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Research And Development Roadmap For Next Generation Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants
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Book Synopsis Research and Development Roadmap For Next-Generation Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants by :
Download or read book Research and Development Roadmap For Next-Generation Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Department of Energy commissioned this roadmap to establish a set of high-priority research and development (R & D) activities that will accelerate the transition to low-GWP refrigerants across the entire heating, ventilation, air-conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC & R) industry. The schedule of R & D activities occurs within an accelerated five-year timeframe, and covers several prominent equipment types. The roadmap is organized around four primary objectives to: assess and mitigate safety risks, characterize refrigerant properties, understand efficiency and environmental tradeoffs, and support new refrigerant and equipment development.
Book Synopsis Research Roadmap for Advancing Technologies in California's Industrial, Agriculture and Water Sectors by : Sabine Brueske
Download or read book Research Roadmap for Advancing Technologies in California's Industrial, Agriculture and Water Sectors written by Sabine Brueske and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Engineering Thermodynamics by : Kavati Venkateswarlu
Download or read book Engineering Thermodynamics written by Kavati Venkateswarlu and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-12-10 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook comprehensively covers the fundamentals and advanced concepts of thermodynamics in a single volume. It provides a detailed discussion of advanced concepts that include energy efficiency, energy sustainability, energy security, organic Rankine cycle, combined cycle power plants, combined cycle power plant integrated with organic Rankine cycle and absorption refrigeration system, integrated coal gasification combined cycle power plants, energy conservation in domestic refrigerators, and next-generation low-global warming potential refrigerants. Pedagogical features include solved problems and unsolved exercises interspersed throughout the text for better understanding. This textbook is primarily written for senior undergraduate students in the fields of mechanical, automobile, chemical, civil, and aerospace engineering for courses on engineering thermodynamics/thermodynamics and for graduate students in thermal engineering and energy engineering for courses on advanced thermodynamics. It is accompanied by teaching resources, including a solutions manual for instructors. FEATURES Provides design and experimental problems for better understanding Comprehensively discusses power cycles and refrigeration cycles and their advancements Explores the design of energy-efficient buildings to reduce energy consumption Property tables, charts, and multiple-choice questions comprise appendices of the book and are available at https://www.routledge.com/9780367646288.
Book Synopsis Zero-Carbon Industry by : Jeffrey Rissman
Download or read book Zero-Carbon Industry written by Jeffrey Rissman and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2024-02-27 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The power sector and transportation tend to dominate conversations about climate change, but there’s an under-the-radar source of climate pollution that must be addressed: industry. Globally, industrial activity is responsible for one-third of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. Though industry is a major emitter, it is essential for producing the tools we need to fight climate change—like wind turbines, solar panels, and electric vehicles—and for meeting our everyday needs. How can industry eliminate its climate pollution while supplying transformational technologies? This book delivers a first-of-its-kind roadmap for the zero-carbon industrial transition, spotlighting the breakthrough innovations transforming the manufacturing sector and the policies that can accelerate this global shift. Jeffrey Rissman illustrates the scope of the challenge, diving into the workings of heavy polluters like steel, chemicals, plastics, cement, and concrete. He examines ways to affordably decarbonize manufacturing, such as electrifying industrial processes, using hydrogen, deploying carbon capture and storage, and growing material efficiency with lightweighting and 3D printing. But technologies are only part of the picture. Enacting the right policies—including financial incentives, research and development support, well-designed carbon pricing, efficiency and emissions standards, and green public procurement—can spur investment and hasten emissions reductions. Rissman provides a framework to ensure that the transition to clean industry enhances equity, health, and prosperity for communities worldwide. Engaging and comprehensive, Zero-Carbon Industry is the definitive guide to decarbonizing the vast—yet often overlooked—global industrial sector.
