Review Of Technologies For The Rapid Detection Of Chemical And Biological Contaminants In Drinking Water

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Review of Technologies for the Rapid Detection of Chemical and Biological Contaminants in Drinking Water

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789276164074
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis Review of Technologies for the Rapid Detection of Chemical and Biological Contaminants in Drinking Water by :

Download or read book Review of Technologies for the Rapid Detection of Chemical and Biological Contaminants in Drinking Water written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the event of potentially intentional contamination of drinking water, the risk to public health must be minimised, which requires confirmation of contamination and, if possible, identification of the contaminant. A crucial step is to determine the type of contaminant as rapidly as possible. This review, developed within the framework of guidance for the production of a water security plan (Teixeira et al., 2019), aims to help water utilities, laboratories and other stakeholders improve their capacities to analyse and identify unknown contaminants in drinking water. An explanation of sampling procedures in emergency situations is given, followed by a proposed approach to the use of non-targeted technologies to determine both toxicity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. A toxicity analysis quickly detects toxic chemical contaminants, while measuring the ATP gives a first indication of any contamination by microorganisms. The non-targeted technologies for determining toxicity and ATP in water that qualify for use in emergency response - i.e. that are quick to respond, reliable and easy-to-operate are now available on the market, and could be adopted by most drinking-water utilities and/or laboratories, along with establishing appropriate sampling capabilities. The next step - identifying the contaminant - requires the application of targeted rapid analysis technologies such as immunoassay-based, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing technologies, and field analysis by gas chromatography (GC/MS). These targeted technologies are based on tests available on the market, with a focus on rapidness and reliability of results. The commercially available analytical tools and methodologies for detecting and identifying a chemical or biological contaminant are reviewed through a detailed description of the equipment involved, including the technologies, equipment prices, testing costs, time needed to obtain a result, manufacturers, and the shelf life of the reagents. Information is also provided on proficiency tests that give external quality control of the analytical process analysis of unknown contamination events in drinking water in emergencies situations. To assist utilities and laboratories in their consideration and selection of targeted and non-targeted technologies, an approach to identifying water contaminants in emergency situations is proposed, comprising a series of analytical steps to be adapted by each water utility in line with its business goals and risk assessment. This review of analytical technologies aims to support water utilities, laboratories, health authorities and other stakeholders in planning responses to emergency events in drinking-water quality, and in particular to enhance the rapid identification of unknown water contaminants. An assessment of these technologies, within the framework of a water security plan, along with appropriate planning and protection measures, will enable water utilities to better respond to unexpected contamination of drinking water.

Review of Methods for the Rapid Identification of Pathogens in Water Samples

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789279435539
Total Pages : 38 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (355 download)

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Book Synopsis Review of Methods for the Rapid Identification of Pathogens in Water Samples by :

Download or read book Review of Methods for the Rapid Identification of Pathogens in Water Samples written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbiological water contaminants represent an acute health risk in drinking water. There are a wide variety of bacteria and viruses that can potentially be found in drinking water resulting from either an attack or a natural contamination incident. Whatever the origin of the contamination, a rapid identification is needed to ensure water quality and subsequent citizens security. Currently, various detection and identification methods exist, but they are mostly time-consuming and unsuited to emergent harmful microorganisms. New developments are being performed in order to deal with this concern. In this desk study, the main basic technologies to identify pathogens (such as immunological and genetic methods as well as mass spectrometry, microarrays and physical approaches) are reported as well as their applications in the drinking water area. Then, some promising technologies under development are presented, especially integrated tool or new concepts in mass spectrometry. However, bottlenecks still exist such as sample preparation or live and dead pathogens discrimination. Alternatively, different projects founded by the European Commission are briefly reported in this study, as they allow a clear vision of scientific teams and networks working on this concern. Finally, European standards are being established as well as national initiatives that currently remain unofficial.

Rapid Chemical and Biological Techniques for Water Monitoring

Author : Dr. Catherine Gonzalez
Publisher : Wiley
ISBN 13 : 0470745436
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Rapid Chemical and Biological Techniques for Water Monitoring by : Dr. Catherine Gonzalez

Download or read book Rapid Chemical and Biological Techniques for Water Monitoring written by Dr. Catherine Gonzalez and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2009-03-30 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rapid Chemical and Biological Techniques for Water Monitoring presents in one volume the broad spectrum of monitoring tools, both available and under development, and provides an assessment of their potential for underpinning environmental management and legislation. The book explores screening methods in the context of water policies; chemical methods; biological methods; potential use of screening methods; quality assurance and validation methods; integration of screening methods in water monitoring strategies. The text provides a timely source of information for post-graduates, researchers, and professionals involved in water management at all levels.

Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309091225
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens by : National Research Council

Download or read book Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-06-19 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent and forecasted advances in microbiology, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry have made it timely to reassess the current paradigm of relying predominantly or exclusively on traditional bacterial indicators for all types of waterborne pathogens.Â Nonetheless, indicator approaches will still be required for the foreseeable future because it is not practical or feasible to monitor for the complete spectrum of microorganisms that may occur in water, and many known pathogens are difficult to detect directly and reliably in water samples.Â This comprehensive report recommends the development and use of a "tool box" approach by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency and others for assessing microbial water quality in which available indicator organisms (and/or pathogens in some cases) and detection method(s) are matched to the requirements of a particular application.Â The report further recommends the use of a phased, three-level monitoring framework to support the selection of indicators and indicator approaches.Â

Nanofiltration Membranes

Author : Lau Woei Jye
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1498751393
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanofiltration Membranes by : Lau Woei Jye

Download or read book Nanofiltration Membranes written by Lau Woei Jye and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-12-19 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering fabrication, characterization, and applications nanofiltration (NF) membranes, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the development of NF membrane technology over the past decade. It uniquely covers a variety of fabrication techniques, comparing the procedures of each technique to produce polymeric membranes of different morphologies. The book also discusses advances in the materials used in thin film composite (TFC) polyamide membrane fabrication and their influences on properties with respect to structural and separation characteristics. A comprehensive review on NF characterization methods and techniques is provided, assessing physical and chemical properties and separation characteristics and stability. Technical challenges in fabricating a new generation of NF membranes are also reviewed and the possible approaches to overcome the challenges are provided. The book concludes with relevant case studies on the use of NF membranes in industrial implementation of both aqueous and nonaqueous media. Details the latest progress on the fabrication techniques of asymmetric and composite NF membranes. Discusses characterization methods used in assessing membrane physical/chemical properties, separation characteristics, and performance stability. Describes the potential of advanced materials in improving properties of polyamide selective layer as well as microporous substrate. Reviews the technical challenges in fabricating a new generation of composite membrane—thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane—possible approaches to overcome challenges. Offers case studies on the applications of NF membranes for both aqueous and nonaqueous media.

Review of Sensors to Monitor Water Quality

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789279346187
Total Pages : 31 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (461 download)

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Book Synopsis Review of Sensors to Monitor Water Quality by :

Download or read book Review of Sensors to Monitor Water Quality written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface water in European countries is monitored by permanent monitoring stations by public agencies in accordance with the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and national water legislation. In addition, water companies also monitor surface or ground water near the intake of the drinking water treatment plant, but also drinking and waste water. Part of the monitoring is performed by sensors; however, these are for basic physico-chemical parameters only, such as flow rate, turbidity, pH, temperature, conductivity and pressure. Apart from these parameters and as a function of specific requirements of each site, other parameters such as chlorine, fluoride, nitrate, particle count or total organic carbon can be also monitored online. During recent years, the increase in concerns that possible deliberate or accidental contaminations might reach the final consumer, has contributed to early warning systems becoming a good alternative for water managers.^An early warning system is an integrated system for online monitoring, collecting data, analysing, interpreting, and communicating monitored data, which can then be used to make decisions early enough to protect public health and the environment, and to minimise unnecessary concern and inconvenience to the public. To this end, new sensors are being placed into the market by small to medium-sized enterprises especially. Their main target is the detection of chemical and microbiological compounds, measuring single or a combination of parameters at the same time. In addition, due to the large amount of data collected, an easy to use and robust software is necessary to treat all data generated and provide clear information to the end-user.^The main drawbacks at the moment to effectively implement sensors are that, on one hand, there is a lack of standards for contamination testing in drinking water both in the EU and in USA and, on the other hand, there are poor links between available sensor technologies and water quality regulations.

