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Standardization In Smart Grids
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Book Synopsis Standardization in Smart Grids by : Mathias Uslar
Download or read book Standardization in Smart Grids written by Mathias Uslar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-14 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first successful finished Smart Grid Prototype Projects deliver new requirements and best practices to meet them. These solutions will be the base for the upcoming norms and standards in the near future. This domain is not only part of one Standard developing Organization (SDO), but also of many different organizations like ITU, ISO, IEC and additionally for the electro mobility part the SAE. This results in many standards which are based on different aspects. Furthermore the European mirror organizations (ETSI,CEN, CENELEC) as well as the German mirror groups of these groups are involved, which are delivering further rules and adaption for the local market. Because of this diversity of organizations involved, it is difficult for the local companies (which includes energy utility, manufacturer and software producer specialized on integration) to identify the relevant trends, standardization groups and technologies necessary. With the EU Mandate M490 to CEN/CNELEC and TESI and the Commission being a driving force (e.g. ftp://ftp.cencenelec.eu/CENELEC/Smartgrid/SmartGridFinalReport.pdf and http://www.cenelec.eu/aboutcenelec/whatwedo/technologysectors/smartgrids.html) standardization becomes more and more important – but it’s complex and not easy to be understood. Here at OFFIS, we provide training but we are always asked for textbooks on our tranings. Based on our modules for the SG tranings, we would estimate the following chapters to be relevant to SG stakeholders in standardization (roughly 16-20 pages per chapter).
Book Synopsis Smart Grid Standards by : Takuro Sato
Download or read book Smart Grid Standards written by Takuro Sato and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fully comprehensive introduction to smart grid standards and their applications for developers, consumers and service providers The critical role of standards for smart grid has already been realized by world-wide governments and industrial organizations. There are hundreds of standards for Smart Grid which have been developed in parallel by different organizations. It is therefore necessary to arrange those standards in such a way that it is easier for readers to easily understand and select a particular standard according to their requirements without going into the depth of each standard, which often spans from hundreds to thousands of pages. The book will allow people in the smart grid areas and in the related industries to easily understand the fundamental standards of smart grid, and quickly find the building-block standards they need from hundreds of standards for implementing a smart grid system. The authors highlight the most advanced works and efforts now under way to realize an integrated and interoperable smart grid, such as the “NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Release 2.0”, the” IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap”, the ISO/IEC’s “Smart Grid Standards for Residential Customers”, the ZigBee/HomePlug’s “Smart Energy Profile Specification 2.0”, IEEE’s P2030 “Draft Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads”, and the latest joint research project results between the world’s two largest economies, US and China. The book enables readers to fully understand the latest achievements and ongoing technical works of smart grid standards, and assist industry utilities, vendors, academia, regulators, and other smart grid stakeholders in future decision making. The book begins with an overview of the smart grid, and introduces the opportunities in both developed and developing countries. It then examines the standards for power grid domain of the smart grid, including standards for blackout prevention and energy management, smart transmission, advanced distribution management and automation, smart substation automation, and condition monitoring. Communication and security standards as a whole are the backbone of smart grid and their standards, including those for wired and wireless communications, are then assessed. Finally the authors consider the standards and on-going work and efforts for interoperability and integration between different standards and networks, including the latest joint research effort between the world’s two largest economies, US and China. A fully comprehensive introduction to smart grid standards and their applications for developers, consumers and service providers Covers all up-to-date standards of smart grid, including the key standards from NIST, IEC, ISO ZigBee, IEEE, HomePlug, SAE, and other international and regional standardization organizations. The Appendix summarizes all of the standards mentioned in the book Presents standards for renewable energy and smart generation, covering wind energy, solar voltaic, fuel cells, pumped storage, distributed generation, and nuclear generation standards. Standards for other alternative sources of energy such as geothermal energy, and bioenergy are briefly introduced Introduces the standards for smart storage and plug-in electric vehicles, including standards for distributed energy resources (DER), electric storage, and E-mobility/plug-in vehicles The book is written in an accessible style, ideal as an introduction to the topic, yet contains sufficient detail and research to appeal to the more advanced and specialist reader.
