Simplified Models For Assessing Heat And Mass Transfer

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Simplified Models for Assessing Heat and Mass Transfer

Author : Giulio Lorenzini
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031793609
Total Pages : 106 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis Simplified Models for Assessing Heat and Mass Transfer by : Giulio Lorenzini

Download or read book Simplified Models for Assessing Heat and Mass Transfer written by Giulio Lorenzini and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to supply valid and reasonable parameters in order to guide the choice of the right model of industrial evaporative tower according to operating conditions which vary depending on the particular industrial context: power plants, chemical plants, food processing plants and other industrial facilities are characterized by specific assets and requirements that have to be satisfied. Evaporative cooling is increasingly employed each time a significant water flow at a temperature which does not greatly differ from ambient temperature is needed for removing a remarkable heat load; its aim is to refrigerate a water flow through the partial evaporation of the same.

Case Studies in Forensic Physics

Author : Gregory A. DiLisi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031020863
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Case Studies in Forensic Physics by : Gregory A. DiLisi

Download or read book Case Studies in Forensic Physics written by Gregory A. DiLisi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on a forensics-style re-examination of several historical events. The purpose of these studies is to afford readers the opportunity to apply basic principles of physics to unsolved mysteries and controversial events in order to settle the historical debate. We identify nine advantages of using case studies as a pedagogical approach to understanding forensic physics. Each of these nine advantages is the focus of a chapter of this book. Within each chapter, we show how a cascade of unlikely events resulted in an unpredictable catastrophe and use introductory-level physics to analyze the outcome. Armed with the tools of a good forensic physicist, the reader will realize that the historical record is far from being a set of agreed upon immutable facts; instead, it is a living, changing thing that is open to re-visitation, re-examination, and re-interpretation.

Integrated Process Design and Operational Optimization via Multiparametric Programming

Author : Baris Burnak
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031020898
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Integrated Process Design and Operational Optimization via Multiparametric Programming by : Baris Burnak

Download or read book Integrated Process Design and Operational Optimization via Multiparametric Programming written by Baris Burnak and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a comprehensive optimization-based theory and framework that exploits the synergistic interactions and tradeoffs between process design and operational decisions that span different time scales. Conventional methods in the process industry often isolate decision making mechanisms with a hierarchical information flow to achieve tractable problems, risking suboptimal, even infeasible operations. In this book, foundations of a systematic model-based strategy for simultaneous process design, scheduling, and control optimization is detailed to achieve reduced cost and improved energy consumption in process systems. The material covered in this book is well suited for the use of industrial practitioners, academics, and researchers. In Chapter 1, a historical perspective on the milestones in model-based design optimization techniques is presented along with an overview of the state-of-the-art mathematical tools to solve the resulting complex problems. Chapters 2 and 3 discuss two fundamental concepts that are essential for the reader. These concepts are (i) mixed integer dynamic optimization problems and two algorithms to solve this class of optimization problems, and (ii) developing a model based multiparametric programming model predictive control. These tools are used to systematically evaluate the tradeoffs between different time-scale decisions based on a single high-fidelity model, as demonstrated on (i) design and control, (ii) scheduling and control, and (iii) design, scheduling, and control problems. We present illustrative examples on chemical processing units, including continuous stirred tank reactors, distillation columns, and combined heat and power regeneration units, along with discussions of other relevant work in the literature for each class of problems.

Engineering Design

Author : George D. Catalano
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031020901
Total Pages : 125 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Engineering Design by : George D. Catalano

Download or read book Engineering Design written by George D. Catalano and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While more and more undergraduate engineering programs are moving toward a multi-disciplinary capstone experience, there remains a need for a suitable textbook. The present text seeks to meet that need by providing a student friendly step by step template for this important and culminating academic journey beginning with the student design team's first meeting with the client to the final report and presentation. The text provides a wide range of design tools, a discussion of various design methodologies, a brief history of modern engineering, and a substantive consideration of engineering ethics. In addition, chapters are included on communication, team building and dealing with the inevitable obstacles that students encounter. Throughout the text, emphasis is placed upon the issues of environmental impact and the importance of diversity.

