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The Academic Achievement Gap In Grades 3 To 8
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Book Synopsis The Academic Achievement Gap in Grades 3 to 8 by : Charles T. Clotfelter
Download or read book The Academic Achievement Gap in Grades 3 to 8 written by Charles T. Clotfelter and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using data for North Carolina public school students in grades 3 to 8, we examine achievement gaps between white students and students from other racial and ethnic groups. We focus on successive cohorts of students who stay in the state's public schools for all six years, and study both differences in means and in quantiles. Our results on achievement gaps between black and white students are consistent with those from other longitudinal studies: the gaps are sizable, are robust to controls for measures of socioeconomic status, and show no monotonic trend between 3rd and 8th grade. In contrast, both Hispanic and Asian students tend to gain on whites as they progress through these grades. Looking beyond simple mean differences, we find that the racial gaps in math between low-performing students have tended to shrink as students progress through school, while racial gaps between high-performing students have widened for black and American Indian students.
Book Synopsis Whither Opportunity? by : Greg J. Duncan
Download or read book Whither Opportunity? written by Greg J. Duncan and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the incomes of affluent and poor families have diverged over the past three decades, so too has the educational performance of their children. But how exactly do the forces of rising inequality affect the educational attainment and life chances of low-income children? In Whither Opportunity? a distinguished team of economists, sociologists, and experts in social and education policy examines the corrosive effects of unequal family resources, disadvantaged neighborhoods, insecure labor markets, and worsening school conditions on K-12 education. This groundbreaking book illuminates the ways rising inequality is undermining one of the most important goals of public education—the ability of schools to provide children with an equal chance at academic and economic success. The most ambitious study of educational inequality to date, Whither Opportunity? analyzes how social and economic conditions surrounding schools affect school performance and children’s educational achievement. The book shows that from earliest childhood, parental investments in children’s learning affect reading, math, and other attainments later in life. Contributor Meredith Phillip finds that between birth and age six, wealthier children will have spent as many as 1,300 more hours than poor children on child enrichment activities such as music lessons, travel, and summer camp. Greg Duncan, George Farkas, and Katherine Magnuson demonstrate that a child from a poor family is two to four times as likely as a child from an affluent family to have classmates with low skills and behavior problems – attributes which have a negative effect on the learning of their fellow students. As a result of such disparities, contributor Sean Reardon finds that the gap between rich and poor children’s math and reading achievement scores is now much larger than it was fifty years ago. And such income-based gaps persist across the school years, as Martha Bailey and Sue Dynarski document in their chapter on the growing income-based gap in college completion. Whither Opportunity? also reveals the profound impact of environmental factors on children’s educational progress and schools’ functioning. Elizabeth Ananat, Anna Gassman-Pines, and Christina Gibson-Davis show that local job losses such as those caused by plant closings can lower the test scores of students with low socioeconomic status, even students whose parents have not lost their jobs. They find that community-wide stress is most likely the culprit. Analyzing the math achievement of elementary school children, Stephen Raudenbush, Marshall Jean, and Emily Art find that students learn less if they attend schools with high student turnover during the school year – a common occurrence in poor schools. And David Kirk and Robert Sampson show that teacher commitment, parental involvement, and student achievement in schools in high-crime neighborhoods all tend to be low. For generations of Americans, public education provided the springboard to upward mobility. This pioneering volume casts a stark light on the ways rising inequality may now be compromising schools’ functioning, and with it the promise of equal opportunity in America.
Book Synopsis Minorities in Higher Education by : Manuel J. Justiz
Download or read book Minorities in Higher Education written by Manuel J. Justiz and published by Praeger. This book was released on 1994-08 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains 22 essays which aim to provide analysis, insight and information on such topics as: minority grants and fellowships; equity in higher education; financial aid strategies for improving minority student participation; and minorities and the new technologies.
