Targeting Social Benefits

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351486934
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)

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Book Synopsis Targeting Social Benefits by : Neil Gilbert

Download or read book Targeting Social Benefits written by Neil Gilbert and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-12 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade changing family life and increasing fiscal constraints on welfare expenditures have forced industrialized nations to reconsider how they approach social protection. Faced with fiscal and demographic changes, many countries have been struggling to -develop innovative policy responses. Some involve targeting benefits in order to shrink existing program commitments, to focus welfare expenditures on those most in need, and to give social welfare systems more flexibility in redirecting available resources to meet emerging demands. Targeting Social Benefits: International Perspectives and Trends provides a systematic assessment of the trend toward targeting in seven countries representing a range of industrialized welfare states-New Zealand, the Netherlands, Britain, Israel, the United States, Italy, and Sweden. The contributors to this volume examine the extent to which each country has adopted measures to focus social benefits on specific population groups and particularly social welfare program areas. A summary chapter surveys and categorizes the choices nations have made in targeting methods, culls the lessons learned for recent reforms, and explores the implications of these developments for the future of the welfare state. Specific methods for targeting benefits in different program areas are analyzed, which includes means-tests, income testing, diagnostic criteria, behavioral requirements and the use of socio-demo-graphic categories. This illuminating volume provides an in-depth understanding of alternative approaches to and consequences of policies designed to target social benefits. It will help scholars, professionals, and policymakers deepen their understanding of the alternative methods and consequences of recent policies designed to shift the allocation of social welfare benefits. Neil Gilbert is Chernin Professor of Social Welfare at the School of Social Welfare, University of California at Berkeley, and Director of the Center for Com

Targeting Social Benefits

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9781138533844
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (338 download)

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Book Synopsis Targeting Social Benefits by : Neil Gilbert

Download or read book Targeting Social Benefits written by Neil Gilbert and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-08-09 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade changing family life and increasing fiscal constraints on welfare expenditures have forced industrialized nations to reconsider how they approach social protection. Faced with fiscal and demographic changes, many countries have been struggling to -develop innovative policy responses. Some involve targeting benefits in order to shrink existing program commitments, to focus welfare expenditures on those most in need, and to give social welfare systems more flexibility in redirecting available resources to meet emerging demands. Targeting Social Benefits: International Perspectives and Trends provides a systematic assessment of the trend toward targeting in seven countries representing a range of industrialized welfare states-New Zealand, the Netherlands, Britain, Israel, the United States, Italy, and Sweden. The contributors to this volume examine the extent to which each country has adopted measures to focus social benefits on specific population groups and particularly social welfare program areas. A summary chapter surveys and categorizes the choices nations have made in targeting methods, culls the lessons learned for recent reforms, and explores the implications of these developments for the future of the welfare state. Specific methods for targeting benefits in different program areas are analyzed, which includes means-tests, income testing, diagnostic criteria, behavioral requirements and the use of socio-demo-graphic categories. This illuminating volume provides an in-depth understanding of alternative approaches to and consequences of policies designed to target social benefits. It will help scholars, professionals, and policymakers deepen their understanding of the alternative methods and consequences of recent policies designed to shift the allocation of social welfare benefits. Neil Gilbert is Chernin Professor of Social Welfare at the School of Social Welfare, University of California at Berkeley, and Director of the Center for Comparative Family Welfare and Poverty Research. Dr. Gilbert served as a Senior Research Fellow for the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development in Geneva and was twice awarded Fulbright Fellowships to study European social policy. His numerous publications include 22 books and 100 articles that have appeared in the Wall Street Journal, The Public Interest, Society, Commentary, and other leading academic journals.

