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Snow Cloud Discrimination In Multispectral Satellite Imagery Using An Experimental Near Infrared Sensor
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Book Synopsis Snow/cloud Discrimination in Multispectral Satellite Imagery Using an Experimental Near-infrared Sensor by : J. K. Dodd
Download or read book Snow/cloud Discrimination in Multispectral Satellite Imagery Using an Experimental Near-infrared Sensor written by J. K. Dodd and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Snow/cloud Discrimination by : Francis R. Valovcin
Download or read book Snow/cloud Discrimination written by Francis R. Valovcin and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the usefulness of the data from the S192 Multispectral Scanner aboard Skylab in snow-cloud discrimination. From the available S192 screening films and digital tape data, the reflectance characteristics of snow, ice, and water clouds in different spectral bands from the visible into the near infrared spectral region can be determined. In the visible part of the spectrum, snow, ice, and water clouds appear white. In the near infrared, Band 11 (1.55 to 1.75 micrometers), water clouds are white, ice clouds are gray and snow is black. The ratio of the radiance values in Band 6 (0.68 to 0.76 micrometers to Band 11 (1.55 to 1.75 micrometers appears to provide a method for discriminating between snow cover, ice, and water clouds. (Author).
Author :UNITED STATES. DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE. AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND. AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY. Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :0 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (131 download)
Book Synopsis Snow/cloud Discrimination by : UNITED STATES. DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE. AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND. AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY.
Download or read book Snow/cloud Discrimination written by UNITED STATES. DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE. AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND. AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY. and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the usefulness of the data from the S192 Multispectral Scanner aboard Skylab in snow-cloud discrimination. From the available S192 screening films and digital tape data, the reflectance characteristics of snow, ice, and water clouds in different spectral bands from the visible into the near infrared spectral region can be determined. In the visible part of the spectrum, snow, ice, and water clouds appear white. In the near infrared, Band 11 (1.55 to 1.75 micrometers), water clouds are white, ice clouds are gray and snow is black. The ratio of the radiance values in Band 6 (0.68 to 0.76 micrometers to Band 11 (1.55 to 1.75 micrometers appears to provide a method for discriminating between snow cover, ice, and water clouds. (Author)
Book Synopsis Automated Satellite Cloud Analysis by : Robert C. Allen (Jr.)
Download or read book Automated Satellite Cloud Analysis written by Robert C. Allen (Jr.) and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An algorithm is developed and evaluated for discriminating among clouds, snow cover and clear land. The multispectral technique uses daytime images of AVHRR channels 1 (0.63 microns, 3 (3.7 microns) and 4 (11.0 microns). Reflectance is derived for channel 3 by using the channel 4 emission temperature to estimate and remove the channel 3 thermal emission. Separation of clouds from snow and land is based primarily on this derived channel 3 reflectance. Using this technique, observed reflectance in channel 3 is 2 to 4% for snow, 3 to 10 % for land, 2 to 27 % for ice clouds and 8 to 36 % for liquid clouds. These values overlap for thin cirrus and snow, so the routine than attempts analysis of cirrus based on its different transmissive properties between channels 3 and 4. Six images were analyzed and the total cloud cover was verified against a total of 110 conventional surface observations using the standard categories of clear, scattered, broken and overcast. The routine was quite successful, with the analyzed sky cover being within category for 55% of the stations, one category different for 33%, 2 categories different for 9% and 3 categories for 3% of the stations. A major remaining problem is discrimination between ice clouds and snow cover due to the great similarity of reflective properties of there two surfaces.
Book Synopsis Spectral Radiance of Snow and Clouds in the Near Infrared Spectral Region by : Francis R. Valovcin
Download or read book Spectral Radiance of Snow and Clouds in the Near Infrared Spectral Region written by Francis R. Valovcin and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The near infrared spectral radiance measurements of snow and cirrus and cumulus cloud backgrounds taken by the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory's flying laboratory are evaluated. From the analysis of the 124 specra obtained, the spectral radiances or reflectance characteristics of snow and cirrus and cumulus clouds between 5500 and 7000/cm (1.82-1.43 micrometers were determined. Snow/cloud discrimination can be made by utilizing a sensor in the 5500 to 7000/ cm spectral region. Based on the analysis of these data, certain snow/cloud design parameters were identified; that is, slope of the spectral radiance, absolute spectral and/or total radiance, and the location and value of the maximum spectral radiance for the snow and cirrus and cumulus cloud backgrounds. Finally, specific recommendations are made for an optimal operational snow/cloud discrimination radiometer. (Author).
Book Synopsis Improved Cloud Detection Utilizing Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Near Infrared Measurements by : James T. Bunting
Download or read book Improved Cloud Detection Utilizing Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Near Infrared Measurements written by James T. Bunting and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Earth Resources written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 758 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Objective Technique for Arctic Cloud Analysis Using Multispectral AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) Satellite Imagery by : John P. Barron
Download or read book An Objective Technique for Arctic Cloud Analysis Using Multispectral AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) Satellite Imagery written by John P. Barron and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An established cloud analysis routine has been modified for use in the Arctic. The separation of clouds from the snow and sea ice backgrounds is accomplished through a multispectral technique which utilizes VHRR channel 2 (visible), channel 3 (near infrared) and channel 4 (infrared) data. The primary means of cloud identification is based on a derived channel 3 reflectance image. At this wavelength, a significant contrast exists between liquid clouds and the arctic backgrounds, unlike in the standard visible and infrared images. The channel 3 reflectance is obtained by first using the channel 4 emission temperature to estimate the thermal emission component of the total channel 3 radiance. This thermal emission component is subsequently removed from the total radiance, leaving only the solar reflectance component available for analysis. Since many ice clouds do not exhibit a substantially greater reflectance is channel 3, the routine exploits differences in transmissive characteristics between channels 3 and 4 for identification. The routine was applied to six case studies which had been analyzed by three independent experts to establish 'ground truth'. Verification of the cloud analysis results, through a comparison to the subjective analyses, yielded impressive statistics. A success rate of 77.9% was obtained with an arguably small data base of 131 undisputed scenes.