Book Synopsis Too Many Children Left Behind by : Bruce Bradbury
Download or read book Too Many Children Left Behind written by Bruce Bradbury and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2015-06-30 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The belief that with hard work and determination, all children have the opportunity to succeed in life is a cherished part of the American Dream. Yet, increased inequality in America has made that dream more difficult for many to obtain. In Too Many Children Left Behind, an international team of social scientists assesses how social mobility varies in the United States compared with Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Bruce Bradbury, Miles Corak, Jane Waldfogel, and Elizabeth Washbrook show that the academic achievement gap between disadvantaged American children and their more advantaged peers is far greater than in other wealthy countries, with serious consequences for their future life outcomes. With education the key to expanding opportunities for those born into low socioeconomic status families, Too Many Children Left Behind helps us better understand educational disparities and how to reduce them. Analyzing data on 8,000 school children in the United States, the authors demonstrate that disadvantages that begin early in life have long lasting effects on academic performance. The social inequalities that children experience before they start school contribute to a large gap in test scores between low- and high-SES students later in life. Many children from low-SES backgrounds lack critical resources, including books, high-quality child care, and other goods and services that foster the stimulating environment necessary for cognitive development. The authors find that not only is a child’s academic success deeply tied to his or her family background, but that this class-based achievement gap does not narrow as the child proceeds through school. The authors compare test score gaps from the United States with those from three other countries and find smaller achievement gaps and greater social mobility in all three, particularly in Canada. The wider availability of public resources for disadvantaged children in those countries facilitates the early child development that is fundamental for academic success. All three countries provide stronger social services than the United States, including universal health insurance, universal preschool, paid parental leave, and other supports. The authors conclude that the United States could narrow its achievement gap by adopting public policies that expand support for children in the form of tax credits, parenting programs, and pre-K. With economic inequalities limiting the futures of millions of children, Too Many Children Left Behind is a timely study that uses global evidence to show how the United States can do more to level the playing field.
Book Synopsis Examining School-Level Reading and Math Proficiency Trends and Changes in Achievement Gaps for Grades 3-8 in Florida, Mississippi, and North Carolina. REL 2017-235 by : Sarah Herrera
Download or read book Examining School-Level Reading and Math Proficiency Trends and Changes in Achievement Gaps for Grades 3-8 in Florida, Mississippi, and North Carolina. REL 2017-235 written by Sarah Herrera and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2001 authorization of the No Child Left Behind Act and its standards and accountability requirements generated interest among state education agencies in Florida, Mississippi, and North Carolina, which are served by the Regional Educational Laboratory Southeast, in monitoring changes in student reading and math proficiency at the school level. This study was requested by governing board members representing North Carolina, members of the Improving Literacy Research Alliance (which includes representatives from Florida) and, members of the Improving Schools in Mississippi Research Alliance. All three of these states monitor and report changes in performance for schools. However, this study goes beyond reporting averages to examine school-level academic performance using a growth curve modeling approach. This approach can provide stakeholders with a deeper understanding of trends in student proficiency at the school level, by grade at the school level, and among key demographic groups to allow for more accurate policy responses. This study uses growth curve modeling to investigate trends in student reading and math proficiency on state accountability assessments for grades 3-8. Growth curve modeling makes it possible to determine if growth rates in reading and math proficiency are statistically significant and if the differences in proficiency growth rates between grades and subgroups differ in statistically significant ways. Using four to six years of publicly available school-level data between school years 2007/08 and 2013/14 from each state department of education, this study assessed trends in three areas. First, it estimated trends in average school-level student growth rates in reading and math proficiency on the statewide assessment and examined whether these growth rates varied across grades 3 through 8. Second, it calculated average school-level student growth rates in reading and math proficiency for racial/ethnic subgroups and economic subgroups (eligibility for the federal school lunch program, a proxy for economic disadvantage) in grades 3-8. Third, it examined whether there were any statistically significant decreases in achievement gaps by grade between White and Black students, between White and Hispanic students, and between economic subgroups. This information was then used to estimate reading and math proficiency gaps that remained at the end of the period studied. In general, average school-level student academic proficiency rates increased for most subgroups across grades and subjects in all three states. In addition, reading and math achievement gaps decreased for most subgroups; however, achievement gaps remained large despite the decreases. More findings include: (1) The school-level percentage of students who scored proficient in reading and math increased in all three states--Florida, Mississippi, and North Carolina--over the period studied; (2) School-level growth rates in student reading and math proficiency differed by grade level in each state, though most grades showed a statistically significant increase over the period examined; (3) School-level growth rates in student reading and math proficiency differed across racial/ethnic subgroups, though most subgroups showed a statistically significant increase; (4) The reading and math proficiency achievement gaps between White and Black students and White and Hispanic students decreased in most grades in all three states; however, the gaps still exceeded 10 percentage points; (5) Average school-level proficiency rates in reading and math differed by grade between economic subgroups in Florida and Mississippi, with most grade-economic subgroup combinations showing a significant increase. These data were not available for North Carolina; and (6) The achievement gap in reading and math proficiency between economic subgroups decreased in all grades in Florida and Mississippi; however, the gaps still exceed 13 percentage points. Details on the analyses are appended.
