Ruthenium Based Ionic Hydrogenation Catalysts For The Selective Deoxygenation Of Biomass Derived Feedstocks

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Aqueous-phase Catalytic Conversions of Renewable Feedstocks for Sustainable Biorefineries

Author : Georgios Papadogianakis
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832553745
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Aqueous-phase Catalytic Conversions of Renewable Feedstocks for Sustainable Biorefineries by : Georgios Papadogianakis

Download or read book Aqueous-phase Catalytic Conversions of Renewable Feedstocks for Sustainable Biorefineries written by Georgios Papadogianakis and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-08-23 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, there is growing interest in aqueous-phase catalytic conversions for the valorization of renewable biomass-based feedstocks for biorefineries to produce, in a sustainable way, biofuels, chemicals, power, energy, materials, pharmaceuticals and food. This is because of the highly polar nature of water which makes it an ideal medium to convert polar biomass-based lignocellulose (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin), with high oxygen content, and their upgraded products such as hydrophilic carbohydrates, platform chemicals and their derivatives. Another reason which makes water the solvent of choice is that water itself is involved either as a reagent or as a byproduct even in large amounts in typical conversions for the valorization of biomass. The obtained intermediates further react in the aqueous medium, often without any separation and purification, to manufacture more valuable products. This results in substantial energy savings, lower emissions and economic benefits. Furthermore, water could act as a catalyst in conversions of biomass-based feedstocks such as in liquefaction reactions under subcritical conditions. Moreover, novel types of catalytic reactivity have been observed in the aqueous solvent, not only with water-soluble transition metal catalytic complexes, but also with conventional heterogeneous catalysts and catalytic nanoparticles in a broad spectrum of different reactions such as, inter alia, aldol condensations and hydrogenation reactions. For example, in the aqueous-phase hydrogenation of the biomass-based key platform chemical levulinic acid into γ-valerolactone and beyond, employing heterogeneous catalysts and nanoparticles the presence of water has a beneficial effect and accelerates the reaction rates, whereas in organic solvents much lower activities were observed. This promotional effect of water in the hydrogenation of levulinic acid was proved by many experimental and theoretical studies using a broad spectrum of different types of catalytic systems.

Integrated Biorefineries

Author : Paul R. Stuart
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439803471
Total Pages : 843 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Integrated Biorefineries by : Paul R. Stuart

Download or read book Integrated Biorefineries written by Paul R. Stuart and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-12-10 with total page 843 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated Biorefineries: Design, Analysis, and Optimization examines how to create a competitive edge in biorefinery innovation through integration into existing processes and infrastructure. Leading experts from around the world working in design, synthesis, and optimization of integrated biorefineries present the various aspects of this complex

Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading

Author : Mark Crocker
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527344667
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading by : Mark Crocker

Download or read book Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading written by Mark Crocker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive reference to the use of innovative catalysts and processes to turn biomass into value-added chemicals Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading offers detailed descriptions of catalysts and catalytic processes employed in the synthesis of chemicals and fuels from the most abundant and important biomass types. The contributors?noted experts on the topic?focus on the application of catalysts to the pyrolysis of whole biomass and to the upgrading of bio-oils. The authors discuss catalytic approaches to the processing of biomass-derived oxygenates, as exemplified by sugars, via reactions such as reforming, hydrogenation, oxidation, and condensation reactions. Additionally, the book provides an overview of catalysts for lignin valorization via oxidative and reductive methods and considers the conversion of fats and oils to fuels and terminal olefins by means of esterification/transesterification, hydrodeoxygenation, and decarboxylation/decarbonylation processes. The authors also provide an overview of conversion processes based on terpenes and chitin, two emerging feedstocks with a rich chemistry, and summarize some of the emerging trends in the field. This important book: -Provides a comprehensive review of innovative catalysts, catalytic processes, and catalyst design -Offers a guide to one of the most promising ways to find useful alternatives for fossil fuel resources -Includes information on the most abundant and important types of biomass feedstocks -Examines fields such as catalytic cracking, pyrolysis, depolymerization, and many more Written for catalytic chemists, process engineers, environmental chemists, bioengineers, organic chemists, and polymer chemists, Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading presents deep insights on the most important aspects of biomass upgrading and their various types.