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :1564 pages Book Rating :4.F/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 2015: Department of Energy: Environmental Management, FY 2015 budget; applied energy funding, FY 2015 budget; science, FY 2015 budget by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development
Download or read book Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 2015: Department of Energy: Environmental Management, FY 2015 budget; applied energy funding, FY 2015 budget; science, FY 2015 budget written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 1564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :A GRIHA Council Publication Publisher :The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) ISBN 13 :8179936872 Total Pages :998 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (799 download)
Book Synopsis GRIHA Version 2019: The Sustainable Habitat Handbook (6 Volume Set) by : A GRIHA Council Publication
Download or read book GRIHA Version 2019: The Sustainable Habitat Handbook (6 Volume Set) written by A GRIHA Council Publication and published by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). This book was released on 2022-01-14 with total page 998 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: GRIHA V 2019 is the 5th updated version of the GRIHA Rating system which addresses relevant, present-day concerns of the green building fraternity by encapsulating concepts such as water performance index, life cycle cost analysis, life cycle analysis, liveability index, etc. It captures social aspects of sustainability and aids the design of healthy and comfortable habitats. This set of GRIHA manuals provides a detailed understanding of the GRIHA Rating system, its underlying criteria, rating process, strategies for compliance, and the documentation and evaluation procedure. It serves as a handbook for multiple stakeholders like (architects, service engineers, landscape designers, project managers, and contractors) involved in the design and construction of sustainable buildings. Salient features The following are the salient features of the new version of GRIHA rating: · Indigenous rating system · Adoption of holistic approach towards sustainability · Process driven and performance oriented · Integrated team approach Table of Contents: VOLUME I: INTRODUCTION (118 PAGES) VOLUME 2: (137 PAGES) SECTION 1: SUSTAINABLE SITE PLANNING Criterion 1: Green Infrastructure Criterion 2: Low-Impact Design Strategies Criterion 3: Design to Mitigate UHIE SECTION 2: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Criterion 4: Air and Soil Pollution Control Criterion 5: Topsoil Preservation Criterion 6: Construction Management Practices VOLUME 3 : (241 PAGES) SECTION 3: ENERGY OPTIMIZATION Criterion 7: Energy Optimization Criterion 8: Renewable Energy Utilization Criterion 9: Low ODP and GWP Materials SECTION 4: OCCUPANT COMFORT Criterion 10: Visual Comfort Criterion 11: Thermal and Acoustic Comfort Criterion 12: Indoor Air Quality VOLUME 4: (239 PAGES) SECTION 5: WATER MANAGEMENT Criterion 13: Water Demand Reduction Criterion 14: Wastewater Treatment Criterion 15: Rainwater Management Criterion 16: Water Quality and Self-Sufficiency SECTION 6: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Criterion 17: Waste Management—Post Occupancy Criterion 18: Organic Waste Treatment VOLUME 5: (93 PAGES) SECTION 7: SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS CRITERION 19: Utilization of Alternative Materials in Building CRITERION 20: Reduction in Global Warming Potential through Life Cycle Assessment CRITERION 21: Alternative Materials for External Site Development SECTION 8: LIFE CYCLE COSTING CRITERION 22: Life Cycle Cost Analysis VOLUME 6: (151 PAGES) SECTION 9: SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRATEGIES Criterion 23: Safety and Sanitation for Construction Workers Criterion 24: Universal Accessibility Criterion 25: Dedicated Facilities for Service Staff Criterion 26: Positive Social Impact SECTION 10: PERFORMANCE METERING AND MONITORING Criterion 27: Project Commissioning Criterion 28: Smart Metering and Monitoring Criterion 29: Operation and Maintenance Protocol SECTION 11: INNOVATION Criterion 30: Innovation
Book Synopsis Low GWP (A2L) Refrigerant Safety by : Jason Obrzut, CMHE
Download or read book Low GWP (A2L) Refrigerant Safety written by Jason Obrzut, CMHE and published by ESCO Institute. This book was released on 2021-02-22 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the HVACR industry continues to move forward and innovate, the refrigerants that were once so commonplace are now being phased out. Replacing them are more energy efficient, environmentally friendlier refrigerants, known as Low GWP refrigerants. Many of these new refrigerants are classified by ASHRAE as A2L, or slightly flammable. The industry is also seeing expanded use of some hydrocarbon (A3) refrigerants, such as propane and isobutane. Students and technicians will require additional training for the safe handling and transportation of these refrigerants. The Low GWP refrigerant program manual covers: Refrigerant safety Introduction to Low GWP refrigerants Refrigerant properties and characteristics The refrigeration cycle Working with refrigerant blends Proper installation and service guidelines Flammable refrigerant considerations Explanation of the associated codes and standards for A2L refrigerants
Book Synopsis Development of Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerant Solutions for Commercial Refrigeration Systems Using a Life Cycle Climate Performance Design Tool by :
Download or read book Development of Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerant Solutions for Commercial Refrigeration Systems Using a Life Cycle Climate Performance Design Tool written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commercial refrigeration systems are known to be prone to high leak rates and to consume large amounts of electricity. As such, direct emissions related to refrigerant leakage and indirect emissions resulting from primary energy consumption contribute greatly to their Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP). In this paper, an LCCP design tool is used to evaluate the performance of a typical commercial refrigeration system with alternative refrigerants and minor system modifications to provide lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerant solutions with improved LCCP compared to baseline systems. The LCCP design tool accounts for system performance, ambient temperature, and system load; system performance is evaluated using a validated vapor compression system simulation tool while ambient temperature and system load are devised from a widely used building energy modeling tool (EnergyPlus). The LCCP design tool also accounts for the change in hourly electricity emission rate to yield an accurate prediction of indirect emissions. The analysis shows that conventional commercial refrigeration system life cycle emissions are largely due to direct emissions associated with refrigerant leaks and that system efficiency plays a smaller role in the LCCP. However, as a transition occurs to low GWP refrigerants, the indirect emissions become more relevant. Low GWP refrigerants may not be suitable for drop-in replacements in conventional commercial refrigeration systems; however some mixtures may be introduced as transitional drop-in replacements. These transitional refrigerants have a significantly lower GWP than baseline refrigerants and as such, improved LCCP. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on the tradeoffs between refrigerant GWP, efficiency and capacity.