Book Synopsis Raising Achievement and Reducing Gaps by : Paul E. Barton
Download or read book Raising Achievement and Reducing Gaps written by Paul E. Barton and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2001 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Accelerating Academic Achievement by : Ina V. S. Mullis
Download or read book Accelerating Academic Achievement written by Ina V. S. Mullis and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data from 20 years (1970-90) of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) are summarized. The NAEP represents the nation's only ongoing assessment of the academic achievement of American students. Its assessments of educational achievement of students in grades 4, 8, and 12 are presented as "The Nation's Report Card". Chapter 1 of this report contains information about the students' competency in subject matter across the curriculum and their ability to use their minds well. Chapters 2 and 3 include information about the trends across time related to the performance of elementary school, middle school, and secondary school students in higher-order reasoning, problem solving, and communication skills as well as information about the academic achievement of minority students. Chapter 4 summarizes information about background variables related to education. In general, the data indicate that the educational performance of U.S. students is low and not improving. It is estimated that more than half of the nation's elementary through high school students are unable to demonstrate competency in challenging subject matter in English, mathematics, science, history, and geography. Fewer than half of all U.S. students appear to be able to use their minds well. Although considerable progress has been made in closing the performance gaps among different racial/ethnic and gender groups, the gaps still remain too large to meet the nation's objective of close parallels between the performance of minority students and the student population as a whole. Much that research has identified as effective in improving education is still not being implemented in the nation's schools. Nineteen tables and five figures summarize NAEP data. (SLD)
Book Synopsis Trends in Academic Achievement Gaps in the Era of No Child Left Behind by : Sean F. Reardon
Download or read book Trends in Academic Achievement Gaps in the Era of No Child Left Behind written by Sean F. Reardon and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors' goals in this study are to use both the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and state accountability test score data to (1) provide a detailed description of the magnitude and trends of state-level academic achievement gaps among cohorts of students entering school in the 1990s and 2000s; (2) investigate the extent to which patterns and trends in gaps vary among states; and (3) provide preliminary evidence regarding the impact of NCLB (No Child Left Behind) on achievement gaps. The authors use Main NAEP test score data from 4th- and 8th-graders in 1990-2009. They also use state-level categorical proficiency count data for students in grades 3-8 in 2001-2010, collected with the help of state department of education officials, as well as the Office of Planning, Evaluation, and Policy Development at the U.S. Department of Education. The authors are primarily interested in white-black and white-Hispanic gaps, though they also report female-male achievement gaps. The authors' findings to date indicate, first, that black-white and Hispanic-white achievement gaps have narrowed in the last decade or more. Male-female gaps appear largely unchanged over the same time period. Second, there is considerable variation across states in both the magnitude and trends in achievement gaps. Third, the patterns evident so far do not suggest a strong effect of NCLB on achievement gaps, though these analyses are not yet complete. (Contains 2 tables and 3 figures.).
Download or read book Achievement Gaps written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The difference between the academic performance of poor students and wealthier students and between minority students and their non-minority peers is commonly known as the achievement gap. The current study examines the achievement gap using a large sample of students from a wide variety of school districts across the United States. It examines the achievement gap by measuring student achievement and student growth along a continuous, cross-grade measurement scale. Examination of results in mathematics and reading in grades three through eight found these differences in achievement and growth among the students studied.
