Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South

Download Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 0820332127
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South by : Mary E. Odem

Download or read book Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South written by Mary E. Odem and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Latino population in the South has more than doubled over the past decade. The mass migration of Latin Americans to the U.S. South has led to profound changes in the social, economic, and cultural life of the region and inaugurated a new era in southern history. This multidisciplinary collection of essays, written by U.S. and Mexican scholars, explores these transformations in rural, urban, and suburban areas of the South. Using a range of different methodologies and approaches, the contributors present in-depth analyses of how immigration from Mexico and Central and South America is changing the South and how immigrants are adapting to the southern context. Among the book’s central themes are the social and economic impact of immigration, the resulting shifts in regional culture, new racial dynamics, immigrant incorporation and place-making, and diverse southern responses to Latino newcomers. Various chapters explore ethnic and racial tensions among poultry workers in rural Mississippi and forestry workers in Alabama; the “Mexicanization” of the urban landscape in Dalton, Georgia; the costs and benefits of Latino labor in North Carolina; the challenges of living in transnational families; immigrant religious practice and community building in metropolitan Atlanta; and the creation of Latino spaces in rural and urban South Carolina and Georgia.

Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies

Download Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309165075
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies by : National Research Council

Download or read book Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-02-23 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given current demographic trends, nearly one in five U.S. residents will be of Hispanic origin by 2025. This major demographic shift and its implications for both the United States and the growing Hispanic population make Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies a most timely book. This report from the National Research Council describes how Hispanics are transforming the country as they disperse geographically. It considers their roles in schools, in the labor market, in the health care system, and in U.S. politics. The book looks carefully at the diverse populations encompassed by the term "Hispanic," representing immigrants and their children and grandchildren from nearly two dozen Spanish-speaking countries. It describes the trajectory of the younger generations and established residents, and it projects long-term trends in population aging, social disparities, and social mobility that have shaped and will shape the Hispanic experience.

Immigration and National Identities in Latin America

Download Immigration and National Identities in Latin America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780813060002
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Immigration and National Identities in Latin America by : Nicola Foote

Download or read book Immigration and National Identities in Latin America written by Nicola Foote and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This groundbreaking study examines the connection between what are arguably the two most distinguishing phenomena of the modern world: the unprecedented surges in global mobility and in the creation of politically bounded spaces and identities."--Jose C. Moya, author of Cousins and Strangers "An excellent collection of studies connecting transnational migration to the construction of national identities. Highly recommended."--Luis Roniger, author of Transnational Politics in Central America "The importance of this collection goes beyond the confines of one geographic region as it offers new insight into the role of migration in the definition and redefinition of nation states everywhere."--Fraser Ottanelli, coeditor of Letters from theSpanish Civil War "This volume has set the standard for future work to follow."--Daniel Masterson, author of The History of Peru Between the mid-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, an influx of Europeans, Asians, and Arabic speakers indelibly changed the face of Latin America. While many studies of this period focus on why the immigrants came to the region, this volume addresses how the newcomers helped construct national identities in the Caribbean, Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil. In these essays, some of the most respected scholars of migration history examine the range of responses--some welcoming, some xenophobic--to the newcomers. They also look at the lasting effects that Jewish, German, Chinese, Italian, and Syrian immigrants had on the economic, sociocultural, and political institutions. These explorations of assimilation, race formation, and transnationalism enrich our understanding not only of migration to Latin America but also of the impact of immigration on the construction of national identity throughout the world. Contributors: Jürgen Buchenau | Jeane DeLaney | Nicola Foote | Michael Goebel | Steven Hyland Jr. | Jeffrey Lesser | Kathleen López | Lara Putnam | Raanan Rein | Stefan Rinke | Frederik Schulze

Yearbook of Immigration Statistics

Download Yearbook of Immigration Statistics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Yearbook of Immigration Statistics by :

Download or read book Yearbook of Immigration Statistics written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Redefining the Immigrant South