Book Synopsis Foundations of Molecular Modeling and Simulation by : Edward J. Maginn
Download or read book Foundations of Molecular Modeling and Simulation written by Edward J. Maginn and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-25 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This highly informative and carefully presented book comprises select proceedings of Foundation for Molecular Modelling and Simulation (FOMMS 2018). The contents are written by invited speakers centered on the theme Innovation for Complex Systems. It showcases new developments and applications of computational quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, molecular simulation and theory, and continuum and engineering process simulation. This volume will serve as a useful reference to researchers, academicians and practitioners alike.
Book Synopsis Refrigerants: Market Trends and Supply Chain Assessment by :
Download or read book Refrigerants: Market Trends and Supply Chain Assessment written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NREL, in partnership with ORNL, under the Clean Energy Manufacturing Analysis Center (CEMAC www.manufacturingcleanenergy.org) umbrella, assessed the current state of existing and low-GWP refrigerants for major end-use applications, including HVAC and those outside of the HVAC industry. The project incorporated a market overview, and supply chain assessment to determine the production, distribution, consumption, costs, and potential operating efficiency impacts of new and alternative refrigerants entering the market. Market trends and ongoing research are also documented. This work supplements other DOE efforts to support research activities on refrigerants and their applications including a refrigerant R&D roadmap and outlook into global air conditioning markets (Goetzler et al. 2014, 2016).
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :1436 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (121 download)
Book Synopsis Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 2012: Dept. of Energy FY 2012 justifications by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development
Download or read book Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 2012: Dept. of Energy FY 2012 justifications written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 1436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Energy and Global Warming Impacts of Next Generation Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies by :
Download or read book Energy and Global Warming Impacts of Next Generation Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significant developments have occurred in hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and the application of ammonia and hydrocarbons as refrigerant working fluids since the original TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact) report in 1991. System operating and performance data on alternative refrigerants and refrigeration technologies justify and updated evaluation of these new alternative refrigerants and competing technologies in well-characterized applications. Analytical and experimental results are used to show quantitative comparisons between HFCS, HFC blends, hydrocarbons, and ammonia, used as refrigerants. An objective evaluation is presented for commercial and near commercial non-CFC refrigerants/blowing agents and alternative refrigeration technologies. This information is needed for objective and quantitative decisions on policies addressing greenhouse gas emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. The evaluation assesses the energy use and global warming impacts of refrigeration and air conditioning technologies that could be commercialized during the phase out of HCFCS. Quantitative comparison TEWI for two application areas are presented. Opportunities for significant reductions in TEWI are seen with currently known refrigerants through improved maintenance and servicing practices and improved product designs.
Book Synopsis Working Fluids Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants by :
Download or read book Working Fluids Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Technologies Project for the 2013 Building Technologies Office's Program Peer Review.
Book Synopsis Model Validations for Low-global Warming Potential Refrigerants in Mini-split Air-conditioning Units by :
Download or read book Model Validations for Low-global Warming Potential Refrigerants in Mini-split Air-conditioning Units written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To identify low GWP (global warming potential) refrigerants to replace R-22 and R-410A, extensive experimental evaluations were conducted for multiple candidates of refrigerant at the standard test conditions and at high-ambient conditions with outdoor temperature varying from 27.8 C to 55.0 C. In the study, R-22 was compared to propane (R-290), DR-3, ARM-20B, N-20B and R-444B in a mini-split air conditioning unit originally designed for R-22; R-410A was compared to R-32, DR-55, ARM-71A, L41-2 (R-447A) in a mini-split unit designed for R-410A. To reveal physics behind the measured performance results, thermodynamic properties of the alternative refrigerants were analysed. In addition, the experimental data was used to calibrate a physics-based equipment model, i.e. ORNL Heat Pump Design Model (HPDM). The calibrated model translated the experimental results to key calculated parameters, i.e. compressor efficiencies, refrigerant side two-phase heat transfer coefficients, corresponding to each refrigerant. As a result, these calculated values provide scientific insights on the performance of the alternative refrigerants and are useful for other applications beyond mini-split air conditioning units.