Book Synopsis Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies by : Shady S. Refaat
Download or read book Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies written by Shady S. Refaat and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-08-16 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SMART GRID AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES Discover foundational topics in smart grid technology as well as an exploration of the current and future state of the industry As the relationship between fossil fuel use and climate change becomes ever clearer, the search is on for reliable, renewable and less harmful sources of energy. Sometimes called the “electronet” or the “energy Internet,” smart grids promise to integrate renewable energy, information, and communication technologies with the existing electrical grid and deliver electricity more efficiently and reliably. Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies delivers a complete vision of smart grid technology and applications, including foundational and fundamental technologies, the technology that enables smart grids, the current state of the industry, and future trends in smart energy. The book offers readers thorough discussions of modern smart grid technology, including advanced metering infrastructure, net zero energy buildings, and communication, data management, and networks in smart grids. The accomplished authors also discuss critical challenges and barriers facing the smart grid industry as well as trends likely to be of importance in its future development. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to smart grid architecture, including traditional grids, the fundamentals of electric power, definitions and classifications of smart grids, and the components of smart grid technology An exploration of the opportunities and challenges posed by renewable energy integration Practical discussions of power electronics in the smart grid, including power electronics converters for distributed generation, flexible alternating current transmission systems, and high voltage direct current transmission systems An analysis of distributed generation Perfect for scientists, researchers, engineers, graduate students, and senior undergraduate students studying and working with electrical power systems and communication systems. Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies will also earn a place in the libraries of economists, government planners and regulators, policy makers, and energy stakeholders working in the smart grid field.
Book Synopsis Smart Grids and Their Communication Systems by : Ersan Kabalci
Download or read book Smart Grids and Their Communication Systems written by Ersan Kabalci and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-09-01 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents a broad overview of emerging smart grid technologies and communication systems, offering a helpful guide for future research in the field of electrical engineering and communication engineering. It explores recent advances in several computing technologies and their performance evaluation, and addresses a wide range of topics, such as the essentials of smart grids for fifth generation (5G) communication systems. It also elaborates the role of emerging communication systems such as 5G, internet of things (IoT), IEEE 802.15.4 and cognitive radio networks in smart grids. The book includes detailed surveys and case studies on current trends in smart grid systems and communications for smart metering and monitoring, smart grid energy storage systems, modulations and waveforms for 5G networks. As such, it will be of interest to practitioners and researchers in the field of smart grid and communication infrastructures alike.
Download or read book Smart Grids written by Stuart Borlase and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What exactly is smart grid? Why is it receiving so much attention? What are utilities, vendors, and regulators doing about it? Answering these questions and more, Smart Grids: Infrastructure, Technology, and Solutions gives readers a clearer understanding of the drivers and infrastructure of one of the most talked-about topics in the electric utility market—smart grid. This book brings together the knowledge and views of a vast array of experts and leaders in their respective fields. Key Features Describes the impetus for change in the electric utility industry Discusses the business drivers, benefits, and market outlook of the smart grid initiative Examines the technical framework of enabling technologies and smart solutions Identifies the role of technology developments and coordinated standards in smart grid, including various initiatives and organizations helping to drive the smart grid effort Presents both current technologies and forward-looking ideas on new technologies Discusses barriers and critical factors for a successful smart grid from a utility, regulatory, and consumer perspective Summarizes recent smart grid initiatives around the world Discusses the outlook of the drivers and technologies for the next-generation smart grid Smart grid is defined not in terms of what it is, but what it achieves and the benefits it brings to the utility, consumer, society, and environment. Exploring the current situation and future challenges, the book provides a global perspective on how the smart grid integrates twenty-first-century technology with the twentieth-century power grid. CRC Press Authors Speak Stuart Borlase speaks about his book. Watch the video
Download or read book Smart Grids written by Nouredine Hadjsaïd and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-01-24 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On a worldwide basis, the development of SmartGrids is a consistent answer to the problem of an efficient and sustainable delivery of electric energy through distribution grids. SmartGrids are a combination of information and communication technologies and new energy technologies. There are many different definitions of the concept of SmartGrids and thus it appears indispensable to gather the knowledge available from both industry and research laboratories in one book. Distributed generation is rightly receiving an increased amount of attention and will become an integral part of urban energy systems, providing consumers and energy providers with safe, affordable, clean, reliable, flexible and readily-accessible energy services. The aim of this book is to describe future electricity networks that will enable all energy services to become sustainable. The traditional design of network control systems with a centralized structure is not in-line with the paradigm of the unbundled electricity system and decentralized control; this is highlighted by looking at how future active networks will efficiently link small- and medium-scale power sources with consumer demands, allowing decisions to be made on how best to operate in real time. It also looks at the level of control required: power flow assessment, voltage control and protection require cost-competitive technologies and new communication systems with more sensors and actuators than presently used, certainly in relation to the distribution systems. To manage active networks, a vision of grid computing is created that assures universal access to computing resources. An intelligent grid infrastructure gives more flexibility concerning demand and supply, providing new instruments for optimal and cost-effective grid operation at the same time.
