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Tearing Of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Loaded With N660 Carbon Black
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Book Synopsis Tearing of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Loaded with N660 Carbon Black by : Hyunchul Cho
Download or read book Tearing of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Loaded with N660 Carbon Black written by Hyunchul Cho and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Natural rubber compounds with various amounts of N660 carbon black were prepared. Tensile properties were measured using pre-cut specimens and detailed cracking patterns were characterized. Results are compared to those of a previous researcher, who used a finer black (N115). With either black, a critical amount was needed to provide reinforcement. Vulcanizates with N660 are weaker than those containing N115, and the former have smaller critical size. Additionally, compared to the N115 compounds, more N660 black is needed to produce reinforcement. In the gum vulcanizate, pre-cut specimens fail in a "stick-slip" manner, but fracture proceeds simply across specimens. While, in filled rubber, significant tear deviation occurs. This blunting reduces stress concentration and is a necessary feature for reinforcement. Anisotropy developed because of crystallization and plays an important role in tear deviation. Carbon black accelerates crystallization, but decreases deformability. A small amount of filler does not result in enough crystallinity for tear deviation"--P. iii.
Book Synopsis Tearing of Black-filled (N660) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates by : Jiali Jiang
Download or read book Tearing of Black-filled (N660) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates written by Jiali Jiang and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tear resistance and crack patterns of carbon black N660-filled natural rubber vulcanizates were studied at 25-80 °C. Results are compared with previous ones for similar vulcanizates filled with a finer carbon black N115. At room temperature, vulcanizates with up to 15 phr of N660 show an abrupt drop in strength [sigma][subscript bc] at a critical cut size, c[subscript cr]. This results in an exclusion zone, where specimens never fail. When cut size c is smaller than c[subscript cr], bulk crystallization take place prior to catastrophic failure. When c > c[subscript cr], crystallization only occurs at a crack tip and specimens are quite weak. Surprisingly, a small amount of N660 weakens the NR instead of strengthening it. When the black concentration is low (0-15 phr), [sigma][subscript bc] and c[subscript cr] decrease as black content increases. With 18 and 22 phr of N660, an exclusion zone and ccr are absent; strength decreases continuously with increasing cut size. Bound rubber tests show that formation of a coherent gel is the reason for the disappearance of these behaviors. At 23 phr of N660, knotty cracks develop at room temperature. With more black a larger fraction of specimens fail with knotty cracks. Thus, with enough black, strain-induced crystallization is promoted and reinforcement begins. At elevated temperatures, [sigma][subscript bc] is lower than that at room temperature. At 40°C, with up to 12 phr of N660, a c[subscript cr] is apparent and all specimens fail by growth of a single lateral crack. However, c[subscript cr] is smaller at 40°C than at room temperature. With increased black or increased temperature, a portion of specimens show crack deflection (serrated single crack or knotty cracks) before failure. A serrated single crack is a transition pattern between a single lateral crack and knotty cracking. As black concentration increases, the onset temperature for knotty tearing decreases: 80°C for NC0, 70°C for NC3 and NC6, and 50°C for NC12. Less energy is released at elevated temperature. Therefore, [sigma][subscript bc] of specimens with knotty cracks tears are not significant higher than those with only a single crack, especially at high temperatures. The effect of carbon black type on [sigma][subscript bc] is as significant as the effect of temperature. Results of NR vulcanizates filled with carbon black N115 are similar to those filled with N660, although N115-filled vulcanizates exhibit knotty cracks at lower carbon black concentration and temperature.