Targeting Social Benefits

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Author :
Publisher : Transaction Pub
ISBN 13 : 9780765806253
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Targeting Social Benefits by : Neil Gilbert

Download or read book Targeting Social Benefits written by Neil Gilbert and published by Transaction Pub. This book was released on 2001 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade changing family life and increasing fiscal constraints on welfare expenditures have forced industrialized nations to reconsider how they approach social protection. Faced with fiscal and demographic changes, many countries have been struggling to -develop innovative policy responses. Some involve targeting benefits in order to shrink existing program commitments, to focus welfare expenditures on those most in need, and to give social welfare systems more flexibility in redirecting available resources to meet emerging demands. Targeting Social Benefits: International Perspectives and Trends provides a systematic assessment of the trend toward targeting in seven countries representing a range of industrialized welfare states-New Zealand, the Netherlands, Britain, Israel, the United States, Italy, and Sweden. The contributors to this volume examine the extent to which each country has adopted measures to focus social benefits on specific population groups and particularly social welfare program areas. A summary chapter surveys and categorizes the choices nations have made in targeting methods, culls the lessons learned for recent reforms, and explores the implications of these developments for the future of the welfare state. Specific methods for targeting benefits in different program areas are analyzed, which includes means-tests, income testing, diagnostic criteria, behavioral requirements and the use of socio-demo-graphic categories. This illuminating volume provides an in-depth understanding of alternative approaches to and consequences of policies designed to target social benefits. It will help scholars, professionals, and policymakers deepen their understanding of the alternative methods and consequences of recent policies designed to shift the allocation of social welfare benefits. Neil Gilbert is Chernin Professor of Social Welfare at the School of Social Welfare, University of California at Berkeley, and Director of the Center for Comparative Family Welfare and Poverty Research. Dr. Gilbert served as a Senior Research Fellow for the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development in Geneva and was twice awarded Fulbright Fellowships to study European social policy. His numerous publications include 22 books and 100 articles that have appeared in the Wall Street Journal, The Public Interest, Society, Commentary, and other leading academic journals.

Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance

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Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464818150
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance by : Margaret Grosh

Download or read book Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance written by Margaret Grosh and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2022-06-14 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Targeting is a commonly used, but much debated, policy tool within global social assistance practice. Revisiting Targeting in Social Assistance: A New Look at Old Dilemmas examines the well-known dilemmas in light of the growing body of experience, new implementation capacities, and the potential to bring new data and data science to bear. The book begins by considering why or whether or how narrowly or broadly to target different parts of social assistance and updates the global empirics around the outcomes and costs of targeting. It illustrates the choices that must be made in moving from an abstract vision to implementable definitions and procedures, and in deciding how the choices should be informed by values, empirics, and context. The importance of delivery systems and processes to distributional outcomes are emphasized, and many facets with room for improvement are discussed. The book also explores the choices between targeting methods and how differences in purposes and contexts shape those. The know-how with respect to the data and inference used by the different household-specific targeting methods is summarized and comprehensively updated, including a focus on “big data†? and machine learning. A primer on measurement issues is included. Key findings include the following: · Targeting selected categories, families, or individuals plays a valuable role within the framework of universal social protection. · Measuring the accuracy and cost of targeting can be done in many ways, and judicious choices require a range of metrics. · Weighing the relatively low costs of targeting against the potential gains is important. · Implementing inclusive delivery systems is critical for reducing errors of exclusion and inclusion. · Selecting and customizing the appropriate targeting method depends on purpose and context; there is no method preferred in all circumstances. · Leveraging advances in technology—ICT, big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning—can improve targeting accuracy, but they are not a panacea; better data matters more than sophistication in inference. · Targeting social protection should be a dynamic process.

Administering Targeted Social Programs in Latin America

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Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 9780821326206
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Administering Targeted Social Programs in Latin America by : Margaret E. Grosh

Download or read book Administering Targeted Social Programs in Latin America written by Margaret E. Grosh and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1994-01-01 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global Environment Facility Working Paper 8. Describes the five key research areas to be addressed by the Program for Measuring Incremental Costs for the Environment (PRINCE). This paper outlines incremental cost concepts, operational interpretations, national climate change studies, country studies on ozone protection, and transaction costs. It also develops a broad interpretation of incremental cost that can be used across the range of issues covered by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Those issues include global warming, pollution of international waters, destruction of biodiversity, and ozone depletion. This is one of five GEF Working Papers to explore the PRINCE program and is co-published with the United Nations Development Programme and the United Nations Environment Programme.

