorities, and veterans and their families. From the very beginning, ACA was controversial and the topic of heated political debate at both state and national levels. This book examines more closely how the legislation was developed, including the political history of the act; the many advocacy efforts at the national level and the community-based action strategies at the grassroots level; how ACA will affect a broad cross-section of America; the integration of health and behavioural health services as a key component of ACA; the financing of ACA and parity for behavioural health services. This book was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation.

Coverage Matters

Download Coverage Matters PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309076099
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Coverage Matters by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Coverage Matters written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-10-27 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Roughly 40 million Americans have no health insurance, private or public, and the number has grown steadily over the past 25 years. Who are these children, women, and men, and why do they lack coverage for essential health care services? How does the system of insurance coverage in the U.S. operate, and where does it fail? The first of six Institute of Medicine reports that will examine in detail the consequences of having a large uninsured population, Coverage Matters: Insurance and Health Care, explores the myths and realities of who is uninsured, identifies social, economic, and policy factors that contribute to the situation, and describes the likelihood faced by members of various population groups of being uninsured. It serves as a guide to a broad range of issues related to the lack of insurance coverage in America and provides background data of use to policy makers and health services researchers.