Download or read book Smart Grids written by Stuart Borlase and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 806 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The latest edition features a new chapter on implementation and operation of an integrated smart grid with updates to multiple chapters throughout the text. New sections on Internet of things, and how they relate to smart grids and smart cities, have also been added to the book. It describes the impetus for change in the electric utility industry and discusses the business drivers, benefits, and market outlook of the smart grid initiative. The book identifies the technical framework of enabling technologies and smart solutions and describes the role of technology developments and coordinated standards in smart grid, including various initiatives and organizations helping to drive the smart grid effort. With chapters written by leading experts in the field, the text explains how to plan, integrate, implement, and operate a smart grid.
Download or read book Smart Grid written by James A. Momoh and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-03-07 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is written as primer hand book for addressing the fundamentals of smart grid. It provides the working definition the functions, the design criteria and the tools and techniques and technology needed for building smart grid. The book is needed to provide a working guideline in the design, analysis and development of Smart Grid. It incorporates all the essential factors of Smart Grid appropriate for enabling the performance and capability of the power system. There are no comparable books which provide information on the “how to” of the design and analysis. The book provides a fundamental discussion on the motivation for the smart grid development, the working definition and the tools for analysis and development of the Smart Grid. Standards and requirements needed for designing new devices, systems and products are discussed; the automation and computational techniques need to ensure that the Smart Grid guarantees adaptability, foresight alongside capability of handling new systems and components are discussed. The interoperability of different renewable energy sources are included to ensure that there will be minimum changes in the existing legacy system. Overall the book evaluates different options of computational intelligence, communication technology and decision support system to design various aspects of Smart Grid. Strategies for demonstration of Smart Grid schemes on selected problems are presented.
Download or read book Smart Grid written by Fereidoon Sioshansi and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-10-06 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The creation of a flexible, efficient, digitized, dependable and resilient power grid may well be the best route to increasing energy efficiency & security, as well as boosting the potential of renewable & distributed power sources. This book covers smart grids from A-Z, providing a complete treatment of the topic, covering both policy and technology, explaining the most recent innovations supporting its development, and clarifying how the smart grid can support the integration of renewable energy resources. Among the most important topics included are smart metering, renewable energy storage, plug-in hybrids, flexible demand response, strategies for offsetting intermittency issues, micro-grids for off-grid communities, and specific in-depth coverage of wind and solar power integration. The content draws lessons from an international panel of contributors, whose diverse experiences implementing smart grids will help to provide templates for success. - Provides critical information on the technological, design and policy issues that must be taken into account to ensure that the smart grid is implemented successfully - Demonstrates how smart grids can help utilities adhere to increased renewable portfolio standards - Provides examples of successful microgrid/smart metering projects from around the world that can act as templates for developers, operators and investors embarking upon similar projects
Book Synopsis Smart Grid Handbook, 3 Volume Set by :
Download or read book Smart Grid Handbook, 3 Volume Set written by and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-08-01 with total page 1991 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive, cross-disciplinary coverage of Smart Grid issues from global expert researchers and practitioners. This definitive reference meets the need for a large scale, high quality work reference in Smart Grid engineering which is pivotal in the development of a low-carbon energy infrastructure. Including a total of 83 articles across 3 volumes The Smart Grid Handbook is organized in to 6 sections: Vision and Drivers, Transmission, Distribution, Smart Meters and Customers, Information and Communications Technology, and Socio-Economic Issues. Key features: Written by a team representing smart grid R&D, technology deployment, standards, industry practice, and socio-economic aspects. Vision and Drivers covers the vision, definitions, evolution, and global development of the smart grid as well as new technologies and standards. The Transmission section discusses industry practice, operational experience, standards, cyber security, and grid codes. The Distribution section introduces distribution systems and the system configurations in different countries and different load areas served by the grid. The Smart Meters and Customers section assesses how smart meters enable the customers to interact with the power grid. Socio-economic issues and information and communications technology requirements are covered in dedicated articles.The Smart Grid Handbook will meet the need for a high quality reference work to support advanced study and research in the field of electrical power generation, transmission and distribution. It will be an essential reference for regulators and government officials, testing laboratories and certification organizations, and engineers and researchers in Smart Grid-related industries.
