Self Assessment In Dermatology

Download Self Assessment In Dermatology full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Self Assessment In Dermatology ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Self-Assessment in Dermatology E-Book

Author : Jonathan Leventhal
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323662013
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (236 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Self-Assessment in Dermatology E-Book by : Jonathan Leventhal

Download or read book Self-Assessment in Dermatology E-Book written by Jonathan Leventhal and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2019-09-24 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test your dermatology knowledge and prepare to ace your exams with Self-Assessment in Dermatology: Questions and Answers. This all-new review resource follows the American Board of Dermatology exam blueprint, providing authoritative, up-to-date information on every aspect of the field. Seven practice tests have been carefully tailored for effective exam review by Yale authors who have had recent experience and success with the exam. - Tests your knowledge with 560 questions and answers. - All questions correspond to the blueprint of the ABD primary certification exam. - Covers all topics you can expect to see on the boards, including general dermatology, pediatric dermatology, surgery/cosmetics, pathology, and science/research. - Provides focused explanations for both correct and incorrect answers. - Includes single best answer questions, case vignettes, and follow-up questions.

Dermatology

Author : Ronald Marks
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482247011
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Dermatology by : Ronald Marks

Download or read book Dermatology written by Ronald Marks and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-07-31 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of over 200 clinical cases-comprising questions, top quality color photos and detailed explanatory answers-covers most aspects of dermatology. The author emphasizes more common conditions, but also features some more unusual and challenging cases. The cases are presented randomly to reflect real life practice and are designed not on

Self-Assessment in Dermatopathology

Author : Meera Mahalingam
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316622878
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (166 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Self-Assessment in Dermatopathology by : Meera Mahalingam

Download or read book Self-Assessment in Dermatopathology written by Meera Mahalingam and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-11-08 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The best way to prepare for the primary or maintenance of certification examinations in dermatology, pathology or dermatopathology.

Dermoscopy: An Illustrated Self-Assessment Guide

Author : Robert Johr
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071834362
Total Pages : 561 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (718 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Dermoscopy: An Illustrated Self-Assessment Guide by : Robert Johr

Download or read book Dermoscopy: An Illustrated Self-Assessment Guide written by Robert Johr and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2015-07-06 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn dermoscopy with this full-color, case-based self-assessment guide With 436 clinical and dermoscopic images and 218 progressively more difficult cases commonly encountered in general dermatologic practice, Dermoscopy: An Illustrated Self-Assessment Guide offers a unique checklist methodology for learning how to use dermosocpy to diagnose benign and malignant pigmented and non-pigmented skin lesions. Each high-quality, full-color clinical and dermoscopic image is presented with short history. Every case is followed by multiple-choice questions and three check boxes to test your knowledge of risk, diagnosis, and disposition. Turn the page, and the answers to the questions are provided in an easy-to-remember manner which includes the dermoscopic images being sown again. Circles, stars, boxes, and arrows appear in the image pointing out the important criteria of each case. FEATURES: Cases involving the scalp, face, nose, ears, trunk and extremities, palms, soles, nails, and genitalia – many new to this edition The concepts of clinic-dermoscopic correlation, dermoscopic-pathologic correlation, and dermoscopic differential diagnosis are employed throughout Each case includes a discussion of all of its salient features in a quick-read outline style and ends with a series of dermoscopic and/or clinical pearls based on the authors’ years of experience Key dermoscopic principles are re-emphasized throughout the book to enhance your understanding and assimilation of the teaching points Two new chapters on trichoscopy and dermoscopy in general medicine Updated material on pediatric melanoma, desmoplastic melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, invasive squamous cell carcinoma, and nevi and melanoma associated with decorative tattoos

Barnhill's Dermatopathology Challenge: Self-Assessment & Review

Author : Raymond L. Barnhill
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Education / Medical
ISBN 13 : 9780071489225
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (892 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Barnhill's Dermatopathology Challenge: Self-Assessment & Review by : Raymond L. Barnhill