Transformative Teaching

Author : Nadia Kellam
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031794060
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis Transformative Teaching by : Nadia Kellam

Download or read book Transformative Teaching written by Nadia Kellam and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The journey to becoming an exemplary engineering educator is one that is rarely simple and straightforward. Simply being exposed to active learning strategies or innovative pedagogies rarely leads to a transformation of one's own teaching. In this book, we present a collection of stories from exemplary engineering educators that are told in their own voices. These stories are shared to enable readers to immerse themselves in first-person recollections of transformation, involving engineering educators who changed their teaching strategies from the ways that they were taught as engineering undergraduate students to ways that more effectively fostered a conducive learning atmosphere for all students. It is our hope that providing stories of successful engineering educators might stimulate thoughtful and productive self-reflection on ways that we can each change our own teaching. These stories are not simple, linear stories of transformation. Instead, they highlight the complexities and nuances inherent to transforming the way that engineering faculty teach. Through our strategy of narrative storytelling, we hope to inspire future and current engineering educators to embark on their own journeys of teaching transformations. We conclude the book with some lessons that we learned during our readings of these stories, and invite readers to extract lessons of their own.

The Art of Teaching Physics with Ancient Chinese Science and Technology

Author : Matt Marone
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303102088X
Total Pages : 157 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis The Art of Teaching Physics with Ancient Chinese Science and Technology by : Matt Marone

Download or read book The Art of Teaching Physics with Ancient Chinese Science and Technology written by Matt Marone and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Blending physics with the study of ancient Chinese science, technology, and culture is a unique and highly effective way to present the fundamentals of physics to non-science majors. Based on the author’s course at Mercer University (Georgia, U.S.), The Art of Teaching Physics with Ancient Chinese Science and Technology exposes a wide range of students to the scientific method and techniques of experimental analysis through the eyes and discoveries of ancient Chinese “polymaths” long before the European concept of the scientific method was even considered. No other book so deftly makes the connections from ancient China to Ben Franklin to Michael Faraday while teaching physics at the same time. A distinctive characteristic of this book is the detailed hands-on laboratory experiments. This first includes making a simple magnetic compass and magnetometer. Students then use the compass/magnetometer to measure the strength of the magnetic field produced by a long straight wire. The second experiment covers two different methods of mining copper to introduce students to simple chemical principles such as displacement reactions, oxidation, reduction, and electronegativity. Originally developed for non-science students in an Asian studies environment, this book provides a valuable resource for science teachers who wish to explore the historical connections largely ignored in traditional texts. When paired with Teaching Physics through Ancient Chinese Science and Technology (Marone, 2019), these two texts provide a unique means of studying selected topics traditionally found in a two-semester Physics course.

Generating Functions in Engineering and the Applied Sciences

Author : Rajan Chattamvelli
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031794109
Total Pages : 99 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis Generating Functions in Engineering and the Applied Sciences by : Rajan Chattamvelli

Download or read book Generating Functions in Engineering and the Applied Sciences written by Rajan Chattamvelli and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an introductory book on generating functions (GFs) and their applications. It discusses commonly encountered generating functions in engineering and applied sciences, such as ordinary generating functions (OGF), exponential generating functions (EGF), probability generating functions (PGF), etc. Some new GFs like Pochhammer generating functions for both rising and falling factorials are introduced in Chapter 2. Two novel GFs called "mean deviation generating function" (MDGF) and "survival function generating function" (SFGF), are introduced in Chapter 3. The mean deviation of a variety of discrete distributions are derived using the MDGF. The last chapter discusses a large number of applications in various disciplines including algebra, analysis of algorithms, polymer chemistry, combinatorics, graph theory, number theory, reliability, epidemiology, bio-informatics, genetics, management, economics, and statistics. Some background knowledge on GFs is often assumed for courses in analysis of algorithms, advanced data structures, digital signal processing (DSP), graph theory, etc. These are usually provided by either a course on "discrete mathematics" or "introduction to combinatorics." But, GFs are also used in automata theory, bio-informatics, differential equations, DSP, number theory, physical chemistry, reliability engineering, stochastic processes, and so on. Students of these courses may not have exposure to discrete mathematics or combinatorics. This book is written in such a way that even those who do not have prior knowledge can easily follow through the chapters, and apply the lessons learned in their respective disciplines. The purpose is to give a broad exposure to commonly used techniques of combinatorial mathematics, highlighting applications in a variety of disciplines.