Book Synopsis Effect of Crosslink Density and N660 Carbon Black on Tearing Behaviors of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates by : Tingling Rao
Download or read book Effect of Crosslink Density and N660 Carbon Black on Tearing Behaviors of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates written by Tingling Rao and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All tires contain black-filled natural rubber compounds in their belts, the edges of which experience high stress concentration. Black filled natural rubber vulcanizates have tearing resistance unsurpassed by any other elastomer. Previous studies have examined the effect of filler and cut size on tearing resistance and cracking behavior at a single crosslink density. Studies have now been extended to include NR vulcanizates with various crosslink densities. Conventional sulfur-cured, gum natural rubber vulcanizates were prepared with various crosslink densities. Tensile and tearing strength are quite sensitive to changes in crosslink density. For lightly and moderately crosslinked vulcanizates, the tear strength of edge-cut specimens shows two populations as a function of cut size. The drop-off in strength at the critical cut size is attributed to the lack of bulk crystallization. When crosslink density is increased enough the two populations disappear. Also, the cracking behavior changes as crosslink density in varied. When crosslinked lightly, gum NR vulcanizates exhibit simple lateral cracking with relatively smooth fracture surfaces. When crosslink density increases, gum NR vulcaniztes show increasingly complicated cracking behavior. The complexity of the fracture surfaces is incrased. Over a limited range of cut size, moderately crosslink vulcanizates exhibit multiple cracks prior to rupture. In other experiments, low concentrations of a coarse carbon black (N660) were added to the specific gum vulcanizate that showed crack deviation. Instead of promoting cracking deviation, carbon black (N660) of low concentration suppressed anisotropy. Multiple cracks only occur when the carbon black loading reaches a critical level.
Book Synopsis Tearing of Black-filled (N660) Synthetic Polyisoprene Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures by : Tianxiang Xue
Download or read book Tearing of Black-filled (N660) Synthetic Polyisoprene Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures written by Tianxiang Xue and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural rubber (NR) has outstanding tack and strength in the unvulcanized state and high tensile and tear strength when vulcanized. These features are attributed to its ability to crystallize rapidly on straining. Synthetic isoprene rubber (IR), synthesized employing a stereospecific catalyst, although close to natural rubber in chemical composition, has reported to be inferior in strength compared to NR. This occurs because IR crystallizes more slowly than NR. Edge-cut tensile specimens of gum natural rubber vulcanizates show an abrupt drop in strength at a critical cut size and normal (no cut) tensile specimens show a sharp decrease in strength at a critical temperature. These two effects are due to bulk strain crystallization at small cut sizes or low temperatures, but the lack thereof at large cut depth or high temperature. The addition of carbon black affects tearing; this depends on the type and concentration of black. Tearing behavior of IR with various amount of N660 carbon black at various temperatures was investigated, and the results are compared to those obtained with natural rubber. The addition of low concentrations of carbon black decrease cut resistance. When temperature or carbon black content increase, anisotropy in strength increases, while critical cut size and exclusion zone decrease. There is a critical level of black needed for reinforcement of IR; this level is higher than that needed for natural rubber. When containing the same amount of black, NR compounds have at least the tear strength of the corresponding IR compounds, and in some cases the NR compounds are much stronger.
Book Synopsis Tearing of Black-filled (N330) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates by : Yang Hong
Download or read book Tearing of Black-filled (N330) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates written by Yang Hong and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural rubber (NR) is widely used in the tire industry. It has high tensile strength, high resilience, good low temperature flexibility and excellent dynamic properties.1 Tires can be damaged when subjected to large forces. Learning how vulcanizates fracture and how they resist failure are the motivations for this research. Edge-cut tensile dumbbells were employed. Speciments of sulfur-cured NR vulcanizates containing 0-40 phr of carbon black N330 were prepared. Tear resistance, bound rubber, crosslink density and crack patterns were studied at room temperature. Normal (uncut) tensile strength is weakly dependent on the amount of carbon black N330. Edge-cut tensile dumbbells of the gum show an abrupt drop in strength at a critical cut size. Unexpectedly, with less than 15 phr of N330, NR vulcanizates were weaker than the gum, and tensile strength decreased as the amount of N330 increased. With 15 phr-17 phr of N330, a fraction of specimens had larger strength than the gum, and multiple cracks occurred before rupture. With 18 phr-40 phr of N330, NR vulcanizates were stronger than the gum. Tensile strength increased as the amount of N330 increased. The different results of cut growth resistance of filled vulcanizates with low and high concentrations of carbon black can be explained by competing effects of carbon black on cut growth.2 N330 sulfur-cured vulcanizates form a coherent gel when the carbon black concentration is higher than 16 phr. Overall reinforcement is in the range of 17 phr-18 phr. Results are compared with a previous study for similar vulcanizates filled with carbon black N660. N330 sulfur-cured vulcanizates have a lower onset concentration for reinforcement, bound rubber formation, and they have larger 100% modulus and tensile strength for both uncut and edge-cut specimens.
