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Taming Liquid Hydrogen The Centaur Upper Stage Rocket 1958 2002
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Book Synopsis Taming Liquid Hydrogen: The Centaur Upper Stage Rocket 1958-2002 by :
Download or read book Taming Liquid Hydrogen: The Centaur Upper Stage Rocket 1958-2002 written by and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NASA SP-2004-4230. NASA History Series. Chronicles the story of the Centaur, the world's first liquid-hydrogen rocket. Focuses on technical and political hurdles that Centaur faced over the three decades that it was managed by NASA Lewis Research Center. Explores NASA's effort to modify Centaur for launch from the Shuttle's cargo bay, a controversial project canceled in the wake of the Challenger accident.
Book Synopsis Taming Liquid Hydrogen by : Virginia Parker Dawson
Download or read book Taming Liquid Hydrogen written by Virginia Parker Dawson and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Taming Liquid Hydrogen by : National Aeronautics Administration
Download or read book Taming Liquid Hydrogen written by National Aeronautics Administration and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-10 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During its maiden voyage in May 1962, a Centaur upper stage rocket, mated to an Atlas booster, exploded 54 seconds after launch, engulfing the rocket in a huge fireball. Investigation revealed that Centaur's light, stainless-steel tank had split open, spilling its liquid-hydrogen fuel down its sides, where the flame of the rocket exhaust immediately ignited it. Coming less than a year after President Kennedy had made landing human beings on the Moon a national priority, the loss of Centaur was regarded as a serious setback for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). During the failure investigation, Homer Newell, Director of Space Sciences, ruefully declared: "Taming liquid hydrogen to the point where expensive operational space missions can be committed to it has turned out to be more difficult than anyone supposed at the outset." .After this failure, Centaur critics, led by Wernher von Braun, mounted a campaign to cancel the program. In addition to the unknowns associated with liquid hydrogen, he objected to the unusual design of Centaur. Like the Atlas rocket, Centaur depended on pressure to keep its paper thin, stainless-steel shell from collapsing. It was literally inflated with its propellants like a football or balloon and needed no internal structure to give it added strength and stability. The so-called "pressure-stabilized structure" of Centaur, coupled with the light weight of its high-energy cryogenic propellants, made Centaur lighter and more powerful than upper stages that used conventional fuel. But, the critics argued, it would never become the reliable rocket that the United States needed. Others, especially military proponents of Centaur, believed that accepting the challenge of developing liquid-hydrogen technology was an important risk to take. Despite criticism and early technical failures, the taming of liquid hydrogen proved to be one of NASA's most significant technical accomplishments. Centaur not only succeeded in demonstrating the feasibility of liquid hydrogen as a rocket fuel, but it also went on to a brilliant career as an upper stage for a series of spectacular planetary missions in the 1970s. Ironically, this success did little to ensure the future of the Centaur rocket. Once the Shuttle became operational in the early 1980s, all expendable launch vehicles like Centaur were slated for termination. Centaur advocates fought to keep the program alive.
Book Synopsis Liquid Hydrogen As a Propulsion Fuel, 1945-1959 by : John Sloop
Download or read book Liquid Hydrogen As a Propulsion Fuel, 1945-1959 written by John Sloop and published by . This book was released on 2014-09-05 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The story of how liquid hydrogen was put to work is told in two great books. Part 1 is this book, "Liquid Hydrogen as a Propulsion Fuel, 1945-1959", by John L. Sloop (NASA SP-4404). Part 2 is "Taming Liquid Hydrogen: The Centaur Upper Stage Rocket: 1958-2002", by Virginia P. Dawson and Mark D. Bowles (NASA SP-2004-4230).