Book Synopsis The Common Information Model CIM by : Mathias Uslar
Download or read book The Common Information Model CIM written by Mathias Uslar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-01 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the Smart Grid, the combination of automation equipment, communication technology and IT is crucial. Interoperability of devices and systems can be seen as the key enabler of smart grids. Therefore, international initiatives have been started in order to identify interoperability core standards for Smart Grids. IEC 62357, the so called Seamless Integration Architecture, is one of these very core standards, which has been identified by recent Smart Grid initiatives and roadmaps to be essential for building and managing intelligent power systems. The Seamless Integration Architecture provides an overview of the interoperability and relations between further standards from IEC TC 57 like the IEC 61970/61968: Common Information Model - CIM. CIM has proven to be a mature standard for interoperability and engineering; consequently, it is a cornerstone of the IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap. This book provides an overview on how the CIM developed, in which international projects and roadmaps is has already been covered and describes the basic use cases for CIM. This book has been written for both Power Engineers trying to get to know the EMS and business IT part of Smart Grid and for Computer Scientist finding out where ICT technology is applied in EMS and DMS Systems. The book is divided into two parts dealing with the theoretical foundations and a practical part describing tools and use cases for CIM.
Download or read book Smart Grids written by Bernd M. Buchholz and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-23 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nowadays, Smart Grid has become an established synonym for modern electric power systems. Electric networks are fed less and less by large, centrally planned fossil and nuclear power plants but more and more by millions of smaller, renewable and mostly weather-dependent generation units. A secure energy supply in such a sustainable and ecological system requires a completely different approach for planning, equipping and operating the electric power systems of the future, especially by using flexibility provisions of the network users according to the Smart Grid concept. The book brings together common themes beginning with Smart Grids and the characteristics of power plants based on renewable energy with highly efficient generation principles and storage capabilities. It covers the advanced technologies applied today in the transmission and distribution networks and innovative solutions for maintaining today’s high power quality under the challenging conditions of large-scale shares of volatile renewable energy sources in the annual energy balance. Besides considering the new primary and secondary technology solutions and control facilities for the transmission and distribution networks, prospective market conditions allowing network operators and the network users to gain benefits are also discussed. The growing role of information and communication technologies is investigated. The importance of new standards is underlined and the current international efforts in developing a consistent set of standards are updated in the second edition and described in detail. The updated presentation of international experiences to apply novel Smart Grid solutions to the practice of network operation concludes this book.
Book Synopsis Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security by : Lars T. Berger
Download or read book Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security written by Lars T. Berger and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-10 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many, smart grids are the biggest technological revolution since the Internet. They have the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, increase the reliability of electricity supply, and increase the efficiency of our energy infrastructure. Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security explains how diverse technologies play hand-in-hand in building and maintaining smart grids around the globe. The book delves into the communication aspects of smart grids, provides incredible insight into power electronics, sensing, monitoring, and control technologies, and points out the potential for new technologies and markets. Extensively cross-referenced, the book contains comprehensive coverage in four major parts: Part I: Applications provides a detailed introduction to smart grid applications—spanning the transmission, distribution, and consumer side of the electricity grid Part II: Communications discusses wireless, wireline, and optical communication solutions—from the physical layers up to sensing, automation, and control protocols running on the application layers Part III: Security deals with cyber security—sharpening the awareness of security threats, reviewing the ongoing standardization, and outlining the future of authentication and encryption key management Part IV: Case Studies and Field Trials presents self-contained chapters of studies where the smart grid of tomorrow has already been put into practice With contributions from major industry stakeholders such as Siemens, Cisco, ABB, and Motorola, this is the ideal book for both engineering professionals and students.