Book Synopsis Effect of Carbon Black Loading and Temperature on Cut Growth in N990-filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates by : Adeyemi Adepetun
Download or read book Effect of Carbon Black Loading and Temperature on Cut Growth in N990-filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates written by Adeyemi Adepetun and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The tensile and tear properties of edge-cut specimens of natural rubber vulcanizates containing varying amounts of a coarse (particle size: 250 nm, surface area: 13 m2/cc) carbon black (N990) were determined at different temperatures. The properties of these vulcanizates at 25°C were compared with those determined by other researchers that contained N115 (particle size: 27 nm, surface area: 200 m2/cc) and N660 black (particle size: 55 nm, surface area: 63 m2/cc). At low carbon black loadings (6-12 phr), N990 black gave a higher tear strength than that with the finer N115 and N660, but, the converse was true at higher carbon black loadings (25-75 phr)! Multiple cracks at the tip of an edge-cut were first observed at 55 phr of N990 while 18 phr and 40 phr have been reported previously for N115 and N660, respectively. Furthermore, unlike in the case of the N115- and N660- vulcanizates, multiple crack formation in edge-cut N990 samples did not give much reinforcement; even a vulcanizate with 100 phr loading of N990 was only marginally stronger than the gum vulcanizate at all the cut depths. For a given carbon black loading, crack complexity generally increased with increase in temperature, while tear resistance decreased.
Book Synopsis Tearing of Black-filled (N115) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures by : Guangzhuo Rong
Download or read book Tearing of Black-filled (N115) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures written by Guangzhuo Rong and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural rubber vulcanizates (NR) have high tear resistance, excellent flexibility and high resilience. All tires contain black-filled natural rubber compounds in the location (belt region) of maximum stress concentration. Edge-cut tensile specimens of gum natural rubber vulcanizates show an abrupt drop in strength at a critical cut size and an abrupt decrease of normal (no cut) tensile strength at a critical temperature. These effects are due to changes in bulk strain crystallization at small cut sizes or low temperatures. The addition of carbon black affects tearing; this depends on the type and concentration of black. Natural rubber vulcanizates filled with high concentrations carbon black have very high tear resistance. This is due to a high degree of crystallization around a cut tip. A series of natural rubber vulcanizates containing a very fine carbon black (N115, surface area: 123 m2/g) were torn at 25, 60 and 100°C. Amazingly, the addition of low concentrations of carbon black decreases the tear resistance at 25 and 60°C. Thus, there is a critical level of black needed for "reinforcement". This amount of carbon black is also the concentration for incipient bound rubber formation; a continuous filler network seems to be necessary for the onset of reinforcement. Tearing in the transition zone depends on temperature. At 100°C, black-filled natural rubber vulcanizates behave like amorphous vulcanizates; they show a steady increase in strength as carbon black content increases.