Continuous Improvement

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464809011
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Continuous Improvement by : Tinatin Baum

Download or read book Continuous Improvement written by Tinatin Baum and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2016-08-25 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Targeted Social Assistance of Georgia is a last-resort social program that is considered a best practice among programs based on proxy means testing (PMT). It achieves high targeting accuracy for a relatively high level of poverty incidence. In 2013, the government of Georgia embarked on the revision of this program to ensure its continued effectiveness and to revise some of the parameters of the eligibility formula that could be subject to manipulation. In particular, the government was concerned about the subjective evaluation of social agents and about concealable goods giving room to abuses in terms of program eligibility. Continuous Improvement: Strengthening Georgia’s Targeted Social Assistance Program assesses the technical work and the policy actions taken by the Georgian government during 2014 and 2015. It covers the full cycle of the reform of a social assistance program, from establishing the objectives to the design of compensation measures that minimize the number of newly ineligible beneficiaries. In particular, it describes the revision of the PMT formula, the introduction of a scheme of benefits that decreases with the score and an associated assistance program for children, the pretesting of the new formula, and the design of compensation measures. The report also includes a chapter with specific recommendations for Georgia to consider in its efforts to improve its system of social protection and labor.

World Development Report 2019

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464813566
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis World Development Report 2019 by : World Bank

Download or read book World Development Report 2019 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-10-31 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Work is constantly reshaped by technological progress. New ways of production are adopted, markets expand, and societies evolve. But some changes provoke more attention than others, in part due to the vast uncertainty involved in making predictions about the future. The 2019 World Development Report will study how the nature of work is changing as a result of advances in technology today. Technological progress disrupts existing systems. A new social contract is needed to smooth the transition and guard against rising inequality. Significant investments in human capital throughout a person’s lifecycle are vital to this effort. If workers are to stay competitive against machines they need to train or retool existing skills. A social protection system that includes a minimum basic level of protection for workers and citizens can complement new forms of employment. Improved private sector policies to encourage startup activity and competition can help countries compete in the digital age. Governments also need to ensure that firms pay their fair share of taxes, in part to fund this new social contract. The 2019 World Development Report presents an analysis of these issues based upon the available evidence.

Changing Patterns of Social Protection

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351529447
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Changing Patterns of Social Protection by : Rebecca A. Van Voorhis

Download or read book Changing Patterns of Social Protection written by Rebecca A. Van Voorhis and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-04 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ""A thoughtful assessment of socioeconomic needs and influences, observing the necessity for benefits as well as the lessons of experience offered by various nations""--Library Bookwatch Over the last two decades, aging populations, changing family structures, market forces of globalization, strains of immigration, and political and ideological realignments have joined to create powerful pressures that are reshaping the design and philosophy of social welfare policies. Changing Patterns of Social Protection analyzes emerging patterns of social welfare and the implications of these trends for the future of social protection to vulnerable groups in France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States. Examining central policy trends in these countries, contributors explore current reforms of mainline programs: old age pensions, disability and unemployment insurance, family assistance, health care, and social services. The findings highlight how modern dynamics of social protection are manifest through reforms that include diverse social and economic incentives, changing benefit structures, a wide range of work-oriented measures, the resurgence of private activity, and current approaches to targeting benefits. Assessments of the socioeconomic influences that have precipitated these reforms reveal a broad range of common factors as well as country-specific influences such as the clientelistic approach to welfare in Italy, the complexities of reunification in Germany, and the ""Dutch disease"" of explosive claims for disability benefits. Changing Patterns of Social Protection offers insights into the issues raised by these policy reforms and their possible effects. By clarifying alternative policy designs this work affords a fresh perspective on how to think about the changing structure and function of social welfare arrangements in modern society. Neil Gilbert is Chernin Professor of Social Services and Social Welfare at the Un

The Social Legitimacy of Targeted Welfare

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Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1785367218
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (853 download)

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Book Synopsis The Social Legitimacy of Targeted Welfare by : Wim van Oorschot

Download or read book The Social Legitimacy of Targeted Welfare written by Wim van Oorschot and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2017-09-29 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses new perspectives on the perceived popular deservingness of target groups of social services and benefits, offering new insights and analysis to this quickly developing field of welfare attitudes research. It provides an up-to-date state of the art in terms of concepts, theories, research methods and data. The book offers a multi-disciplinary view on deservingness attitudes, with contributions from sociology, political science, media studies and social psychology. It links up with central welfare state debates about the allocation of collective resources between groups with particular needs, and wider categories of need.