Book Synopsis From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy by : Ersan Kabalci
Download or read book From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy written by Ersan Kabalci and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-07-30 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy covers novel and emerging metering and monitoring technologies, communication systems, and technologies in smart grid areas to present a valuable reference for readers from various engineering backgrounds. Considering relevant topics on the essentials of smart grids and emerging wireless communication systems, such as IEEE 802.15.4 based novel technologies, cognitive radio networks and Internet of Energy, this book offers a discussion on the emerging trends and research direction for communication technologies. The book includes research concepts and visualization of smart grids and related communication technologies, making it a useful book for practicing network engineers. - Includes global case studies and examples of communications systems integrated with smart grids - Presents literature surveys for a wide variety of smart grids, wired and wireless communication technologies, big data, privacy and security - Covers all aspects of IoE systems and discusses the differences between IoE and Smart Grids
Book Synopsis Smart Energy Grid Engineering by : Hossam Gabbar
Download or read book Smart Energy Grid Engineering written by Hossam Gabbar and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-10-12 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Smart Energy Grid Engineering provides in-depth detail on the various important engineering challenges of smart energy grid design and operation by focusing on advanced methods and practices for designing different components and their integration within the grid. Governments around the world are investing heavily in smart energy grids to ensure optimum energy use and supply, enable better planning for outage responses and recovery, and facilitate the integration of heterogeneous technologies such as renewable energy systems, electrical vehicle networks, and smart homes around the grid. By looking at case studies and best practices that illustrate how to implement smart energy grid infrastructures and analyze the technical details involved in tackling emerging challenges, this valuable reference considers the important engineering aspects of design and implementation, energy generation, utilization and energy conservation, intelligent control and monitoring data analysis security, and asset integrity. - Includes detailed support to integrate systems for smart grid infrastructures - Features global case studies outlining design components and their integration within the grid - Provides examples and best practices from industry that will assist in the migration to smart grids
Book Synopsis Smart Grid Standards by : Takuro Sato
Download or read book Smart Grid Standards written by Takuro Sato and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-02-02 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fully comprehensive introduction to smart grid standards and their applications for developers, consumers and service providers The critical role of standards for smart grid has already been realized by world-wide governments and industrial organizations. There are hundreds of standards for Smart Grid which have been developed in parallel by different organizations. It is therefore necessary to arrange those standards in such a way that it is easier for readers to easily understand and select a particular standard according to their requirements without going into the depth of each standard, which often spans from hundreds to thousands of pages. The book will allow people in the smart grid areas and in the related industries to easily understand the fundamental standards of smart grid, and quickly find the building-block standards they need from hundreds of standards for implementing a smart grid system. The authors highlight the most advanced works and efforts now under way to realize an integrated and interoperable smart grid, such as the “NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Release 2.0”, the” IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap”, the ISO/IEC’s “Smart Grid Standards for Residential Customers”, the ZigBee/HomePlug’s “Smart Energy Profile Specification 2.0”, IEEE’s P2030 “Draft Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads”, and the latest joint research project results between the world’s two largest economies, US and China. The book enables readers to fully understand the latest achievements and ongoing technical works of smart grid standards, and assist industry utilities, vendors, academia, regulators, and other smart grid stakeholders in future decision making. The book begins with an overview of the smart grid, and introduces the opportunities in both developed and developing countries. It then examines the standards for power grid domain of the smart grid, including standards for blackout prevention and energy management, smart transmission, advanced distribution management and automation, smart substation automation, and condition monitoring. Communication and security standards as a whole are the backbone of smart grid and their standards, including those for wired and wireless communications, are then assessed. Finally the authors consider the standards and on-going work and efforts for interoperability and integration between different standards and networks, including the latest joint research effort between the world’s two largest economies, US and China. A fully comprehensive introduction to smart grid standards and their applications for developers, consumers and service providers Covers all up-to-date standards of smart grid, including the key standards from NIST, IEC, ISO ZigBee, IEEE, HomePlug, SAE, and other international and regional standardization organizations. The Appendix summarizes all of the standards mentioned in the book Presents standards for renewable energy and smart generation, covering wind energy, solar voltaic, fuel cells, pumped storage, distributed generation, and nuclear generation standards. Standards for other alternative sources of energy such as geothermal energy, and bioenergy are briefly introduced Introduces the standards for smart storage and plug-in electric vehicles, including standards for distributed energy resources (DER), electric storage, and E-mobility/plug-in vehicles The book is written in an accessible style, ideal as an introduction to the topic, yet contains sufficient detail and research to appeal to the more advanced and specialist reader.
Book Synopsis The Use Case and Smart Grid Architecture Model Approach by : Marion Gottschalk
Download or read book The Use Case and Smart Grid Architecture Model Approach written by Marion Gottschalk and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-10 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces readers to the fundamentals of the IEC 62559 Use Case Methodology, explains how it is related to the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM), and details how a holistic view for both architecture and requirements engineering can be achieved. It describes a standardized and holistic approach to requirements engineering for smart grid projects based on work conducted in the context of the EU M/490 standardization mandate. Over the last years, this method has been established in Europe as the basic building block of requirements engineering in the utilities sector. The authors present a canonical, structured approach that users can apply to the Use Case Methodology and the SGAM, as well as open tools for this purpose. The application in various domains outside the smart grid is also discussed, as it can be used for critical infrastructures or system-of-systems domains like Industrie 4.0 and Ambient Assisted Living. Accordingly, the book also presents various architecture models for different fields of application, like EMAM, SCIAM, RAMI 4.0, and MAF.