Download or read book Barnhill's Dermatopathology Challenge: Self-Assessment & Review written by Raymond L. Barnhill and published by McGraw-Hill Education / Medical. This book was released on 2016-03-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. The only fully-illustrated, full-color, question and answer review of dermatologic pathology Barnhill’s Dermatopathology Challenge: Self- Assessment & Review provides you with both a practical self-assessment tool and a comprehensive review, all in one compact volume. Covering pertinent clinical and histopathologic encountered in private and academic dermatopathology practice, it enables you to gain a comprehensive understanding of this critical subspecialty area. This unique book tests your depth of knowledge about cutaneous clinicopathologic correlation through a series of more than 400 illustrated clinical vignette-style questions encompassing over 700 diagnostic entities. Each vignette is accompanied by a detailed explanation discussing relevant clinical and histopathological differential diagnoses. Additionally, each entity covered offers a summary table for rapid review and concise “quick fact” tables that highlight important diagnostic findings. The high quality images present classic examples of conditions encountered in clinical practice and on board certification exams. Many were taken from the Textbook of Dermatopathology by Barnhill, widely acknowledged as the best resource for differential diagnosis in this field. Features Material covered accounts for 25% of the dermatology board and recertification examinations – passing the dermatopathology portion of the exam is required to pass the overall exam Two-page format lets you view the unlabeled image and questions without having to cover the answers All images are clearly labeled to help you learn and review diagnostic features

Self-Assessment in Dermatology - E-BOOK

Author : Jonathan Leventhal
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 044311501X
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Self-Assessment in Dermatology - E-BOOK by : Jonathan Leventhal

Download or read book Self-Assessment in Dermatology - E-BOOK written by Jonathan Leventhal and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2024-02-26 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test your dermatology knowledge and prepare to ace your exams with Self-Assessment in Dermatology: Questions and Answers, 2nd Edition. Featuring more than 600 questions that follow the American Board of Dermatology exam blueprint, this convenient study tool provides authoritative, up-to-date information on every aspect of the field. Eight practice tests have been carefully tailored for effective exam review by Yale authors who have had recent experience and success with the exam. - Tests your knowledge with 640 questions and answers, both in print and interactively online. - Contains fully revised content throughout, with new information on current FDA-approved drugs, biologics and other therapeutic advances, and more. - Covers general dermatology and visual recognition, pediatric dermatology, dermatopathology, procedural dermatology, and basic science—all topics covered on the ABD applied exam. - Provides focused explanations for both correct and incorrect answers, and contains numerous clinical and dermatopathology images. - Corresponds to the blueprint of the ABD primary certification exam. - Includes single best answer questions, case vignettes, and follow-up questions; each question links to a chapter in Bolognia's Dermatology for further reading.

Dermatology

Author : Jean L. Bolognia
Publisher : Saunders
ISBN 13 : 9780723435716
Total Pages : 2776 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (357 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Dermatology by : Jean L. Bolognia

Download or read book Dermatology written by Jean L. Bolognia and published by Saunders. This book was released on 2012 with total page 2776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dermatology, edited by world authorities Jean L. Bolognia, MD, Joseph L. Jorizzo, MD, and Julie V. Schaffer, MD, is an all-encompassing medical reference book that puts the latest practices in dermatologic diagnosis and treatment at your fingertips. It delivers more comprehensive coverage of basic science, clinical practice, pediatric dermatology, and dermatologic surgery than you'll find in any other source. Whether you're a resident or an experienced practitioner, you'll have the in-depth, expert, up-to-the-minute answers you need to overcome any challenge you face in practice. Get regular content updates, download illustrations in JPEG or PPT format, and search the complete contents online with on-the-go access at expertconsult.com. Find answers fast with a highly user-friendly, "easy-in-easy-out" format and a wealth of tables and algorithms for instant visual comprehension. Get full exposure to core knowledge with coverage of dermatology's entire spectrum of subspecialties. See just the essential information with "need-to-know" basic science information and key references. Expedite decision making and clarify complex concepts with logical tables, digestible artwork, and easy-to-grasp schematics. Visualize more of the conditions you see in practice with over 3500 illustrations, of which over 1,400 are new: 1,039 clinical images, 398 pathology slides, and 152 schematics. Stay at the forefront of your field with updated treatment methods throughout, as well as an increased focus on patients with skin of color. Get an enhanced understanding of the foundations of dermatology in pathology, the clinical setting, and dermoscopy with a completely rewritten introductory chapter. Better comprehend the clinical-pathological relationship of skin disease with increased histologic coverage. Bolognia's Dermatology is the ultimate multimedia reference for residents in training AND the experienced practitioner.