Download Redefining the Immigrant South PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469655209
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Redefining the Immigrant South by : Uzma Quraishi

Download or read book Redefining the Immigrant South written by Uzma Quraishi and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2020-03-25 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early years of the Cold War, the United States mounted expansive public diplomacy programs in the Global South, including initiatives with the recently partitioned states of India and Pakistan. U.S. operations in these two countries became the second- and fourth-largest in the world, creating migration links that resulted in the emergence of American universities, such as the University of Houston, as immigration hubs for the highly selective, student-led South Asian migration stream starting in the 1950s. By the late twentieth century, Houston's South Asian community had become one of the most prosperous in the metropolitan area and one of the largest in the country. Mining archives and using new oral histories, Uzma Quraishi traces this pioneering community from its midcentury roots to the early twenty-first century, arguing that South Asian immigrants appealed to class conformity and endorsed the model minority myth to navigate the complexities of a shifting Sunbelt South. By examining Indian and Pakistani immigration to a major city transitioning out of Jim Crow, Quraishi reframes our understanding of twentieth-century migration, the changing character of the South, and the tangled politics of race, class, and ethnicity in the United States.

Barrio America

Download Barrio America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 1541644433
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (416 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Barrio America by : A. K. Sandoval-Strausz

Download or read book Barrio America written by A. K. Sandoval-Strausz and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2019-11-12 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The compelling history of how Latino immigrants revitalized the nation's cities after decades of disinvestment and white flight Thirty years ago, most people were ready to give up on American cities. We are commonly told that it was a "creative class" of young professionals who revived a moribund urban America in the 1990s and 2000s. But this stunning reversal owes much more to another, far less visible group: Latino and Latina newcomers. Award-winning historian A. K. Sandoval-Strausz reveals this history by focusing on two barrios: Chicago's Little Village and Dallas's Oak Cliff. These neighborhoods lost residents and jobs for decades before Latin American immigration turned them around beginning in the 1970s. As Sandoval-Strausz shows, Latinos made cities dynamic, stable, and safe by purchasing homes, opening businesses, and reviving street life. Barrio America uses vivid oral histories and detailed statistics to show how the great Latino migrations transformed America for the better.

Telling Migrant Stories

Download Telling Migrant Stories PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 1683403231
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (834 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Telling Migrant Stories by : Esteban E. Loustaunau

Download or read book Telling Migrant Stories written by Esteban E. Loustaunau and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2021-11-02 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the media, migrants are often portrayed as criminals; they are frequently dehumanized, marginalized, and unable to share their experiences. Telling Migrant Stories explores how contemporary documentary film gives voice to Latin American immigrants whose stories would not otherwise be heard. The essays in the first part of the volume consider the documentary as a medium for Latin American immigrants to share their thoughts and experiences on migration, border crossings, displacement, and identity. Contributors analyze films including Harvest of Empire, Sin país, The Vigil, De nadie, Operation Peter Pan: Flying Back to Cuba, Abuelos, La Churona, and Which Way Home, as well as internet documentaries distributed via platforms such as Vimeo and YouTube. They examine the ways these films highlight the individual agency of immigrants as well as the global systemic conditions that lead to mass migrations from Latin American countries to the United States and Europe. The second part of the volume features transcribed interviews with documentary filmmakers, including Luis Argueta, Jenny Alexander, Tin Dirdamal, Heidi Hassan, and María Cristina Carrillo Espinosa. They discuss the issues surrounding migration, challenges they faced in the filmmaking process, the impact their films have had, and their opinions on documentary film as a force of social change. They emphasize that because the genre is grounded in fact rather than fiction, it has the ability to profoundly impact audiences in a way narrative films cannot. Documentaries prompt viewers to recognize the many worlds migrants depart from, to become immersed in the struggles portrayed, and to consider the stories of immigrants with compassion and solidarity. Contributors: Ramón Guerra | Lizardo Herrera | Jared List | Esteban Loustaunau | Manuel F. Medina | Ada Ortúzar-Young | Thomas Piñeros Shields | Juan G. Ramos | Lauren Shaw | Zaira Zarza A volume in the series Reframing Media, Technology, and Culture in Latin/o America, edited by Héctor Fernández L'Hoeste and Juan Carlos Rodríguez