Book Synopsis The Black-White Test Score Gap by : Christopher Jencks
Download or read book The Black-White Test Score Gap written by Christopher Jencks and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: " The test score gap between blacks and whites—on vocabulary, reading, and math tests, as well as on tests that claim to measure scholastic aptitude and intelligence--is large enough to have far-reaching social and economic consequences. In their introduction to this book, Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips argue that eliminating the disparity would dramatically reduce economic and educational inequality between blacks and whites. Indeed, they think that closing the gap would do more to promote racial equality than any other strategy now under serious discussion. The book offers a comprehensive look at the factors that contribute to the test score gap and discusses options for substantially reducing it. Although significant attempts have been made over the past three decades to shrink the test score gap, including increased funding for predominantly black schools, desegregation of southern schools, and programs to alleviate poverty, the median black American still scores below 75 percent of American whites on most standardized tests. The book brings together recent evidence on some of the most controversial and puzzling aspects of the test score debate, including the role of test bias, heredity, and family background. It also looks at how and why the gap has changed over the past generation, reviews the educational, psychological, and cultural explanations for the gap, and analyzes its educational and economic consequences. The authors demonstrate that traditional explanations account for only a small part of the black-white test score gap. They argue that this is partly because traditional explanations have put too much emphasis on racial disparities in economic resources, both in homes and in schools, and on demographic factors like family structure. They say that successful theories will put more emphasis on psychological and cultural factors, such as the way black and white parents teach their children to deal with things they do not know or understand, and the way black and white children respond to the same classroom experiences. Finally, they call for large-scale experiments to determine the effects of schools' racial mix, class size, ability grouping, and other policies. In addition to the editors, the contributors include Claude Steele, Ronald Ferguson, William G. Bowen, Philip Cook, and William Julius Wilson. "
Book Synopsis Closing the Opportunity Gap by : Prudence L. Carter
Download or read book Closing the Opportunity Gap written by Prudence L. Carter and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-04-26 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the achievement gap has dominated policy discussions over the past two decades, relatively little attention has been paid to a gap even more at odds with American ideals: the opportunity gap. Opportunity and achievement, while inextricably connected, are very different goals. Every American will not go to college, but every American should be given a fair chance to be prepared for college. In communities across the U.S., children lack the crucial resources and opportunities, inside and outside of schools that they need if they are to reach their potential. Closing the Opportunity Gap offers accessible, research-based essays written by top experts who highlight the discrepancies that exist in our public schools, focusing on how policy decisions and life circumstances conspire to create the "opportunity gap" that leads inexorably to stark achievement gaps. They also describe sensible policies grounded in evidence that can restore and enhance opportunities. Moving beyond conventional academic discourse, Closing the Opportunity Gap will spark vital new conversations about what schools, parents, educators, and policymakers can and should do to give all children a fair chance to thrive.
Book Synopsis The Achievement Gap in Reading by : Rosalind Horowitz
Download or read book The Achievement Gap in Reading written by Rosalind Horowitz and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-04-07 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume prominent scholars, experts in their respective fields and highly skilled in the research they conduct, address educational and reading research from varied perspectives and address what it will take to close the achievement gap—with specific attention to reading. The achievement gap is redefined as a level at which all groups can compete economically in our society and have the literacy tools and habits needed for a good life. Bringing valuable theoretical frameworks and in-depth analytical approaches to interpretation of data, the contributors examine factors that contribute to student achievement inside the school but which are also heavily influenced by out-of-school factors—such as poverty and economics, ethnicity and culture, family and community stratifications, and approaches to measurement of achievement. These out-of-school factors present possibilities for new policies and practice. The overarching theme is that achievement gaps in reading are complex and that multiple perspectives are necessary to address the problem. The breadth and depth of perspectives and content in this volume and its conceptualization of the achievement gap are a significant contribution to the field.
Book Synopsis Closing the Achievement Gap by : Samuel C. Stringfield
Download or read book Closing the Achievement Gap written by Samuel C. Stringfield and published by Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc Incorporated. This book was released on 2004-04 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Closing the Achievement Gap is made up of six articles. The first paper examines Cleveland's restructuring initiative in light of two theories on early adolescent development: person-in-environment theory and the focal theory of change. This is followed by a study that illustrates the difference in academic performance between low-income children and their peers, minority children and their classmates, and those schools that serve a majority of children from low-income families and those that serve a more advantaged population. The third article summarizes key findings of a study that examined the reform efforts of three large urban school districts and a portion of a fourth that had been successful in improving student achievement and reducing racial achievement gaps. It also discusses the implications for research and technical assistance. Next, survey data on 15,800 high school students from three urban school districts is used to investigate the impact of school-level support for higher educational attainment and school racial composition on students' actual educational aspirations. The final article explores whether reading books during summer vacation improves fall reading proficiency and whether access to books increases the volume of summer reading.