Review of Monitoring Techniques for Biological Contaminants

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789279354229
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (542 download)

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Book Synopsis Review of Monitoring Techniques for Biological Contaminants by :

Download or read book Review of Monitoring Techniques for Biological Contaminants written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water quality is a critical factor to public health worldwide. Accidents in past and present documented the vulnerability of our water supply chain. Therefore fast, reliable, sensitive and cheap water-monitoring systems are needed, working independently at a low level of maintenance and hands on time. Today there are only limited technologies to monitor pathogenic agents available on the market. The following review should give an overview about the major technologies being developed and evaluated today and could have potential as monitoring systems in the near future.

A Review of the EPA Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309089824
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis A Review of the EPA Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan by : National Research Council

Download or read book A Review of the EPA Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-02-09 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report examines a draft plan, prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency, that identifies critical security issues for drinking water and wastewater and outlines related research and technical support needs. This report recommends increased attention to interagency coordination and encourages additional consideration of current restrictions on secure information dissemination. It further suggests that EPA incorporate the results of their research activities into an integrated water security guidance document to improve support for water and wastewater utilities.

Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality

Author : World Health Organization
Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9789241545037
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality by : World Health Organization

Download or read book Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 1993 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes the methods used in the surveillance of drinking water quality in the light of the special problems of small-community supplies, particularly in developing countries, and outlines the strategies necessary to ensure that surveillance is effective.

Electrochemical Biosensors

Author : Serge Cosnier
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9814411477
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrochemical Biosensors by : Serge Cosnier

Download or read book Electrochemical Biosensors written by Serge Cosnier and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-01-26 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since four decades, rapid detection and monitoring in clinical and food diagnostics and in environmental and biodefense have paved the way for the elaboration of electrochemical biosensors. Thanks to their adaptability, ease of use in relatively complex samples, and their portability, electrochemical biosensors now are one of the mainstays of analy

Modern Analytical Techniques

Author : Gunter Zweig
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 1483220915
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Analytical Techniques by : Gunter Zweig

Download or read book Modern Analytical Techniques written by Gunter Zweig and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analytical Methods for Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators, Volume XIV: Modern Analytical Techniques covers an updated treatment of the most frequently used techniques for pesticide analysis, i.e., thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography (packed and capillary columns), high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. People involved in the analysis of pesticides will find the book useful.

Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309049946
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup by : National Research Council

Download or read book Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1994-02-01 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There may be nearly 300,000 waste sites in the United States where ground water and soil are contaminated. Yet recent studies question whether existing technologies can restore contaminated ground water to drinking water standards, which is the goal for most sites and the result expected by the public. How can the nation balance public health, technological realities, and cost when addressing ground water cleanup? This new volume offers specific conclusions, outlines research needs, and recommends policies that are technologically sound while still protecting health and the environment. Authored by the top experts from industry and academia, this volume: Examines how the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the subsurface environment, as well as the properties of contaminants, complicate the cleanup task. Reviews the limitations of widely used conventional pump-and-treat cleanup systems, including detailed case studies. Evaluates a range of innovative cleanup technologies and the barriers to their full implementation. Presents specific recommendations for policies and practices in evaluating contamination sites, in choosing remediation technologies, and in setting appropriate cleanup goals.

Human Pharmaceuticals, Hormones and Fragrances

Author : Thomas Ternes
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1843390930
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (433 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Pharmaceuticals, Hormones and Fragrances by : Thomas Ternes

Download or read book Human Pharmaceuticals, Hormones and Fragrances written by Thomas Ternes and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2007-01-30 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The observed concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in raw wastewater confirm that municipal wastewater represents the main disposal pathway for the PPCPs consumed in households, hospitals and industry. In sewage treatment plant effluents most PPCPs are still present, since many of these polar and persistent compounds are being removed only partially or, in some cases, not at all. Treated wastewater therefore represents an important point source for PPCPs into the environment. After passing a sewage treatment plant the treated wastewater is mostly discharged into rivers and streams or sometimes used to irrigate fields. If drinking water is produced using resources containing a substantial proportion of treated wastewater (e.g. from river water downstream of communities) the water cycle is closed and indirect potable reuse occurs. Human Pharmaceuticals, Hormones and Fragrances provides an overview of the occurrence, analytics, removal and environmental risk of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater, surface water and drinking water. The book covers all aspects of the fate and removal of PPCPs in the whole water cycle: consumption and occurrence, analytical methods, the legal background, environmental risk assessment, human and animal toxicology, source control options, wastewater and drinking water treatment as well as indirect reuse. The book presents a summary of the results obtained during the EU project "Poseidon", combined with further expert knowledge on the field, and is written at a level appropriate for professionals involved in management of water resource quality. Professionals in the field including decision makers, engineers and scientists, as well as students entering the field, will find this an invaluable source of information. First comprehensive study on the assessment, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater and drinking water treatment. Emphasises the importance of micropollutants in the water cycle, provides methods for quantifying their fate and technologies for their removal.