Hispanics and the Future of America

Download Hispanics and the Future of America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309164818
Total Pages : 502 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hispanics and the Future of America by : National Research Council

Download or read book Hispanics and the Future of America written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-02-23 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hispanics and the Future of America presents details of the complex story of a population that varies in many dimensions, including national origin, immigration status, and generation. The papers in this volume draw on a wide variety of data sources to describe the contours of this population, from the perspectives of history, demography, geography, education, family, employment, economic well-being, health, and political engagement. They provide a rich source of information for researchers, policy makers, and others who want to better understand the fast-growing and diverse population that we call "Hispanic." The current period is a critical one for getting a better understanding of how Hispanics are being shaped by the U.S. experience. This will, in turn, affect the United States and the contours of the Hispanic future remain uncertain. The uncertainties include such issues as whether Hispanics, especially immigrants, improve their educational attainment and fluency in English and thereby improve their economic position; whether growing numbers of foreign-born Hispanics become citizens and achieve empowerment at the ballot box and through elected office; whether impending health problems are successfully averted; and whether Hispanics' geographic dispersal accelerates their spatial and social integration. The papers in this volume provide invaluable information to explore these issues.

New Destinations

Download New Destinations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 1610445708
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Destinations by : Victor Zuniga

Download or read book New Destinations written by Victor Zuniga and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2005-04-07 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mexican immigration to the United States—the oldest and largest immigration movement to this country—is in the midst of a fundamental transformation. For decades, Mexican immigration was primarily a border phenomenon, confined to Southwestern states. But legal changes in the mid-1980s paved the way for Mexican migrants to settle in parts of America that had no previous exposure to people of Mexican heritage. In New Destinations, editors Víctor Zúñiga and Rubén Hernández-León bring together an inter-disciplinary team of scholars to examine demographic, social, cultural, and political changes in areas where the incorporation of Mexican migrants has deeply changed the preexisting ethnic landscape. New Destinations looks at several of the communities where Mexican migrants are beginning to settle, and documents how the latest arrivals are reshaping—and being reshaped by—these new areas of settlement. Contributors Jorge Durand, Douglas Massey, and Chiara Capoferro use census data to diagram the historical evolution of Mexican immigration to the United States, noting the demographic, economic, and legal factors that led recent immigrants to move to areas where few of their predecessors had settled. Looking at two towns in Southern Louisiana, contributors Katharine Donato, Melissa Stainback, and Carl Bankston III reach a surprising conclusion: that documented immigrant workers did a poorer job of integrating into the local culture than their undocumented peers. They attribute this counterintuitive finding to documentation policies, which helped intensify employer control over migrants and undercut the formation of a stable migrant community among documented workers. Brian Rich and Marta Miranda detail an ambivalent mixture of paternalism and xenophobia by local residents toward migrants in Lexington, Kentucky. The new arrivals were welcomed for their strong work ethic so long as they stayed in "invisible" spheres such as fieldwork, but were resented once they began to take part in more public activities like schools or town meetings. New Destinations also provides some hopeful examples of progress in community relations. Several chapters, including Mark Grey and Anne Woodrick's examination of a small Iowa town, point to the importance of dialogue and mediation in establishing amicable relations between ethnic groups in newly multi-cultural settings. New Destinations is the first scholarly assessment of Mexican migrants' experience in the Midwest, Northeast, and deep South—the latest settlement points for America's largest immigrant group. Enriched by perspectives from demographers, anthropologists, sociologists, folklorists, and political scientists, this volume is an essential starting point for scholarship on the new Mexican migration.