Book Synopsis Tearing of Carbon Black-filled and Gum Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Cured with Dicumyl Perioxide (DCP) by : Yu Sun
Download or read book Tearing of Carbon Black-filled and Gum Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Cured with Dicumyl Perioxide (DCP) written by Yu Sun and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tear and tensile strengths of a series of carbon black-filled N115, dicumyl peroxide (DCP)-cured natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates were determined. At all black levels, sulfur-cured vulcanizates (prepared by previous researchers) have higher normal (uncut) tensile strength than DCP-cured ones. Both types of vulcanizates reach maximum strengths at about 15 vol. % black. For edge-cut specimens, DCP-cured vulcanizates with low black content (0-6 phr) exhibit a region of marked instability, where specimens of similar cut depth show high scattering of strengths [sigma][subscript b][subscript c]. DCP-cured vulcanizates show a decrease of [sigma][subscript b][subscript c] from 3 phr to 12 phr black, then [sigma][subscript b][subscript c] increases with increasing black content. The lowest concentration where knotty tear is seen and reinforcement begins is 38 phr of black. The onset of knotty tear depends not only on crosslink density and crosslink type, but also on carbon black type and molecular weight of the NR. Incipient bound rubber, i.e., a carbon black continuous network, takes place at 15 phr black. Percolation for electric resistivity also has a threshold of 15 phr. Strengths [sigma][subscript b][subscript c] of DCP-cured specimens were compared with those of sulfur-cured specimens. DCP-cured vulcanizates are 2X weaker than S-cured ones, when both are below or above percolation, otherwise the difference in [sigma][subscript b][subscript c] is 10X. Finally, a series of DCP-cured gum NR with different crosslink densities were compared. Strength and critical values of c, both indicative of strain crystallization, were maximized at moderate crosslink density. At high crosslink density, no critical cut size was seen and samples were weak for all cut sizes. Highly crosslinked gum NR samples, even if not precut, do not strain-crystallize prior to fracture.
Book Synopsis Effect of Carbon Black on the Tearing of Dicumyl Peroxide (DCP)-cured Natural Rubber Vulcanizates by : Zhenpeng Li
Download or read book Effect of Carbon Black on the Tearing of Dicumyl Peroxide (DCP)-cured Natural Rubber Vulcanizates written by Zhenpeng Li and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dumbbell specimens have been prepared from dicumyl peroxide (DCP)-cured natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates containing 0-60 phr of carbon black (N115). For normal specimens with no pre-cut, tensile strength increases as the carbon black level increases up to 45 phr, and then slightly decreases. When a pre-cut is introduced, specimens with 6-25 phr carbon black are weaker than gum (unfilled) specimens, and rupture occurs by lateral growth of a single crack. Specimens with 38 phr carbon black have similar strength as the gum, and multiple cracks and crack deflection occur before rupture. Specimens with 45-60 phr carbon black are stronger than gum, and rupture occurs via multiple cracks and crack deflection. The difference in cut growth resistance with low and high levels of black is attributed to competitive effects. A bound rubber/continuous network first forms at 15 phr of black. Tearing of DCP-cured vulcanizates has been compared with sulfur-cured ones. Sulfur-cured vulcanizates have normal tensile strengths that are similar for all levels of black (0-60 phr). Cut growth resistance of sulfur-cured specimens is much greater than DCP-cured specimens at all levels of black. The onset of reinforcement for sulfur-cured vulcanizates is 15 phr of black, while for DCP-cured vulcanizates, it is 38 phr of black.
Book Synopsis Effect of Carbon Black Loading on Cut Growth in Natural Rubber Vulcanizates by : Abdulhameed A. Al-Sheneper
Download or read book Effect of Carbon Black Loading on Cut Growth in Natural Rubber Vulcanizates written by Abdulhameed A. Al-Sheneper and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Carbon Black by : Jean-Baptiste Donnet
Download or read book Carbon Black written by Jean-Baptiste Donnet and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this reference provides comprehensive examinations of developments in the processing and applications of carbon black, including the use of new analytical tools such as scanning tunnelling microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and inverse gas chromatography.;Completely rewritten and updated by numerous experts in the field to reflect the enormous growth of the field since the publication of the previous edition, Carbon Black: discusses the mechanism of carbon black formation based on recent advances such as the discovery of fullerenes; elucidates micro- and macrostructure morphology and other physical characteristics; outlines the fractal geometry of carbon black as a new approach to characterization; reviews the effect of carbon black on the electrical and thermal conductivity of filled polymers; delineates the applications of carbon black in elastomers, plastics, and zerographic toners; and surveys possible health consequences of exposure to carbon black.;With over 1200 literature citations, tables, and figures, this resource is intended for physical, polymer, surface and colloid chemists; chemical and plastics engineers; spectroscopists; materials scientists; occupational safety and health physicians; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.