Book Synopsis Liquid Hydrogen As a Propulsion Fuel, 1945-1959 by : National Aeronautics Administration
Download or read book Liquid Hydrogen As a Propulsion Fuel, 1945-1959 written by National Aeronautics Administration and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-01-18 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1957, when Russia launched the first satellite, the ability of the United States to respond depended on one small launch vehicle still under development, Vanguard, and modifications to ballistic missiles. The subsequent space race featured a rapid buildup of launch vehicle capability in this country during the 1960s, culminating with the giant Saturn V which launched the Apollo lunar expeditions beginning in 1968. A significant part of the increased launch capability resulted from technical decisions made in 1958 and 1959 to use liquid hydrogen in the upper stages of the Centaur and Saturn vehicles-and that story is not well known. The decision to use liquid hydrogen in developing the nation's largest launch vehicle was particularly bold, for many experienced engineers doubted the advisability of using a highly hazardous fuel associated with the Hindenburg disaster of 1937, a gas difficult to liquefy, a liquid so cold-close to absolute zero-that storage and handling are difficult, and so light-1/14 the density of water-that large tank volumes are required, with attendant problems of vehicle mass and drag. Hydrogen had been considered in astronautics and aeronautics several times before; but in each case, as the problems became better known, the attempt was abandoned, What was different in this case? Why was there so much confidence about hydrogen within the young space agency to warrant risking the success of the nation's manned spaceflight program? The decision, of course, turned out to be the right one. Subsequent advancements in the technologies of liquefying, storing, transporting, and using large quantities of liquid hydrogen made it just another flammable liquid that could be handled and used safely with reasonable caution. The key role that liquid hydrogen played in the success of the Centaur and Saturn launch vehicles has long interested the author. As a participant in research on hydrogen for rockets in the 1950s and a proponent for its use, the author understood the potential as well as the risks and in recent years wanted to investigate more fully the circumstances leading to the 1958 and 1959 decisions. In digging into the background for the decisions and the status of hydrogen technology that influenced those decisions, the question arose: how far back to investigate? The flammability of gaseous hydrogen has been known for centuries; its large heat content was measured in the 18th century; and it was liquefied by Dewar in 1898. Five years later, Tsiolkovskiy, the Russian rocket pioneer, proposed its use in a space rocket, as did Goddard in 1910. In the 1920s, Oberth correctly assessed the advantage of using hydrogen in the upper stages of space vehicles. None of these rocket pioneers experimented with hydrogen; other fuels appeared more attractive in the face of hydrogen's disadvantages, particularly its low density. One German experimenter, Walter Theil, tried to use liquid hydrogen in a small rocket engine a few years before World War II, but numerous leaks and higher priority tasks ended the experiments. The first systematic investigations of liquid hydrogen to propel aircraft and rockets began in the United States in 1945 and although earlier developments undoubtedly had an influence, where the author chose to start this book at that point. In describing the history of rocket technology, it is easy for an engineer-author to become immersed in the technical aspects that may be of little interest to some readers. The author tried to minimize mathematics, technical language, and other specialized details, but some are unavoidable if propulsion research is to be presented fairly and accurately. Adding to this problem has been the conversion of many familiar English units into the metric system. Those accustomed to thinking of rocket performance in terms of specific impulse will not find it here; instead, they will have to settle for its equivalent, exhaust velocity.
Book Synopsis NASA 50th Anniversary Proceedings: NASA's First 50 Years: Historical Perspectives by : Steven J. Dick
Download or read book NASA 50th Anniversary Proceedings: NASA's First 50 Years: Historical Perspectives written by Steven J. Dick and published by U. S. National Aeronautics & Space Administration. This book was released on 2010-07-07 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 29 July 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which became operational on 1 October of that year. Over the next 50 years, NASA achieved a set of spectacular feats, ranging from advancing the well-established field of aeronautics to pioneering the new fields of Earth and space science and human spaceflight. In the midst of the geopolitical context of the Cold War, 12 Americans walked on the Moon, arriving in peace “for all mankind.” Humans saw their home planet from a new perspective, with unforgettable Apollo images of Earthrise and the “Blue Marble,” as well as the “pale blue dot” from the edge of the solar system. A flotilla of spacecraft has studied Earth, while other spacecraft have probed the depths of the solar system and the universe beyond. In the 1980s, the evolution of aeronautics gave us the first winged human spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station stands as a symbol of human cooperation in space as well as a possible way station to the stars. With the Apollo fire and two Space Shuttle accidents, NASA has also seen the depths of tragedy. In this volume, a wide array of scholars turn a critical eye toward NASA’s first 50 years, probing an institution widely seen as the premier agency for exploration in the world, carrying on a long tradition of exploration by the United States and the human species in general. Fifty years after its founding, NASA finds itself at a crossroads that historical perspectives can only help to illuminate.