Inpatient Dermatology

Author : Misha Rosenbach
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319184490
Total Pages : 373 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Inpatient Dermatology by : Misha Rosenbach

Download or read book Inpatient Dermatology written by Misha Rosenbach and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-03 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inpatient Dermatology is a concise and portable resource that synthesizes the most essential material to help physicians with recognition, differential diagnosis, work-up, and treatment of dermatologic issues in the hospitalized patient. Complete with hundreds of clinical and pathologic images, this volume is both an inpatient dermatology atlas and a practical guide to day-one, initial work-up, and management plan for common and rare skin diseases that occur in the inpatient setting. Each chapter is a bulleted, easy-to-read reference that focuses on one specific inpatient dermatologic condition, with carefully curated clinical photographs and corresponding histopathologic images to aid readers in developing clinical-pathologic correlation for the dermatologic diseases encountered in the hospital. Before each subsection the editors share diagnostic pearls, explaining their approach to these challenging conditions. This book is structured to be useful to physicians, residents, and medical students. It spans dermatology, emergency medicine, internal medicine, infectious disease, and rheumatology. Inpatient Dermatology is the go-to guide for hospital-based skin diseases, making even the most complex inpatient dermatologic issues approachable and understandable for any clinician.

Dermatology: Visual Recognition and Case Reviews E-Book

Author : Christine Ko
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323697267
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (236 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Dermatology: Visual Recognition and Case Reviews E-Book by : Christine Ko

Download or read book Dermatology: Visual Recognition and Case Reviews E-Book written by Christine Ko and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2021-01-27 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ideal for dermatologists, dermatopathologists, and trainees of all levels, Dermatology: Visual Recognition and Case Reviews, 2nd Edition, presents classic visual clues that point you to the correct diagnosis – the key first step in effective management and care. This highly visual resource helps you hone your skills in visual recognition with a practical focus on images of clinical and histopathologic skin diseases rather than dense text. The unique format enhances your learning experience and offers clear examples of a successful framework that can be used when approaching a patient. - Content organized by visual patterns (color, shape, pattern, and body part), maximizing your ability to recognize disease – the same way a patient would normally present in the clinic. - High-quality clinical and microscopic images for nearly all entities, helping to enhance your diagnostic and clinicopathologic correlation skills. - Key difference pages, enabling you to quickly compare and contrast different diseases in a given differential diagnosis that can look similar but are distinguishable. - Newly reorganized, color-coded table of contents for quicker navigation. - New flashcards online to test your ability to recognize diseases by visual presentation. - Case reviews that provide clear examples of specific approaches to patient evaluation.

Small Animal Dermatology, Advanced Cases

Author : Karen Moriello
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1840766514
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Small Animal Dermatology, Advanced Cases by : Karen Moriello

Download or read book Small Animal Dermatology, Advanced Cases written by Karen Moriello and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-12-12 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building on the great success of the author's earlier book, this volume presents 255 clinical scenarios in self-assessment format. Coverage includes allergy; alopecia; autoimmune and congenital diseases; neoplasia, viral, parasitic, bacterial, and fungal diseases; and diseases related to nutrition and pigment. The cases reflect real life practice and vary in complexity from the more easily treatable to the most difficult and serious cases.