Fischer-Tropsch Technology

Author : André Steynberg
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080472796
Total Pages : 722 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Fischer-Tropsch Technology by : André Steynberg

Download or read book Fischer-Tropsch Technology written by André Steynberg and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-10-30 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fischer-Tropsch Technology is a unique book for its state-of-the-art approach to Fischer Tropsch (FT) technology. This book provides an explanation of the basic principles and terminology that are required to understand the application of FT technology. It also contains comprehensive references to patents and previous publications. As the first publication to focus on theory and application, it is a contemporary reference source for students studying chemistry and chemical engineering. Researchers and engineers active in the development of FT technology will also find this book an invaluable source of information. * Is the first publication to cover the theory and application for modern Fischer Tropsch technology * Contains comprehensive knowledge on all aspects relevant to the application of Fischer Tropsch technology* No other publication looks at past, present and future applications

Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications

Author : Shahid ul-Islam
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119818796
Total Pages : 555 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (198 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications by : Shahid ul-Islam

Download or read book Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications written by Shahid ul-Islam and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-01-05 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HANDBOOK of BIOMASS VALORIZATION for INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS The handbook provides a comprehensive view of cutting-edge research on biomass valorization, from advanced fabrication methodologies through useful derived materials, to current and potential application sectors. Industrial sectors, such as food, textiles, petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, generate massive amounts of waste each year, the disposal of which has become a major issue worldwide. As a result, implementing a circular economy that employs sustainable practices in waste management is critical for any industry. Moreover, fossil fuels, which are the primary sources of fuel in the transportation sector, are also being rapidly depleted at an alarming rate. Therefore, to combat these global issues without increasing our carbon footprint, we must look for renewable resources to produce chemicals and biomaterials. In that context, agricultural waste materials are gaining popularity as cost-effective and abundantly available alternatives to fossil resources for the production of a variety of value-added products, including renewable fuels, fuel components, and fuel additives. Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications investigates current and emerging feedstocks, as well as provides in-depth technical information on advanced catalytic processes and technologies that enable the development of all possible alternative energy sources. The 22 chapters of this book comprehensively cover the valorization of agricultural wastes and their various uses in value-added applications like energy, biofuels, fertilizers, and wastewater treatment. Audience The book is intended for a very broad audience working in the fields of materials sciences, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, energy, environment, chemistry, etc. This book will be an invaluable reference source for the libraries in universities and industrial institutions, government and independent institutes, individual research groups, and scientists working in the field of valorization of biomass.

The Nitro Group in Organic Synthesis

Author : Noboru Ono
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0471458465
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (714 download)

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Book Synopsis The Nitro Group in Organic Synthesis by : Noboru Ono

Download or read book The Nitro Group in Organic Synthesis written by Noboru Ono and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-05-08 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most useful reactions of organonitro compounds in organic synthesis Compounds containing nitro groups are useful intermediates for the synthesis of natural products and other complex organic molecules. The Nitro Group in Organic Synthesis focuses on reactions that proceed under mild conditions, important functional groups that can be synthesized by conversion of nitro groups, and the stereoselectivity of reactions of nitro compounds. These issues are of great importance to practicing researchers in today's pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and fine chemical industries. The Nitro Group in Organic Synthesis also emphasizes environmentally-friendly methods for nitration, the importance of aliphatic nitro compounds, and modern preparation of nitro compounds. Other topics discussed include: * Henry reaction * Asymmetric Michael addition * Alkylation, acylation, halogenation, and related reactions of RNO2 * Substitution and elimination of NO2 and RNO2 The Nitro Group in Organic Synthesis is a useful resource for researchers and students in organic and medicinal chemistry.

Photocatalysis

Author : Dionysios D Dionysiou
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1782627103
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (826 download)

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Book Synopsis Photocatalysis by : Dionysios D Dionysiou

Download or read book Photocatalysis written by Dionysios D Dionysiou and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2016-03-30 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From environmental remediation to alternative fuels, this book explores the numerous important applications of photocatalysis. The book covers topics such as the photocatalytic processes in the treatment of water and air; the fundamentals of solar photocatalysis; the challenges involved in developing self-cleaning photocatalytic materials; photocatalytic hydrogen generation; photocatalysts in the synthesis of chemicals; and photocatalysis in food packaging and biomedical and medical applications. The book also critically discusses concepts for the future of photocatalysis, providing a fascinating insight for researchers. Together with Photocatalysis: Fundamentals and Perspectives, these volumes provide a complete overview to photocatalysis.