Book Synopsis An Objective Technique for Arctic Cloud Analysis Using Multispectral AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) Satellite Imagery by :
Download or read book An Objective Technique for Arctic Cloud Analysis Using Multispectral AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) Satellite Imagery written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An established cloud analysis routine has been modified for use in the Arctic. The separation of clouds from the snow and sea ice backgrounds is accomplished through a multispectral technique which utilizes VHRR channel 2 (visible), channel 3 (near infrared) and channel 4 (infrared) data. The primary means of cloud identification is based on a derived channel 3 reflectance image. At this wavelength, a significant contrast exists between liquid clouds and the arctic backgrounds, unlike in the standard visible and infrared images. The channel 3 reflectance is obtained by first using the channel 4 emission temperature to estimate the thermal emission component of the total channel 3 radiance. This thermal emission component is subsequently removed from the total radiance, leaving only the solar reflectance component available for analysis. Since many ice clouds do not exhibit a substantially greater reflectance is channel 3, the routine exploits differences in transmissive characteristics between channels 3 and 4 for identification. The routine was applied to six case studies which had been analyzed by three independent experts to establish 'ground truth'. Verification of the cloud analysis results, through a comparison to the subjective analyses, yielded impressive statistics. A success rate of 77.9% was obtained with an arguably small data base of 131 undisputed scenes.
Book Synopsis Meteorological Satellite Measurements and Applications by : James T. Bunting
Download or read book Meteorological Satellite Measurements and Applications written by James T. Bunting and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several current programs in satellite meteorology at the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory are reviewed. First of all, the use of reflected sunlight at both visible and near infrared frequencies to distinguish snow from clouds is described. Secondly, a technique of compositing pictures of many typhoon cases in order to relate cloud features to typhoon motion is discussed. Finally, the use of visible and infrared imagery to estimate erosion parameters for reentry systems is described. (Author).
Book Synopsis Air Force Surveys in Geophysics by :
Download or read book Air Force Surveys in Geophysics written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 1024 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 7th Technical Exchange Conference, El Paso, Texas, 30 November-3 December 1976 by :
Download or read book Proceedings of the 7th Technical Exchange Conference, El Paso, Texas, 30 November-3 December 1976 written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Earth Resources: A Continuing Bibliography with Indexes (issue 61) by :
Download or read book Earth Resources: A Continuing Bibliography with Indexes (issue 61) written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers by : Vijay P. Singh
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers written by Vijay P. Singh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-29 with total page 1301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The earth’s cryosphere, which includes snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, ice shelves, sea ice, river and lake ice, and permafrost, contains about 75% of the earth’s fresh water. It exists at almost all latitudes, from the tropics to the poles, and plays a vital role in controlling the global climate system. It also provides direct visible evidence of the effect of climate change, and, therefore, requires proper understanding of its complex dynamics. This encyclopedia mainly focuses on the various aspects of snow, ice and glaciers, but also covers other cryospheric branches, and provides up-to-date information and basic concepts on relevant topics. It includes alphabetically arranged and professionally written, comprehensive and authoritative academic articles by well-known international experts in individual fields. The encyclopedia contains a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from the atmospheric processes responsible for snow formation; transformation of snow to ice and changes in their properties; classification of ice and glaciers and their worldwide distribution; glaciation and ice ages; glacier dynamics; glacier surface and subsurface characteristics; geomorphic processes and landscape formation; hydrology and sedimentary systems; permafrost degradation; hazards caused by cryospheric changes; and trends of glacier retreat on the global scale along with the impact of climate change. This book can serve as a source of reference at the undergraduate and graduate level and help to better understand snow, ice and glaciers. It will also be an indispensable tool containing specialized literature for geologists, geographers, climatologists, hydrologists, and water resources engineers; as well as for those who are engaged in the practice of agricultural and civil engineering, earth sciences, environmental sciences and engineering, ecosystem management, and other relevant subjects.
Book Synopsis Spectral Radiance of Snow and Clouds in the Near Infrared Spectral Region by : Francis R. Valovcin
Download or read book Spectral Radiance of Snow and Clouds in the Near Infrared Spectral Region written by Francis R. Valovcin and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The near infrared spectral radiance measurements of snow and cirrus and cumulus cloud backgrounds taken by the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory's flying laboratory are evaluated. From the analysis of the 124 specra obtained, the spectral radiances or reflectance characteristics of snow and cirrus and cumulus clouds between 5500 and 7000/cm (1.82-1.43 micrometers were determined. Snow/cloud discrimination can be made by utilizing a sensor in the 5500 to 7000/ cm spectral region. Based on the analysis of these data, certain snow/cloud design parameters were identified; that is, slope of the spectral radiance, absolute spectral and/or total radiance, and the location and value of the maximum spectral radiance for the snow and cirrus and cumulus cloud backgrounds. Finally, specific recommendations are made for an optimal operational snow/cloud discrimination radiometer. (Author)
Download or read book Earth Resources written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A selection of annotated references to unclassified reports and journal articles that were introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system and announced in Scientific and technical aerospace reports (STAR) and International Aerospace Abstracts (IAA).