Neurosurgery Self-Assessment E-Book

Author : Rahul S. Shah
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323392326
Total Pages : 888 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (233 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Neurosurgery Self-Assessment E-Book by : Rahul S. Shah

Download or read book Neurosurgery Self-Assessment E-Book written by Rahul S. Shah and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2016-08-13 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ideal for both neurosurgical residents and recertifying neurosurgeons, Neurosurgery Self-Assessment: Questions and Answers offers the most comprehensive, up to date coverage available. Over 1,000 clinically relevant multiple-choice questions across 46 topic areas test the candidate's knowledge of basic neuroscience and neurosurgical subspecialties to an unparalleled degree and provide detailed answer explanations to facilitate learning and assessment. - Over 700 histology, pathology, radiology, clinical and anatomical images serve as an index of routinely tested-on images in neurosurgical examinations with high-yield summaries of each pathology to reinforce and simplify key concepts. - Includes only multiple choice questions in both single-best-answer and extended matching item (10-20 options) format increasingly adopted by neurosurgery certification boards worldwide. - Questions are organized by topic and classified by degree of difficulty through a highly visual "traffic light system" which codes each question in green, amber, or red. - Includes coverage of the landmark studies in areas such as vascular, stroke, spine and neurooncology. - Practical tips facilitate study with test-taking strategies and things to consider before sitting for an exam. - Utilizes Imperial and SI units throughout.

Dermatopathology

Author : Christine J. Ko
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119149452
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Dermatopathology by : Christine J. Ko

Download or read book Dermatopathology written by Christine J. Ko and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-10-17 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The atlas that helps you differentiate visually similar diseases Written with the dermatology trainee in mind, Dermatopathology: Diagnosis by First Impression uses more than 800 high resolution color images to introduce a simple and effective way to defuse the confusion caused by dermatopathology slides. Focused on commonly tested entities, and using low- to high-power views, this atlas emphasizes the key differences between visually similar diseases by using appearance as the starting point for diagnosis. The Third Edition provides: 800 high resolution and annotated photographs, now all fully downloadable 'Key Differences' to train the eye on distinctive diagnostic features Disease-based as well as alphabetical indexes 75 new interactive self-assessment questions to perfect your diagnostic skills Brand new algorithms for pattern analysis Dermatopathology: Diagnosis by First Impression, Third Edition, once again provides simple and effective guidance to help you approach dermatopathology and accurate diagnosis of skin disease.

Dermatology for the Small Animal Practitioner

Author : Ralf S. Mueller
Publisher : Teton NewMedia
ISBN 13 : 9781893441064
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Dermatology for the Small Animal Practitioner by : Ralf S. Mueller

Download or read book Dermatology for the Small Animal Practitioner written by Ralf S. Mueller and published by Teton NewMedia. This book was released on 2000-08 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dermatology MES is a readily usable reference for veterinary dermatology. This title provides with practical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of the skin diseases commonly seen in a practice. The organization consistently progresses from a detailed description of all diagnostic test and procedures, to clinical evaluation of the test results, and presentation of treatment options. Leading questions are used throughout, to focus the user on important diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. All applicable drugs are discussed and dosages provided. This text features 115 four-color illustrations for easy identification, clear step-by-step descriptions of diagnostic test and lots of tables that allow for quick access to information. The highly visual format makes this text an effective client education resource. This fast and easy to use reference guide provides an excellent, in-depth and concise survey of dermatologic diseases, diagnoses, and therapies. Published by Teton New Media in the USA and distributed by Manson Publishing outside of North America.

The Business of Dermatology

Author : Jeffrey S. Dover
Publisher : Thieme
ISBN 13 : 3132427802
Total Pages : 601 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (324 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Business of Dermatology by : Jeffrey S. Dover