Homogeneous Hydrogenation

Author : P.A. Chaloner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401717915
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Homogeneous Hydrogenation by : P.A. Chaloner

Download or read book Homogeneous Hydrogenation written by P.A. Chaloner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Homogeneous hydrogenation is one of the most thoroughly studied fields of homogeneous catalysis. The results of these studies have proved to be most important for an understanding of the underlying principles of the activation of small molecules by transition metal complexes. During the past three decades homogeneous hydrogenation has found widespread application in organic chemistry, including the production of important pharmaceuticals, especially where a sophisticated degree of selectivity is required. This volume presents a general account of the main principles and applications of homogeneous hydrogenation by transition metal complexes. Special attention is devoted to the mechanisms by which these processes occur, and the role of the recently discovered complexes of molecular hydrogen is described. Sources of hydrogen, other than H2, are also considered (transfer hydrogenation). The latest achievements in highly stereoselective hydrogenations have made possible many new applications in organic synthesis. These applications are documented by giving details of the reduction of important unsaturated substrates (alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes and ketones, nitrocompounds, etc.). Hydrogenation in biphasic and phase transfer catalyzed systems is also described. Finally, a discussion of the biochemical routes of H2 activation highlights the similarities and differences in performing hydrogenation in both natural and synthetic systems. For researchers working in the fields of homogeneous catalysis, especially in areas such as pharmaceuticals, plastics and fine chemicals.

Lignin Valorization

Author : Gregg T. Beckham
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1782625542
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (826 download)

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Book Synopsis Lignin Valorization by : Gregg T. Beckham

Download or read book Lignin Valorization written by Gregg T. Beckham and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2018-03-29 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Chapters will specifically focus on the production of fuels and chemicals from lignin."--Page [4] of cover.

Sustainable Green Catalytic Processes

Author : Mousumi Sen
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1394212747
Total Pages : 564 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (942 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Green Catalytic Processes by : Mousumi Sen

Download or read book Sustainable Green Catalytic Processes written by Mousumi Sen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-09-04 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This groundbreaking book offers an in-depth description of sustainable green catalytic processes that have emerged as the means to empower the existing protocols with greener, sustainable, and environmentally benign versions that hold enormous potential in industry and society. Growing worldwide concerns about environmental pollution and global warming have directed the attention of scientists towards approaches for developing sustainable protocols, and the need for employing greener and more sustainable catalytic approaches that are environmentally greener and more eco-friendly than current ones. Green and sustainable catalysts are the one class of catalysts that possess higher selectivity and activity, efficient recovery from the reaction medium, recyclability, cost-effectiveness and are prepared using environmentally benign preparation techniques. The most potent instrument in organic synthesis, and the cornerstone of green chemistry, is catalysis which has broadened the possibilities for organic transformations in the direction of a sustainable future. The catalyst has been playing a vital role, from the improvement of reaction conditions to enhanced selectivity towards the intended product and a decrease in the creation of byproducts. The purpose of this book is to highlight the developments made towards designing new catalysts (homogeneous, heterogeneous, organocatalyst, nanocatalyst, photocatalyst, nanophotocatalyst, biocatalyst, nanobiocatalyst, metal catalyst etc,.) and present the advancements in the field of chemical synthesis using greener catalytic routes with far-reaching applications. The other environmentally friendly method is the enzymatic synthesis of organic molecules, which substitutes safe reagents for those that imitate the biosynthetic route to synthesize the desired organic molecules. With its ability to produce transformations that occasionally enable the reduction of steps in a synthetic route, biophotocatalysis has long been recognized as a green technology and key to creating environmentally friendly and sustainable chemistry. The employment of sustainable green processes on the most crucial reaction steps of the synthetic protocol satisfies contemporary needs for environmentally friendly operations during the creation of valuable chemicals. Readers will find the book: details new catalysts development designs (homo and heterogeneous); presents the advancement of organic synthesis using greener catalytic routes with far-reaching applications; elaborates on preparation techniques for green and sustainable catalysts that possess higher activity, efficient recovery, and cost-effectiveness; discusses how to epitomize a green approach towards the preparation of organic moieties via enzymatic synthesis; analyzes nano-catalysis with green-based reagents and solvents that allow producers to follow the fundamental pillars of the green economy; elucidates green chemistry’s principles and metrics of the chemical’s life cycle and design through disposal. Audience The core audiences for this book include scientists and engineers working in green chemistry, materials science, photocatalysts, biotechnology, nanotechnology, waste minimization, and sustainability. This book is an excellent resource for graduate students, R&D experts, and researchers in academic and industrial fields of chemical synthesis.