Book Synopsis Using Data to Close the Achievement Gap by : Ruth S. Johnson
Download or read book Using Data to Close the Achievement Gap written by Ruth S. Johnson and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2002-06-25 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Dr. Johnson′s work provides both the philosophical and practical blueprint for transforming public schools into the learning communities we want and need. Leaders will find the book to be the most useful document to guide and inform their efforts to close the gap and maximize learning for all students." Joseph Burke, Superintendent of Schools Springfield Public Schools Springfield, MA "If the goal of all students reaching high standards is to be met, Using Data to Close the Achievement Gap should be required reading for all teachers and administrators. It should also be an integral part of the course of study for those preparing to teach in the United States." Vinetta C. Jones, Dean School of Education, Howard University "From Johnson′s penetrating analysis of current research, policies, and practices, and her wealth of experiences working with school districts around the nation, she clearly makes the connection between using data and achieving equitable outcomes as districts and schools struggle to close the achievement gap." Aukram Burton, Diversity/Multicultural Specialist Gheen Professional Development Academy Louisville, KY "This book represents a significant contribution to the national debate around school reform. Ruth Johnson presents a thoughtful, well-documented treatise on how educators, policymakers, and parents can use data to set achievement goals and to measure progress towards these goals." Walter Allen, Professor Department of Sociology, UCLA Exercise the power of data to identify and rectify educational inequalities! Student populations are diverse—however, their access to knowledge and success should not be. Unfortunately, statistics show that real disparities do exist in academic achievement, which consistently coincide with income level and race. In this comprehensive guide, Ruth S. Johnson highlights compelling evidence that these inequities can be linked to school practices that inadvertently increase inequities. The solution to this pervasive problem lies in the collection and examination of appropriate data, and this book shows readers how. This updated edition of Setting Our Sights: Measuring Equity in School Change now includes current studies, policies, and practices, and provides new sections on data dialogues and school indicators. It offers valuable assistance for understanding, visioning, planning, and executing tactics that can successfully close the gap in student achievement, including: Straightforward and in-depth discussions of the five stages for equity reform Clear and easy-to-understand explanations of research findings Practical tools including questionnaires, surveys, forms, and models Tips for effectively gathering, analyzing, and applying data Johnson shows how data is instrumental not only in targeting areas for improvement, but also in offering insights into the necessary steps to foster positive change and create a culture of high achievement for all students, especially those students who have traditionally been overlooked. An indispensable reference for any school undergoing a quality review process, this reader-friendly manual presents practical how-to′s for analyzing data and developing a strategy that empowers teachers and administrators with an equal opportunity for success.
Book Synopsis Equality of Educational Opportunity by : James S. Coleman
Download or read book Equality of Educational Opportunity written by James S. Coleman and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book No Excuses written by Stephan Thernstrom and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2009-07-14 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black and Hispanic students are not learning enough in our public schools, and their typically poor performance is the most important source of ongoing racial inequality in America today—thus, say Abigail and Stephan Thernstrom, the racial gap in school achievement is the nation's most critical civil rights issue and an educational crisis; it's no wonder that "No Child Left Behind," the 2001 revision of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, made closing the racial gap in education its central goal. An employer hiring the typical Black high school graduate or the college that admits the average Black student is choosing a youngster who has only an eighth-grade education. In most subjects, the majority of twelfth-grade Black students do not have even a "partial mastery" of the skills and knowledge that the authoritative National Assessment of Educational Progress calls "fundamental for proficient work" at their grade. No Excuses marshals facts to examine the depth of the problem, the inadequacy of conventional explanations, and the limited impact of Title I, Head Start, and other familiar reforms. Its message, however, is one of hope: Scattered across the country are excellent schools getting terrific results with high-needs kids. These rare schools share a distinctive vision of what great schooling looks like and are free of many of the constraints that compromise education in traditional public schools. In a society that espouses equal opportunity we still have a racially identifiable group of educational have-nots—young African Americans and Latinos whose opportunities in life will almost inevitably be limited by their inadequate education. When students leave high school without high school skills, their futures—and that of the nation—are in jeopardy. With successful schools already showing the way, no decent society can continue to turn a blind eye to such racial and ethnic inequality.
Book Synopsis After Brown by : Charles T. Clotfelter
Download or read book After Brown written by Charles T. Clotfelter and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2011-10-16 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States Supreme Court's 1954 landmark decision, Brown v. Board of Education, set into motion a process of desegregation that would eventually transform American public schools. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of how Brown's most visible effect--contact between students of different racial groups--has changed over the fifty years since the decision. Using both published and unpublished data on school enrollments from across the country, Charles Clotfelter uses measures of interracial contact, racial isolation, and segregation to chronicle the changes. He goes beyond previous studies by drawing on heretofore unanalyzed enrollment data covering the first decade after Brown, calculating segregation for metropolitan areas rather than just school districts, accounting for private schools, presenting recent information on segregation within schools, and measuring segregation in college enrollment. Two main conclusions emerge. First, interracial contact in American schools and colleges increased markedly over the period, with the most dramatic changes occurring in the previously segregated South. Second, despite this change, four main factors prevented even larger increases: white reluctance to accept racially mixed schools, the multiplicity of options for avoiding such schools, the willingness of local officials to accommodate the wishes of reluctant whites, and the eventual loss of will on the part of those who had been the strongest protagonists in the push for desegregation. Thus decreases in segregation within districts were partially offset by growing disparities between districts and by selected increases in private school enrollment.