Achieving Skill Mobility in the ASEAN Economic Community

Download Achieving Skill Mobility in the ASEAN Economic Community PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 9292571184
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Achieving Skill Mobility in the ASEAN Economic Community by : Demetrios G. Papademetriou

Download or read book Achieving Skill Mobility in the ASEAN Economic Community written by Demetrios G. Papademetriou and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2016-01-01 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite clear aspirations by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to create an effective and transparent framework to facilitate movements among skilled professionals within the ASEAN by December 2015, progress has been slow and uneven. This report examines the challenges ASEAN member states face in achieving the goal of greater mobility for the highly skilled, including hurdles in recognizing professional qualifications, opening up access to certain jobs, and a limited willingness by professionals to move due to perceived cultural, language, and socioeconomic differences. The cost of these barriers is staggering and could reduce the region's competitiveness in the global market. This report launches a multiyear effort by ADB and the Migration Policy Institute to better understand the issues and develop strategies to gradually overcome the problems. It offers a range of policy recommendations that have been discussed among experts in a high-level expert meeting, taking into account best practices locally and across the region.

Black Identities

Download Black Identities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780674044944
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (449 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Black Identities by : Mary C. WATERS

Download or read book Black Identities written by Mary C. WATERS and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-30 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The story of West Indian immigrants to the United States is generally considered to be a great success. Mary Waters, however, tells a very different story. She finds that the values that gain first-generation immigrants initial success--a willingness to work hard, a lack of attention to racism, a desire for education, an incentive to save--are undermined by the realities of life and race relations in the United States. Contrary to long-held beliefs, Waters finds, those who resist Americanization are most likely to succeed economically, especially in the second generation.

New Destination Dreaming

Download New Destination Dreaming PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804777527
Total Pages : 387 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Destination Dreaming by : Helen Marrow

Download or read book New Destination Dreaming written by Helen Marrow and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2011-03-31 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles have long been shaped by immigration. These gateway cities have traditionally been assumed to be the major flashpoints in American debates over immigration policy—but the reality on the ground is proving different. Since the 1980s, new immigrants have increasingly settled in rural and suburban areas, particularly within the South. Couple this demographic change with an increase in unauthorized immigrants, and the rural South, once perhaps the most culturally and racially "settled" part of the country, now offers a window into the changing dynamics of immigration and, more generally, the changing face of America. New Destination Dreaming explores how the rural context impacts the immigrant experience, how rapid Hispanic immigration influences southern race relations, and how institutions like schools and law enforcement agencies deal with unauthorized residents. Though the South is assumed to be an economically depressed region, low-wage food processing jobs are offering Hispanic newcomers the opportunity to carve out a living and join the rural working class, though this is not without its problems. Inattention from politicians to this growing population and rising black-brown tensions are both factors in contemporary rural southern life. Ultimately, Marrow presents a cautiously optimistic view of Hispanic newcomers' opportunities for upward mobility in the rural South, while underscoring the threat of anti-immigrant sentiment and restrictive policymaking that has gripped the region in recent years. Lack of citizenship and legal status still threatens many Hispanic newcomers' opportunities. This book uncovers what more we can do to ensure that America's newest residents become productive and integrated members of rural southern society rather than a newly excluded underclass.

Scots in Latin America

Download Scots in Latin America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Genealogical Publishing Com
ISBN 13 : 0806352027
Total Pages : 137 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (63 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Scots in Latin America by : David Dobson