Improving the Targeting of Social Programs in Ghana

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Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821396064
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Improving the Targeting of Social Programs in Ghana by : Quentin Wodon

Download or read book Improving the Targeting of Social Programs in Ghana written by Quentin Wodon and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-10-01 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study provides a diagnostic of the benefit incidence and targeting performance of social programs in Ghana together with suggestions for how to improve targeting performance.

Social Assistance in the New EU Member States

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821371606
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Assistance in the New EU Member States by : Dena Ringold

Download or read book Social Assistance in the New EU Member States written by Dena Ringold and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study analyzes the performance of social assistance and family benefit programs in eight new member states of the European Union from the perspective of fiscal impact and effectiveness. It is based on household survey data for six of the countries, as well as budget data and information on program design collected at the national level. The paper finds that, although social assistance programs in the new member states are small in terms of coverage and expenditure levels (reaching 2 to 5 percent of the population), the programs are an important safety net for the poor. Programs are relatively well targeted, with between 30 and 60 percent of resources going to the poorest quintile of the population. For those who receive them, benefits can make up as much as 37 percent of average consumption of the poor.

Poverty Targeting in Asia

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Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1845424700
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (454 download)

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Book Synopsis Poverty Targeting in Asia by : John Weiss

Download or read book Poverty Targeting in Asia written by John Weiss and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2005 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a must read for researchers and students interested in poverty, poverty reduction, social welfare and development. It provides systematic and comparative studies on the design features, achievements and problems of targeting, set against specific national contexts. The economic focus of the analysis is balanced with sections on the political economy of targeting and management aspects (administrative systems and incentives). While the considerable variations between targeting mechanisms, schemes and contexts demonstrate the difficulties of blanket policy prescriptions, the book presents a fascinating conclusion. Rather than continuing the debate about universal versus targeted approaches, it proposes that a mixed approach might be best: the broad targeting of basic services such as primary education and health care combined with the narrow targeting of social protection schemes for the very poor. David Hulme, University of Manchester, UK Most governments attempt to target resources directly at the poor through a variety of measures including food and credit subsidies, job creation schemes and basic health and education projects. These measures are usually classified as being either promotional (to help raise welfare in the long term), or protectional (to support the poor in times of adverse shocks). However, for many Asian countries the reality of these poverty targeting measures has proved disappointing. Following a comprehensive overview by the editor, this book offers a detailed assessment of the results of directly channelling resources to the poor and extensively discusses the experience of five Asian countries India, Indonesia, the People s Republic of China, the Philippines and Thailand. The authors demonstrate how in many cases these targeting measures have failed due to their high cost and errors of both undercoverage (where many of the poor are excluded) and leakage (when many of the better-off also benefit from these schemes). The authors conclude that whilst poverty targeting remains a critically important objective, past targeting errors must not be forgotten and improved methods of both identifying and reaching the poor must be implemented. Written by leading experts in the field and including analysis of original country surveys, this seminal text documents clearly the operation and success of aid schemes in Asia. This book will make a worthy addition to the literature on development, poverty reduction, social welfare and Asian studies. It will also be an important source of reference for academics and students of economic development, aid practitioners, government officials and development NGOs.

Targeting in Social Programs

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Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0815778791
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Targeting in Social Programs by : Peter H. Schuck

Download or read book Targeting in Social Programs written by Peter H. Schuck and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2007-08-29 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Should chronically disruptive students be allowed to remain in public schools? Should nonagenarians receive costly medical care at taxpayer expense? Who should be first in line for kidney transplants—the relatively healthy or the severely ill? In T argeting in Social Programs , Peter H. Schuck and Richard J. Zeckhauser provide a rigorous framework for analyzing these and other difficult choices. Many government policies seek to help unfortunate, often low-income individuals—in other words, "bad draws." These efforts are frequently undermined by poor targeting, however. In particular, when two groups of bad draws—"bad bets" and "bad apples"—are included in social welfare programs, bad policies are likely to result. Many politicians and policymakers prefer to sweep this problem under the rug. But the costs of this silence are high. Allocating resources to bad bets and bad apples does more than waste money—it also makes it harder to achieve substantive goals, such as the creation of safe and effective schools. And perhaps most important, it erodes support for public programs on which many good bets and good apples rely. By training a spotlight on these issues, Schuck and Zeckhauser take a first step toward much-needed reforms. They dissect the challenges involved in defining bad bets and bad apples and discuss the safeguards that any classification process must provide. They also examine three areas where bad apples and bad bets loom large—public schools, public housing, and medical care—and propose policy changes that could reduce the problems these two groups pose. This provocative book does not offer easy answers, but it raises questions that no one with an interest in policy effectiveness can afford to ignore. By turns incisive and probing, Bad Draws will generate vigorous debate.