Advanced Sensors for Real-Time Monitoring Applications

Author : Olga Korostynska
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3036504265
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (365 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Sensors for Real-Time Monitoring Applications by : Olga Korostynska

Download or read book Advanced Sensors for Real-Time Monitoring Applications written by Olga Korostynska and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-03-09 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is impossible to imagine the modern world without sensors, or without real-time information about almost everything—from local temperature to material composition and health parameters. We sense, measure, and process data and act accordingly all the time. In fact, real-time monitoring and information is key to a successful business, an assistant in life-saving decisions that healthcare professionals make, and a tool in research that could revolutionize the future. To ensure that sensors address the rapidly developing needs of various areas of our lives and activities, scientists, researchers, manufacturers, and end-users have established an efficient dialogue so that the newest technological achievements in all aspects of real-time sensing can be implemented for the benefit of the wider community. This book documents some of the results of such a dialogue and reports on advances in sensors and sensor systems for existing and emerging real-time monitoring applications.

Smart Sensors for Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring

Author : Subhas C Mukhopadhyay
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642370063
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

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Book Synopsis Smart Sensors for Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring by : Subhas C Mukhopadhyay

Download or read book Smart Sensors for Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring written by Subhas C Mukhopadhyay and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-17 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sensors are being utilized to increasing degrees in all forms of industry. Researchers and industrial practitioners in all fields seek to obtain a better understanding of appropriate processes so as to improve quality of service and efficiency. The quality of water is no exception, and the water industry is faced with a wide array of water quality issues being present world-wide. Thus, the need for sensors to tackle this diverse subject is paramount. The aim of this book is to combine, for the first time, international expertise in the area of water quality monitoring using smart sensors and systems in order that a better understanding of the challenges faced and solutions posed may be available to all in a single text.

Fluoride in Drinking Water

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030910128X
Total Pages : 531 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Fluoride in Drinking Water by : National Research Council

Download or read book Fluoride in Drinking Water written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-01-22 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most people associate fluoride with the practice of intentionally adding fluoride to public drinking water supplies for the prevention of tooth decay. However, fluoride can also enter public water systems from natural sources, including runoff from the weathering of fluoride-containing rocks and soils and leaching from soil into groundwater. Fluoride pollution from various industrial emissions can also contaminate water supplies. In a few areas of the United States fluoride concentrations in water are much higher than normal, mostly from natural sources. Fluoride is one of the drinking water contaminants regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) because it can occur at these toxic levels. In 1986, the EPA established a maximum allowable concentration for fluoride in drinking water of 4 milligrams per liter, a guideline designed to prevent the public from being exposed to harmful levels of fluoride. Fluoride in Drinking Water reviews research on various health effects from exposure to fluoride, including studies conducted in the last 10 years.

Rapid methods for biological and chemical contaminants in food and feed

Author : A. van Amerongen
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9086865380
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (868 download)

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Book Synopsis Rapid methods for biological and chemical contaminants in food and feed by : A. van Amerongen

Download or read book Rapid methods for biological and chemical contaminants in food and feed written by A. van Amerongen and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-08-28 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid and reliable detection of biological and chemical contaminants is extremely important in managing the safety of food and feed. "Rapid Methods" is a comprehensive reference resource for anyone interested in this subject. Developments in analytical techniques have led to the emergence of a wide range of rapid methods to complement the traditional methods. At the same time, the importance of method validation, proficiency testing, quality management, sampling and legislation have all become more widely recognised. "Rapid Methods" presents a firm base and structured framework for considering rapid analysis of biological and chemical contaminants in food and feed. The various chapters concentrate on the state of the art in rapid methods in regards to: legislation, sampling, method validation, microbial pathogens, biological materials like GMOs and allergens, toxins like bacterial food poisoning toxins, marine toxins and biogenic amines, chemicals like veterinary drugs, pesticides and dioxins. The editors firmly believe that the very nature of the theme, the excellence of the peer-reviewed papers and the holistic approach chosen in this book will draw an audience from both the food and feed industry as well as from the scientific community.