Download or read book Scots in Latin America written by David Dobson and published by Genealogical Publishing Com. This book was released on 2003 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although Scots are known to have ventured to Latin America as early as 1540 (mostly as soldiers of fortune), emigration from Scotland to Latin America only began in earnest after Spanish power in the western hemisphere began to wane. Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, demobilized soldiers and sailors, Scots among them, flocked to aid the Latin American revolutionaries in their fight for liberty from Spain. Spain's ouster removed restrictions on immigration, with the result that Scottish passengers and investors flocked to the area. As early as 1825, for example, the Norval, the Symetry, and the Harmony set sail for Argentina with Scottish bricklayers, implement makers, blacksmiths, farmers, and other skilled tradesmen. David Dobson's latest volume on Scottish emigration is the first work to enumerate the members of this 19th-century exodus. Dobson's findings are based on primary sources in Scotland, especially documents in archives, newspapers, and cemetery transcriptions. The settlers, with annotations, are listed in alphabetical order by surname. While there is considerable variance from description to description, each entry identifies the passenger by country (and sometimes city) of origin, a date when the immigrant was known to have resided in Latin America, and the source of the information. The majority of the entries also provide one or more of the following pieces of information: occupation, age, parent(s)' name(s), place of birth in Scotland, and date of arrival in Latin America. Researchers will be interested to learn that 19th-century Scotsmen turned up in a number of Latin American countries, including Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, British Guiana, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In identifying more than 1,500 Scots immigrants to Latin America, Mr. Dobson's latest book does not purport to be the definitive work on its subject; nonetheless, it unquestionably breaks new ground for students of immigration and Scottish genealogy.

Identities in an Era of Globalization and Multiculturalism

Download Identities in an Era of Globalization and Multiculturalism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9047428056
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (474 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Identities in an Era of Globalization and Multiculturalism by : Judit Bokser Liwerant

Download or read book Identities in an Era of Globalization and Multiculturalism written by Judit Bokser Liwerant and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2008-05-31 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume addresses key conceptual issues and case studies dealing with contemporary Jewish identities amidst globalization processes, with special emphasis on Latin American socio-political, communal, and cultural milieu. The book brings together a variety of disciplinary and theoretical approaches that range from political science to sociology and from art and literature to demography in order to offer the reader a multidimensional and multifocal analysis of the diverse constitutional elements of the Jewish experience. Using as its point of departure the wide horizon of historical trajectories and current challenges, the articles analyze the transnational, regional and local processes that inform the different Jewish Diasporas and Israel. Simultaneously, its content provides a snapshot of the current state of research on collective identity building processes and a lively analysis of the challenges posed by cultural diversity and primordial and civic belongings in the framework of political transitions, as well as new and old forms of expressing through cultural creativity individual and collective identities.

Indianapolis

Download Indianapolis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Indiana Historical Society
ISBN 13 : 0871952998
Total Pages : 69 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (719 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indianapolis by : M. Teresa Baer

Download or read book Indianapolis written by M. Teresa Baer and published by Indiana Historical Society. This book was released on 2012 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The booklet opens with the Delaware Indians prior to 1818. White Americans quickly replaced the natives. Germanic people arrived during the mid-nineteenth century. African American indentured servants and free blacks migrated to Indianapolis. After the Civil War, southern blacks poured into the city. Fleeing war and political unrest, thousands of eastern and southern Europeans came to Indianapolis. Anti-immigration laws slowed immigration until World War II. Afterward, the city welcomed students and professionals from Asia and the Middle East and refugees from war-torn countries such as Vietnam and poor countries such as Mexico. Today, immigrants make Indianapolis more diverse and culturally rich than ever before.

Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present

Download Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521193621
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (211 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present by : Jeff Lesser

Download or read book Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present written by Jeff Lesser and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-01-21 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the immigration to Brazil of millions of Europeans, Asians and Middle Easterners beginning in the nineteenth century.

America Classifies the Immigrants

Download America Classifies the Immigrants PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674425057
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (744 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis America Classifies the Immigrants by : Joel Perlmann

Download or read book America Classifies the Immigrants written by Joel Perlmann and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2018-03-26 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Joel Perlmann traces the history of U.S. classification of immigrants, from Ellis Island to the present day, showing how slippery and contested ideas about racial, national, and ethnic difference have been. His focus ranges from the 1897 List of Races and Peoples, through changes in the civil rights era, to proposals for reform of the 2020 Census.