Visualizing Dynamic Systems

Author : Mojgan M Haghanikar
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031020928
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Visualizing Dynamic Systems by : Mojgan M Haghanikar

Download or read book Visualizing Dynamic Systems written by Mojgan M Haghanikar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is aimed to help instructional designers, science game designers, science faculty, lab designers, and content developers in designing interactive learning experiences using emerging technologies and cyberlearning. The proposed solutions are for undergraduate and graduate scientific communication, engineering courses, scientific research communication, and workforce training. Reviewing across the science education literature reveals various aspects of unresolved challenges or inabilities in the visualization of scientific concepts. Visuospatial thinking is the fundamental part of learning sciences; however, promoting spatial thinking has not been emphasized enough in the educational system (Hegarty, 2014). Cognitive scientists distinguish between the multiple aspects of spatial ability and stresse that various problems or disciplines require different types of spatial skills. For example, the spatial ability to visualize anatomy cross-sections is significantly associated with mental rotation skills. The same is true for physical problems that often deal with spatial representations. However, most of the physics problems are marked by dynamicity, and visualizing dynamicity is inferred by the integrations of different participating components in the system. Therefore, what is needed for learning dynamicity is visualizing the mental animation of static episodes. This book is a leap into designing framework for using mixed reality (XR) technologies and cyberlearning in communicating advanced scientific concepts. The intention is to flesh out the cognitive infrastructure and visuospatial demands of complex systems and compare them in various contexts and disciplines. The practical implementation of emerging technology can be achieved by foreseeing each XR technology’s affordances and mapping those out to the cognitive infrastructure and visuospatial demands of the content under development.

The Captains of Energy

Author : Paul Gessler
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031793668
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis The Captains of Energy by : Paul Gessler

Download or read book The Captains of Energy written by Paul Gessler and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In teaching an introduction to transport or systems dynamics modeling at the undergraduate level, it is possible to lose pedagogical traction in a sea of abstract mathematics. What the mathematical modeling of time-dependent system behavior offers is a venue in which students can be taught that physical analogies exist between what they likely perceive as distinct areas of study in the physical sciences. We introduce a storyline whose characters are superheroes that store and dissipate energy in dynamic systems. Introducing students to the overarching conservation laws helps develop the analogy that ties the different disciplines together under a common umbrella of system energy. In this book, we use the superhero cast to present the effort-flow analogy and its relationship to the conservation principles of mass, momentum, energy, and electrical charge. We use a superhero movie script common to mechanical, electrical, fluid, and thermal engineering systems to illustrate how to apply the analogy to arrive at governing differential equations describing the systems' behavior in time. Ultimately, we show how only two types of differential equation, and therefore, two types of system response are possible. This novel approach of storytelling and a movie script is used to help make the mathematics of lumped system modeling more approachable for students. Table of Contents: Preface / Acknowledgments / If You Push It, It Will Flow / Governing Dynamics / The Electrical Cast / The Mechanical Cast / A Common Notion / Going Nowhere? / The Fluid and Thermal Casts / Summary / Afterword / Bibliography / Authors' Biographies

Value Rational Engineering

Author : Shuichi Fukuda
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031793986
Total Pages : 81 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis Value Rational Engineering by : Shuichi Fukuda

Download or read book Value Rational Engineering written by Shuichi Fukuda and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Early in the 20th century, our world was small and closed with boundaries. And, there were no appreciable changes. Therefore, we could foresee the future. These days, however, we could apply mathematical rationality and solve problems without any difficulty. As our world began to expand rapidly and boundaries disappeared, the problem of bounded rationality emerged. Engineeres put forth tremendous effort to overcome this difficulty and succeeded in expanding the bounds of mathematical rationality, thereby establishing the ""Controllable World."" However, our world continues to expand. Therefore such an approach can no longer be applied. We have no other choice than ""satisficing"" (Herbert A. Simon's word, Satisfy + Suffice). This expanding open world brought us frequent and extensive changes which are unpredictable and diversification and personalization of customer expectations. To cope with these situations, we need diverse knowledge and experience. Thus, to satisfy our customers, we need teamwork. These changes of environments and situations transformed the meaning of value. It used to mean excellent functions and exact reproducibility. Now, it means how good and flexible we can be to adapt to the situations. Thus, adaptability is the value today. Although these changes were big, and we needed to re-define value, a greater shift in engineering is now emerging. The Internet of Things (IoT) brought us the ""Connected Society,"" where things are connected. Things include not only products, but also humans. As changes are so frequent and extensive, only users know what is happening right now. Thus, the user in this Connected Society needs to be a playing manager—he or she should manage to control the product-human team on the pitch. Moreover, this Connected Society will bring us another big shift in engineering. Engineering in this framework will become Social Networking, with engineering no longer developing individual products and managing team products. The Internet works two ways between the sender and the receiver. Our engineering has ever been only one way. Thus, how we establish a social networking framework for engineering is a big challenge facing us today. This will change our engineering. Engineers are expected to develop not only products, but also such dream society. This book discusses these issues and points out that New Horizons are emerging before us. It is hoped that this book helps readers explore and establish their own New Worlds.