Book Synopsis NASA Historical Data Book: NASA launch systems, space transportation, human spaceflight, and space science, 1989-1998 by :
Download or read book NASA Historical Data Book: NASA launch systems, space transportation, human spaceflight, and space science, 1989-1998 written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 1084 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book NASA Historical Data Book written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 1080 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Development of Propulsion Technology for U.S. Space-Launch Vehicles, 1926-1991 by : J. D. Hunley
Download or read book The Development of Propulsion Technology for U.S. Space-Launch Vehicles, 1926-1991 written by J. D. Hunley and published by Texas A&M University Press. This book was released on 2013-03-15 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this definitive study, J. D. Hunley traces the program’s development from Goddard’s early rockets (and the German V-2 missile) through the Titan IVA and the Space Shuttle, with a focus on space-launch vehicles. Since these rockets often evolved from early missiles, he pays considerable attention to missile technology, not as an end in itself, but as a contributor to launch-vehicle technology. Focusing especially on the engineering culture of the program, Hunley communicates this very human side of technological development by means of anecdotes, character sketches, and case studies of problems faced by rocket engineers. He shows how such a highly adaptive approach enabled the evolution of a hugely complicated technology that was impressive—but decidedly not rocket science. Unique in its single-volume coverage of the evolution of launch-vehicle technology from 1926 to 1991, this meticulously researched work will inform scholars and engineers interested in the history of technology and innovation, as well as those specializing in the history of space flight.
Book Synopsis Bringing the Future Within Reach by : Robert S. Arrighi
Download or read book Bringing the Future Within Reach written by Robert S. Arrighi and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2016 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book documents Glenn's many research specialties over those 75 years. Among them are early jet engines and rockets; flight safety and fuel efficiency tested in premier icing and wind tunnels; liquid hydrogen fuel which, despite skeptics like aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun, helped the U.S. win the race to the moon; and electric propulsion, considered key to future space flight. Space enthusiasts, aviation personnel, aerospace engineers, and inventors may be interested in this comprehensive and milestone volume. Other related products: NASA at 50: Interviews With NASA\'s Senior Leadership can be found here: https: //bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/033-000-01360-4 Other products published by National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) can be found here: https: //bookstore.gpo.gov/agency/550
Author :Author Virginia P Dawson Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781470008871 Total Pages :0 pages Book Rating :4.0/5 (88 download)
Book Synopsis Ideas Into Hardware: a History of the Rocket Engine Test Facility at the NASA Glenn Research Center by : Author Virginia P Dawson
Download or read book Ideas Into Hardware: a History of the Rocket Engine Test Facility at the NASA Glenn Research Center written by Author Virginia P Dawson and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2004-01-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document was generated for the NASA Glenn Research Center, in accordance with a Memorandum of Agreement among the Federal Aviation Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), The Ohio State Historic Preservation Officer, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. The City of Cleveland's goal to expand the Cleveland Hopkins International Airport required the NASA Glenn Research Center's Rocket Engine Test Facility, located adjacent to the airport, to be removed before this expansion could be realized. To mitigate the removal of this registered National Historic Landmark, the National Park Service stipulated that the Rocket Engine Test Facility be documented to Level I standards of the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER). This history project was initiated to fulfill and supplement that requirement.