Download or read book The Business of Dermatology written by Jeffrey S. Dover and published by Thieme. This book was released on 2020-04-24 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ultimate guide to managing the multifaceted business aspects of a dermatology practice Although board-certified dermatologists provide the best care for their patients, managing a practice and optimizing every facet of the business is a daunting endeavor. Business acumen is not taught in residency and is the most overlooked aspect of any given practice. The Business of Dermatology, written by esteemed dermatologists Jeffrey S. Dover, Kavita Mariwalla, and an impressive group of experts, provides a rare opportunity to learn about the operations side of practices across the country. Written in an informal tone, this unique book enables readers to be privy to a "40-way chat" with dermatologists whose practices are flourishing. With a vast wealth of information relevant to the business side of a dermatology practice, this remarkable resource fills the gap between the training phase and acquisition of professional confidence. Fifty-five chapters offer insightful, highly practical pearls for everyone—from early-career dermatologists and those in solo-practice to employed physicians in large groups. Even the most seasoned practitioners will benefit from firsthand knowledge and real-world tips shared by physicians who have made their own mistakes trying to get practices off the ground and maintain them. Key Features Written by top dermatologists from the perspective of "if we knew then what we know now…" Organized in a format and style conducive to easy reading, with practical tips to implement immediately Covers all practice-relevant topics, including office space and equipment, managing financials, diverse practice models, human resources, employment considerations, patient issues, pricing, essential surgical tools/supplies, marketing, and much more Top ten lists in each chapter highlighting the key take-home points The Business of Dermatology is an indispensable, one-stop source for all trainee and practicing dermatologists who need insightful guidance on setting up, organizing, managing, or optimizing their practice.

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine Self-Assessment and Board Review, 20th Edition

Author : Charles Wiener
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 1260463052
Total Pages : 728 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine Self-Assessment and Board Review, 20th Edition by : Charles Wiener

Download or read book Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine Self-Assessment and Board Review, 20th Edition written by Charles Wiener and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2021-06-12 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book that serves as the basis for the popular “Harrison’s Podclass” podcast series! This outstanding collection of internal medicine Q&A is perfect for prepping for board or shelf exams, getting in multiple “reps” of self directed learning, and increasing your understanding of clinical reasoning. It’s packed with 1,000+ high-quality clinical vignettes, with expert, on-point explanations for correct and incorrect answers. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine Self-Assessment and Board Review reflects all the specialties of internal medicine, and has been exhaustively revised and updated to reflect hundreds of never-before published Q&A in board-style format. This great resource will bolster your understanding of pathophysiology, epidemiology, differential diagnosis, clinical decision making, and therapeutics. Illustrations, radiographs, and pathology slides are included throughout. Each question is accompanied by a complete answer and explanation, and cross-referenced to Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine for deeper-dive understanding. 325 full-color photos and illustrations Clinical vignettes and Q&A presented in board-style format Content consistent with board exam blueprint in internal medicine Aligned with Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, the global authority in medicine Explanations for correct and incorrect answer choices

Practical Introduction to Laser Dermatology

Author : Vishal Madan
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030464512
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Practical Introduction to Laser Dermatology by : Vishal Madan

Download or read book Practical Introduction to Laser Dermatology written by Vishal Madan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-15 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title introduces readers to the use of lasers in dermatology/aesthetic practice and focuses on the fundamentals of lasers and light-based devices and their clinical application. Each chapter addresses the use of lasers in the treatment of a variety of skin conditions, detailing mechanisms of action, pre-treatment preparation, post-treatment advice, follow-up, and potential complications and pitfalls. Besides discussing ablative, vascular, pigment-specific and epilation lasers, and intense pulsed light, the book also reviews the use of light-emitting diodes, low-level laser therapy and radio frequency devices. In addition, cosmeceuticals complementing laser treatments are also discussed. Readers will also find the chapter on self-assessment questionnaires especially useful. Practical Introduction to Laser Dermatology provides detailed explanation of the topics, while the chapters are supported by illustrative case studies that will enable readers to develop a deeper understanding of the subject of lasers in dermatology. Using clinically relevant Illustrations, it provides a comprehensive resource on a variety of laser technologies for novice readers and trained laser clinicians.

Clinical Dermatology

Author : Carol A. Soutor
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071772960
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (717 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Clinical Dermatology by : Carol A. Soutor

Download or read book Clinical Dermatology written by Carol A. Soutor and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2013-06-05 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive single-volume text on clinical dermatology Featuring a strong focus on diagnosis and treatment, Clinical Dermatology is a concise yet thorough guide to 100 of the most common dermatologic conditions. This latest addition to the LANGE Clinical series is enriched by a full-color presentation and a logical, easy-to-use organization. More than 250 full-color illustrations Divided into three sections: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment, Common Skin Diseases, and Problem Based Dermatology (which includes cases) "Pearls" and "Pitfalls" throughout the text