Introduction to Engineering Design

Author : Ann Saterbak
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031020936
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Engineering Design by : Ann Saterbak

Download or read book Introduction to Engineering Design written by Ann Saterbak and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Engineering Design is a practical, straightforward workbook designed to systematize the often messy process of designing solutions to open-ended problems. IFrom learning about the problem to prototyping a solution, this workbook guides developing engineers and designers through the iterative steps of the engineering design process. Created in a freshman engineering design course over ten years, this workbook has been refined to clearly guide students and teams to success. Together with a series of instructional videos and short project examples, the workbook has space for teams to execute the engineering design process on a challenge of their choice. Designed for university students as well as motivated learners, the workbook supports creative students as they tackle important problems. IIntroduction to Engineering Design is designed for educators looking to use project-based engineering design in their classroom.

Philosophy and Engineering Education

Author : Korte Russell
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031792076
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis Philosophy and Engineering Education by : Korte Russell

Download or read book Philosophy and Engineering Education written by Korte Russell and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pragmatism attends to the practical outcomes of what we think and do, the social community in which we practice, and the bases of experience to inform our ideas and practices. Practice theories help explain what we do as complex systems of activity. Together, pragmatism and practice theories help broaden our understanding of the nature of engineering work as a social practice having important consequences for individuals and society. The practical nature of engineering embedded in our complex social and community systems is emphasized. Of all the pragmatists John Dewey's influence on education has been the most profound.He promoted social democracy in education. Although he founded experimental schools with this as their goal of major interest, to engineering educators his promotion of problem solving through a form of inquiry is his major attraction. Its modern embodiment is problem-based learning. It requires teachers to become facilitators of learning rather than transmitters of knowledge. How, within the framework of a traditionally oriented curriculum Dewey's epistemology of inquiry-based learning might be introduced is discussed. Lonergan's basic method of the human mind underlying specialized methods offers a basis for a unified theory and pedagogy of engineering. It also provides for a conception of engineering that gives due recognition to its ethical character and to the need for engineering virtues. This knowing-based view of engineering, focused on "engineering insight," provides the basis for a core, discipline-neutral approach to engineering.It proposes an engineering education centered on norms inherent to the knowing process, specifically attentiveness and intentionality. These norms in turn provide a source for defining and developing engineering virtues and character.

Theory of Electromagnetic Beams

Author : John Lekner
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031020820
Total Pages : 165 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Theory of Electromagnetic Beams by : John Lekner

Download or read book Theory of Electromagnetic Beams written by John Lekner and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The theory of electromagnetic beams is presented in a simple and physical way, with all necessary mathematics explained in the text. The topics covered are in free-space classical electrodynamics, but contact is made with quantum theory in proofs that causal beams of various kinds can be viewed as superpositions of photons. This follows from explicit expressions for the energy, momentum and angular momentum per unit length for each type of beam. The properties of beams in the focal region, of special experimental and theoretical interest, are discussed in detail. There are eight chapters: on Fundamentals, Beam-like solutions of the Helmholtz equation, Electromagnetic beams, Polarization, Chirality, Comparison of electromagnetic beams, a chapter on Sound beams and particle beams (to show the similarities to and differences from the vector electromagnetic beams), and a final chapter on Measures of focal extent. Ten Appendices cover mathematical or associated physical topics.