Book Synopsis Thermodynamic Evaluation of Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants by :
Download or read book Thermodynamic Evaluation of Low-Global Warming Potential Refrigerants written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Technologies Project for the 2013 Building Technologies Office's Program Peer Review.
Book Synopsis Study of Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants in Heat Pump Systems for Stationary Applications by : Atharva A. Barve
Download or read book Study of Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants in Heat Pump Systems for Stationary Applications written by Atharva A. Barve and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Heat Transfer Performance and Prediction of Low Global Warming Potential R134a Refrigerant Alternatives by : Jordan Alexander Morrow
Download or read book Heat Transfer Performance and Prediction of Low Global Warming Potential R134a Refrigerant Alternatives written by Jordan Alexander Morrow and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the Kigali amendment, environmental regulations are phasing out high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants such as R134a. Since many potential alternative refrigerants have flammability and cost concerns, minimizing system charge is critical. The condenser is typically responsible for 50% of the charge of a system; it is vital to have a fundamental understanding of the flow condensation heat transfer performance of low GWP refrigerants such as R513A and R450A. Flow condensation data were extracted from 35 papers and created a database of 5,030 condensation heat transfer coefficient data points. The data points were compared to predicted values from ten condensation correlations and the mean average error (MAE) for each one was calculated: Akers et al. (1959) (MAE=106%), Cavallini et al. (2006) (MAE=30%), Cavallini et al. (2011) (MAE=29%), Kim and Mudawar (2013) (MAE=28%), Macdonald and Garimella (2016) (MAE=61%), Shah (1979) (MAE=39%), Shah (2009) (MAE=32%), Shah (2013) (MAE=38%), Shah (2016) (MAE=26%), and Traviss et al. (1973) (MAE=46%). Many of the refrigerants in the database were not used for developing these correlations. Limited data were available for R513A (i.e., five studies) and R450A (i.e., one study). A vapor compression cycle experimental setup was designed and built to measure heat transfer performance of R134a alternative refrigerants. Experimental heat transfer coefficient data for R513A and R450A in a 0.95 mm diameter, multiport, mini-channel are presented for a range of mass flux (i.e., 200 - 500 kg/m2s) and quality (i.e., 0.2 - 0.8) at a saturation temperature of 40°C. Condensation heat transfer coefficients for R134a, R513A, and R450A increased with increasing mass flux and quality. R513A condensation heat transfer coefficients were 2.6 - 25.6% lower than R134a heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop were 4.5 - 14.0% lower than R134a pressure drop. R450A heat transfer coefficients were 2.4% higher than R134a at high mass flux and quality and up to 11.7% lower than R134a at lower mass fluxes than R134a heat transfer coefficients; R450A pressure drop were comparable to R134a pressure drop (i.e., 5.0% higher to 9.5% lower). A heat transfer coefficient correlation for low GWP (i.e., less than 750) refrigerants was developed using the Buckingham Pi theorem in conjunction with the MATLAB Optimization toolbox. The new correlation was developed using the condensation heat transfer coefficient database and the new experimental data collected from the experimental apparatus. The correlation is developed from a database of 4,110 data points including 11 synthetic refrigerants [i.e., R32, R41, R152a, R161, R450A, R452B, R454C, R455A, R513A, R1234yf, R1234ze(E)] and a range of diameters (i.e., 0.5 - 12.7 mm), saturation temperatures (i.e., 15 - 83°C), mass fluxes (i.e., 50 - 1200 kg/m2s), qualities (i.e., 0.007 - 0.999), pressure ratios (i.e., 0.15 - 0.91), Bond numbers (i.e., 0.454 - 616), liquid Reynolds numbers (i.e., 347 - 80,084), liquid Prandtl numbers (i.e., 1.87 - 5.64), and vapor Weber numbers (i.e., 8.35 - 27,334). The correlation development used 80% of the data points and tested for accuracy with the other 20% of the data points. The new correlation has a MAE of 24.2% for the data used to build the correlation and a MAE of 24.6% for the data used to test the correlation. The consistency of the correlation to predict the build data points and the test data points shows that the correlation effectively predicts the condensation heat transfer coefficients of these low GWP refrigerants.