Metal-catalysis in Industrial Organic Processes

Author : Gian Paolo Chiusoli
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1788018419
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Metal-catalysis in Industrial Organic Processes by : Gian Paolo Chiusoli

Download or read book Metal-catalysis in Industrial Organic Processes written by Gian Paolo Chiusoli and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2019-04-05 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalysis underpins most modern industrial organic processes. It has become an essential tool in creating a 'greener' chemical industry by replacing more traditional stoichiometric reactions, which have high energy consumption and high waste production, with mild processes which increasingly resemble Nature's enzymes. Metal-Catalysis in Industrial Organic Processes considers the major areas of the field and discusses the logic of using catalysis in industrial processes. The book provides information on oxidation, hydrogenation, carbonylation, C-C bond formation, metathesis and polymerization processes, as well as on the mechanisms involved. In addition two appendices offer a concise treatment of homogeneous and heterogenous catalysis. Numerous exercises referring to problems of catalytic processes, and research perspectives complete the book. This definitive reference source, written by practising experts in the field, provides detailed and up-to-date information on key aspects of metal catalysis.

Chemical Energy Storage

Author : Robert Schlögl
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110608596
Total Pages : 685 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemical Energy Storage by : Robert Schlögl

Download or read book Chemical Energy Storage written by Robert Schlögl and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2022-01-19 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy – in the headlines, discussed controversially, vital. The use of regenerative energy in many primary forms leads to the necessity to store grid dimensions for maintaining continuous supply and enabling the replacement of fossil fuel systems. Chemical energy storage is one of the possibilities besides mechano-thermal and biological systems. This work starts with the more general aspects of chemical energy storage in the context of the geosphere and evolves to dealing with aspects of electrochemistry, catalysis, synthesis of catalysts, functional analysis of catalytic processes and with the interface between electrochemistry and heterogeneous catalysis. Top-notch experts provide a sound, practical, hands-on insight into the present status of energy conversion aimed primarily at the young emerging research front.

Thermochemical Processing of Biomass

Author : Robert C. Brown
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119417570
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Thermochemical Processing of Biomass by : Robert C. Brown

Download or read book Thermochemical Processing of Biomass written by Robert C. Brown and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-05-28 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive examination of the large number of possible pathways for converting biomass into fuels and power through thermochemical processes Bringing together a widely scattered body of information into a single volume, this book provides complete coverage of the many ways that thermochemical processes are used to transform biomass into fuels, chemicals and power. Fully revised and updated, this new edition highlights the substantial progress and recent developments that have been made in this rapidly growing field since publication of the first edition and incorporates up-to-date information in each chapter. Thermochemical Processing of Biomass: Conversion into Fuels, Chemicals and Power, 2nd Edition incorporates two new chapters covering: condensed phased reactions of thermal deconstruction of biomass and life cycle analysis of thermochemical processing systems. It offers a new introductory chapter that provides a more comprehensive overview of thermochemical technologies. The book also features fresh perspectives from new authors covering such evolving areas as solvent liquefaction and hybrid processing. Other chapters cover combustion, gasification, fast pyrolysis, upgrading of syngas and bio-oil to liquid transportation fuels, and the economics of thermochemically producing fuels and power, and more. Features contributions by a distinguished group of European and American researchers offering a broad and unified description of thermochemical processing options for biomass Combines an overview of the current status of thermochemical biomass conversion as well as engineering aspects to appeal to the broadest audience Edited by one of Biofuels Digest’s "Top 100 People" in bioenergy for six consecutive years Thermochemical Processing of Biomass: Conversion into Fuels, Chemicals and Power, 2nd Edition will appeal to all academic researchers, process chemists, and engineers working in the field of biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals. It is also an excellent book for graduate and advanced undergraduate students studying biomass, biofuels, renewable resources, and energy and power generation.