Geometric Programming for Design Equation Development and Cost/Profit Optimization (with illustrative case study problems and solutions), Third Edition

Download Geometric Programming for Design Equation Development and Cost/Profit Optimization (with illustrative case study problems and solutions), Third Edition PDF Online Free

Author : Robert Creese
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031793765
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis Geometric Programming for Design Equation Development and Cost/Profit Optimization (with illustrative case study problems and solutions), Third Edition by : Robert Creese

Download or read book Geometric Programming for Design Equation Development and Cost/Profit Optimization (with illustrative case study problems and solutions), Third Edition written by Robert Creese and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geometric Programming is used for cost minimization, profit maximization, obtaining cost ratios, and the development of generalized design equations for the primal variables. The early pioneers of geometric programming—Zener, Duffin, Peterson, Beightler, Wilde, and Phillips—played important roles in its development. Five new case studies have been added to the third edition. There are five major sections: (1) Introduction, History and Theoretical Fundamentals; (2) Cost Minimization Applications with Zero Degrees of Difficulty; (3) Profit Maximization Applications with Zero Degrees of Difficulty; (4) Applications with Positive Degrees of Difficulty; and (5) Summary, Future Directions, and Geometric Programming Theses & Dissertations Titles. The various solution techniques presented are the constrained derivative approach, condensation of terms approach, dimensional analysis approach, and transformed dual approach. A primary goal of this work is to have readers develop more case studies and new solution techniques to further the application of geometric programming.

Biologically Inspired Design

Author : Torben A. Lenau
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303102091X
Total Pages : 95 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Biologically Inspired Design by : Torben A. Lenau

Download or read book Biologically Inspired Design written by Torben A. Lenau and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the existence of all life forms on our planet is currently in grave danger from the climate emergency caused by Homo sapiens, the words "sustainability" and "eco-responsibility" have entered the daily-use vocabularies of scientists, engineers, economists, business managers, industrialists, capitalists, and policy makers. Normal activities undertaken for the design of products and systems in industrialisms must be revamped. As the bioworld is a great resource for eco-responsible design activities, an overview of biologically inspired design is presented in this book in simple terms for anyone with even high-school education. Beginning with an introduction to the process of design in industry, the book presents the bioworld as a design resource along with the rationale for biologically inspired design. Problem-driven and solution-driven approaches for biologically inspired design are described next. The last chapter is focused on biologically inspired design for environment.

The Human Side of Engineering

Author : John Heywood
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303179379X
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis The Human Side of Engineering by : John Heywood

Download or read book The Human Side of Engineering written by John Heywood and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While in many university courses attention is given to the human side, as opposed to the technical side of engineering, it is by and large an afterthought. Engineering is, however, a technical, social, and personal activity. Several studies show that engineering is a community activity of professionals in which communication is central to the engineering task. Increasingly, technology impacts everyone in society. Acting as a professional community, engineers have an awesome power to influence society but they can only act for the common good if they understand the nature of our society. To achieve such understanding they have to understand themselves. This book is about understanding ourselves in order to understand others, and understanding others in order to understand ourselves in the context of engineering and the society it serves. To achieve this understanding this book takes the reader on 12 intellectual journeys that frame the big questions confronting the engineering professions.

Empowering Professional Teaching in Engineering

Author : John Heywood
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303179382X
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis Empowering Professional Teaching in Engineering by : John Heywood

Download or read book Empowering Professional Teaching in Engineering written by John Heywood and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each one of us has views about education, how discipline should function, how individuals learn, how they should be motivated, what intelligence is, and the structures (content and subjects) of the curriculum. Perhaps the most important beliefs that (beginning) teachers bring with them are their notions about what constitutes "good teaching". The scholarship of teaching requires that (beginning) teachers should examine (evaluate) these views in the light of knowledge currently available about the curriculum and instruction, and decide their future actions on the basis of that analysis. Such evaluations are best undertaken when classrooms are treated as laboratories of inquiry (research) where teachers establish what works best for them. Two instructor centred and two learner centred philosophies of knowledge, curriculum and instruction are used to discern the fundamental (basic) questions that engineering educators should answer in respect of their own beliefs and practice. They point to a series of classroom activities that will enable them to challenge their own beliefs, and at the same time affirm, develop, or change their philosophies of knowledge, curriculum and instruction.