Book Synopsis "Read You Loud and Clear!" by : Sunny Tsiao
Download or read book "Read You Loud and Clear!" written by Sunny Tsiao and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Dust Jacket: Regardless of how sophisticated it may be, no spacecraft is of any value unless it can be tracked accurately to determine where it is and how it is performing. At the height of the space race, 6,000 men and women operated NASA's Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network at some two dozen locations across five continents. This network, known as the STDN, began its operation by tracking Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite that was launched into space by the former Soviet Union. Over the next 40 years, the network was destined to play a crucial role on every near-Earth space mission that NASA flew. Whether it was receiving the first television images from space, tracking Apollo astronauts to the Moon and back, or data acquiring for Earth science, the STDN was that intricate network behind the scenes making the missions possible. Some called it the "Invisible Network," a hallmark of which was that no NASA mission has ever been compromised due to a network failure. Read You Loud and Clear! is a historical account of the STDN, starting with its formation in the late 1950s to what it is today in the first decade of the twenty-first century. It traces the roots of the tracking network from its beginnings at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico to the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) space-based constellation of today. The story spans the early days of satellite tracking using the Minitrack Network, through the expansion of the Satellite Tracking And Data Acquisition Network (STADAN) and the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN), and finally, to the Space and Ground Networks of today. Written from a nontechnical perspective, the author has translated a highly technical subject into historical accounts told within the framework of the U.S. space program. These accounts tell how international goodwill and foreign cooperation were crucial to the operation of the network and why the space agency chose to build the STDN the way it did. More than anything else, the story of NASA's STDN is about the "unsung heroes of the space program."
Book Synopsis Air & Space Power Journal fall 05 by :
Download or read book Air & Space Power Journal fall 05 written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Advanced Liquid Metal Cooling For Chip, Device And System by : Jing Liu
Download or read book Advanced Liquid Metal Cooling For Chip, Device And System written by Jing Liu and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-04-08 with total page 961 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This compendium summarizes the core principles and practical applications of a brand-new advanced chip cooling category — liquid metal cooling. It illustrates the science and art of room temperature liquid metal enabled cooling for chip, device and system. The concise volume features unique scientific and practical merits, and clarified intriguing liquid metal coolant or medium behaviors in making new generation powerful cooling system.With both uniquely important fundamental and practical values, this useful reference text benefits researchers to set up their foundation and then find new ways of making advanced cooling system to fulfil the increasingly urgent needs in modern highly integrated chip industry.
Download or read book Asteroids written by Martin Elvis and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2021-06-08 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique, wide-ranging examination of asteroid exploration and our future in space Human travel into space is an enormously expensive and unforgiving endeavor. So why go? In this accessible and authoritative book, astrophysicist Martin Elvis argues that the answer is asteroid exploration, for the strong motives of love, fear, and greed. Elvis’s personal motivation is one of scientific love—asteroid investigations may teach us about the composition of the solar system and the origins of life. A more compelling reason may be fear—of a dinosaur killer–sized asteroid hitting our planet. Finally, Elvis maintains, we should consider greed: asteroids likely hold vast riches, such as large platinum deposits, and mining them could provide both a new industry and a funding source for bolder space exploration. Elvis explains how each motive can be satisfied, and how they help one another. From the origins of life, to “space billiards,” and space sports, Elvis looks at how asteroids may be used in the not-so-distant future.
Book Synopsis Rockets and People, Volume III, Hot Days of the Cold War by :
Download or read book Rockets and People, Volume III, Hot Days of the Cold War written by and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on with total page 838 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: V. 1. [no special title] -- v. 2. Creating a rocket industry -- v. 3 Hot days of the Cold War -- v. 4. The moon race.
Book Synopsis Research in NASA History by : Steven J. Dick
Download or read book Research in NASA History written by Steven J. Dick and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "As the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2008, historians as well as scientists and engineers could look back on a record of accomplishment. Much has been written about the evolution of NASA's multifaceted programs and the people who carried them out. Yet much remains to be done, and we hope this publication will facilitate research in this important field."--Page 1