Book Synopsis Stress Relaxation of Carbon Black Loaded Rubber Vulcanizates by : Colin I. Mackenzie
Download or read book Stress Relaxation of Carbon Black Loaded Rubber Vulcanizates written by Colin I. Mackenzie and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Devulcanization of Unfilled and Carbon Black Filled Isoprene Rubber Vulcanizates by High Power Ultrasound by : Ximei Sun
Download or read book The Devulcanization of Unfilled and Carbon Black Filled Isoprene Rubber Vulcanizates by High Power Ultrasound written by Ximei Sun and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The effects of ultrasound on virgin gum isoprene rubber (IR) and on the devulcanization of unfilled and carbon black (CB) filled IR were studied. Ultrasonic treatment altered the structure and properties of gum IR by creating low molecular weight tails which broadened the molecular weight distribution and improved processability. Ultrasonic devulcanization of IR vulcanizates resulted in a reduction of gel fraction and crosslink density. Increasing the ultrasonic amplitude yielded a further reduction, regardless of CB loading, in the IR vulcanizates. This is contrary to the previous work on natural rubber (NR), the natural counterpart of IR which showed a minimum gel fraction and crosslink density at an intermediate ultrasonic amplitude. The devulcanization of filled IR resulted in more main chain scission than in unfilled IR due to the immobility of bound rubber at the filler surface which leads to lower properties in revulcanized rubbers than in virgin rubber. Upon blending the devulcanized IR with virgin IR, properties comparable to those of virgin rubber were obtained at certain blending ratios. A cure kinetics model with reversion adequately predicted the evolution of state of cure in curing and reversion stages under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The higher reversion observed in filled IR than in unfilled IR was consistant with the difference of reversion rate constant obtained in simulation. NMR proton transverse relaxation technique was unable to differentiate the contribution of short component mobility between physically entangled (heavy sol) and chemically crosslinked (gel) networks. Ultrasound severed both the chemical crosslinks and the main chain, creating dangling chain ends, with no generation of additional fragments of oligomeric species. Simulation of network structures using the Dobson-Gordon theory of network statistics indicated crosslinks were easier to break than main chains under ultrasonic exposure. Unfilled IR and NR had similar rate constant ratios of main chain scission and crosslink rupture. An increase of CB loading increased this ratio for both IR and NR with higher ratio in IR. The addition of processing oil in the filled IR compounds reduced this ratio."--Abstract.
Book Synopsis Effect of Carbon Black Loading on the Mechanical Properties of Rubber Vulcanizates by : Mohd Faisal Ahmad Shafawi
Download or read book Effect of Carbon Black Loading on the Mechanical Properties of Rubber Vulcanizates written by Mohd Faisal Ahmad Shafawi and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of filler loading on the tensile and elongation at break of SMR 10 using a sulphur vulcanization system was studied. Carbon black (N220) was used as the fillers and the loading range was from 10 to 40 phr. Two Roll Mill (Model LS-22005) and 25 Ton Hot Cold Molding Press (Model LS22025) used for mixing and molding press. Both equipments were supplied by Lotus Scientific. Tensile and elongation at break were determined using a Universal Testing Machine (Model 133004600771) operating at 20 mm/min. Results show that, elongation at break decreases, but tensile strength, increase with filler loading. This observation is attributed to the rubber-filler interphaseinteraction of carbon black and rubber.
Book Synopsis Mechanical Properties of Carbon-black-filled Rubber Vulcanizates by :
Download or read book Mechanical Properties of Carbon-black-filled Rubber Vulcanizates written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effect of Carbon Black Particls Size and Loading on Properties of Unvulcanized Natural Rubber by : Ashwin G. Vora
Download or read book Effect of Carbon Black Particls Size and Loading on Properties of Unvulcanized Natural Rubber written by Ashwin G. Vora and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effect of Aging and Aging Under Stress on the Tear Strength of Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates by : Sarah B. Hiza
Download or read book The Effect of Aging and Aging Under Stress on the Tear Strength of Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates written by Sarah B. Hiza and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