Creating Target Publics for Welfare Policies

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319895966
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (198 download)

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Book Synopsis Creating Target Publics for Welfare Policies by : Lorenzo Barrault-Stella

Download or read book Creating Target Publics for Welfare Policies written by Lorenzo Barrault-Stella and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-16 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume analyzes welfare policies by looking at the making of their target publics. It examines how these populations are identified and constructed by policy making. The contributors apply the classic theoretical question about who gets what, when, and how, but also suggest the revisiting of policy-feedback analysis. Coverage includes empirical case studies in different geographical areas. It looks at Europe, the United States and also considers Mayotte, set in a post-colonial context. The chapters also examine different aspects of welfare, including the bureaucratic treatment of marginalized populations as well as the middle class. The authors draw on diverse conceptual approaches and investigative methodologies. They conduct participant observation in public or nonprofit organizations, explore administrative records, and interview actors at various stages of policymaking. This qualitative material is then combined with relevant quantitative data. Readers are guided through a multilevel approach of welfare policies, from their definition to their implementation. They gain insight into the targeting of publics, from the higher reaches of government to the most underprivileged groups of the social world. Overall, the book compares different national contexts and social policy fields. This approach unearths regularities, enabling the authors to reassess major contemporary transformations of the welfare State.

Continuous Improvement

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Author :
Publisher : Directions in Development
ISBN 13 : 9781464809002
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Continuous Improvement by : Tinatin Baum

Download or read book Continuous Improvement written by Tinatin Baum and published by Directions in Development. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Targeted Social Assistance of Georgia is a last-resort social program that is considered a best practice among programs based on proxy means testing (PMT). It achieves high targeting accuracy for a relatively high level of poverty incidence. In 2013, the government of Georgia embarked on the revision of this program to ensure its continued effectiveness and to revise some of the parameters of the eligibility formula that could be subject to manipulation. In particular, the government was concerned about the subjective evaluation of social agents and about concealable goods giving room to abuses in terms of program eligibility. Continuous Improvement: Strengthening Georgia's Targeted Social Assistance Program assesses the technical work and the policy actions taken by the Georgian government during 2014 and 2015. It covers the full cycle of the reform of a social assistance program, from establishing the objectives to the design of compensation measures that minimize the number of newly ineligible beneficiaries. In particular, it describes the revision of the PMT formula, the introduction of a scheme of benefits that decreases with the score and an associated assistance program for children, the pretesting of the new formula, and the design of compensation measures. The report also includes a chapter with specific recommendations for Georgia to consider in its efforts to improve its system of social protection and labor.

Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America

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Author :
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 : 0801894980
Total Pages : 387 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America by : Adato, Michelle

Download or read book Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America written by Adato, Michelle and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2010-12-10 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conditional cash transfer programs (CCTs)—cash grants to poor families that are conditional on their participation in education, health, and nutrition services—have become a vital part of poverty reduction strategies in many countries, particularly in Latin America. In Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America, the contributors analyze and synthesize evidence from case studies of CCTs in Brazil, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua. The studies examine many aspects of CCTs, including the trends in development and political economy that fostered interest in them; their costs; their impacts on education, health, nutrition, and food consumption; and how CCT programs affect social relations shaped by gender, culture, and community. Throughout, the authors identify the strengths and weaknesses of CCTs and offer guidelines to those who design them.

Social Protection for the Poor

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Protection for the Poor by : Stephen Devereux

Download or read book Social Protection for the Poor written by Stephen Devereux and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesises current thinking regarding the design and impact of social protection programmes. Includes evidence from African and Asian countries on targeting, cash vs. in-kind transfers, safety nets and social funds, crowding-out, and sustainability.