The Littlest Mouse

Author : Darrell Trett
Publisher : Page Publishing Inc
ISBN 13 : 1662416636
Total Pages : 37 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)

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Book Synopsis The Littlest Mouse by : Darrell Trett

Download or read book The Littlest Mouse written by Darrell Trett and published by Page Publishing Inc. This book was released on 2021-03-15 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Littlest Mouse is a story of a very small mouse who encounters a very large alligator who is trapped in a fishing net. The alligator has to trust the mouse to save his life; in return, the mouse has to trust the alligator with his life.

Production of Biofuels and Chemicals with Bifunctional Catalysts

Author : Zhen Fang
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811051372
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Production of Biofuels and Chemicals with Bifunctional Catalysts by : Zhen Fang

Download or read book Production of Biofuels and Chemicals with Bifunctional Catalysts written by Zhen Fang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-27 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides state-of-the-art reviews, current research, prospects and challenges of the production of biofuels and chemicals such as furanic biofuels, biodiesel, carboxylic acids, polyols and others from lignocellulosic biomass, furfurals, syngas and γ-valerolactone with bifunctional catalysts, including catalytic, and combined biological and chemical catalysis processes. The bifunctionality of catalytic materials is a concept of not only using multifunctional solid materials as activators, but also design of materials in such a way that the catalytic materials have synergistic characteristics that promote a cascade of transformations with performance beyond that of mixed mono-functional catalysts. This book is a reference designed for researchers, academicians and industrialists in the area of catalysis, energy, chemical engineering and biomass conversion. Readers will find the wealth of information contained in chapters both useful and essential, for assessing the production and application of various biofuels and chemicals by chemical catalysis and biological techniques.

Biomass as Renewable Raw Material to Obtain Bioproducts of High-Tech Value

Author : Valentin I. Popa
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444637974
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomass as Renewable Raw Material to Obtain Bioproducts of High-Tech Value by : Valentin I. Popa

Download or read book Biomass as Renewable Raw Material to Obtain Bioproducts of High-Tech Value written by Valentin I. Popa and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-02-15 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass as Renewable Raw Material to Obtain Bioproducts of High-tech Value examines the use of biomass as a raw material, including terrestrial and aquatic sources to obtain extracts (e.g. polyphenols), biofuels, and/or intermediates (furfural, levulinates) through chemical and biochemical processes. The book also covers the production of natural polymers using biomass and the biosynthetic process, cellulose modified by biochemical and chemical methods, and other biochemicals that can be used in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals. Featuring case studies, discussions of sustainability, and nanomedical, biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications, Biomass as Renewable Raw Material to Obtain Bioproducts of High-tech Value is a crucial resource for biotechnologists, biochemical engineers, biochemists, microbiologists, and research students in these areas, as well as entrepreneurs, policy makers, stakeholders, and politicians. - Reviews biomass resources and compounds with bioactive properties - Describes chemical and biochemical processes for creating biofuels from biomass - Outlines production of polysaccharides and cellulose derivatives - Features applications in the fields of medicine and pharmacy

Catalysis in Ionic Liquids

Author : Chris Hardacre
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1782621326
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (826 download)

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Book Synopsis Catalysis in Ionic Liquids by : Chris Hardacre

Download or read book Catalysis in Ionic Liquids written by Chris Hardacre and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2014-03-20 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although ionic liquids have only been studied in depth during the last decades, the field is now maturing to such a degree that the focus is on larger scale applications for use in real processes such as catalysis. Current information is scattered across the literature and Catalysis in Ionic Liquids provides a critical analysis of the research published to date on ionic solvents in all areas of the catalytic science. The book covers both catalyst synthesis using ionic liquids as solvents and green syntheses using both ionic liquids as well as mixtures of ionic liquids and carbon dioxide (as a subcritical and supercritical liquid), including enzymatic, homogeneous, and heterogeneous catalysis, electrocatalysis and organocatalysis. As well as the catalysis community, the book will also be of interest to postgraduates, postdoctoral workers and researchers in academia and industry working in organic synthesis, new materials synthesis, renewable sources of energy and electrochemistry. Written by leading experts in the field, this is the reference source to find about catalysis in ionic liquids.