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Regulatory Tradeoffs In Designing Concession Contracts For Infrastructure Networks
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Book Synopsis Regulatory Tradeoffs in Designing Concession Contracts for Infrastructure Networks by : Claude Crampes
Download or read book Regulatory Tradeoffs in Designing Concession Contracts for Infrastructure Networks written by Claude Crampes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Regulatory Tradeoffs in Designing Concession Contracts for Infrastructure Networks by : Claude Crampes
Download or read book Regulatory Tradeoffs in Designing Concession Contracts for Infrastructure Networks written by Claude Crampes and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Reforming Infrastructure by : Ioannis Nicolaos Kessides
Download or read book Reforming Infrastructure written by Ioannis Nicolaos Kessides and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electricity, natural gas, telecommunications, railways, and water supply, are often vertically and horizontally integrated state monopolies. This results in weak services, especially in developing and transition economies, and for poor people. Common problems include low productivity, high costs, bad quality, insufficient revenue, and investment shortfalls. Many countries over the past two decades have restructured, privatized and regulated their infrastructure. This report identifies the challenges involved in this massive policy redirection. It also assesses the outcomes of these changes, as well as their distributional consequences for poor households and other disadvantaged groups. It recommends directions for future reforms and research to improve infrastructure performance, identifying pricing policies that strike a balance between economic efficiency and social equity, suggesting rules governing access to bottleneck infrastructure facilities, and proposing ways to increase poor people's access to these crucial services.
Book Synopsis Lessons from São Paulo's Metropolitan Busway Concessions Program by : Jorge Mariano Rebelo
Download or read book Lessons from São Paulo's Metropolitan Busway Concessions Program written by Jorge Mariano Rebelo and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Risk Reduction and Public Spending by : Shantayanan Devarajan
Download or read book Risk Reduction and Public Spending written by Shantayanan Devarajan and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: January 1998 Government spending on risk reduction could improve welfare in developing economies, either by alleviating a risk-market failure or by reducing uncertainty in otherwise distorted markets. As governments grow richer, the share of their GDP devoted to public spending rises. Public spending in the United States was 7.5 percent of GDP in 1913. It is 33 percent today. Although industrial countries spend twice as much as developing countries, government spending on goods and services is the same in both groups of countries. The difference is almost entirely due to transfer payments, which are about 22 percent of GDP in the industrial world. Most of these transfer payments-pensions, health insurance, unemployment insurance, guaranteed loans-are aimed at mitigating risk in the private sector. Devarajan and Hammer explore how the framework for evaluating government spending on goods and services can be extended to incorporate the government's various risk-reducing activities. They argue that there is a case for incorporating risk reduction into government spending, if doing so meets standard welfare-economics criteria for government intervention in the economy. Through examples-government-provided health insurance and crop insurance, price stabilization schemes, transfer programs for income support, public investments, publicly provided health care, and government credit guarantees-they show where government spending on risk reduction could improve welfare, either by alleviating a failure in risk markets or by reducing uncertainty in otherwise distorted markets. They illustrate calculations of the risk-reduction benefits of public spending and cite cases where their neglect could lead to serious underestimates. This paper-a product of Public Economics, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to improve the allocation of public expenditures in developing countries. The authors may be contacted at [email protected] or [email protected].
Download or read book Circumstance and Choice written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Gender Disparity in South Asia by : Deon Filmer
Download or read book Gender Disparity in South Asia written by Deon Filmer and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: January 1998 While gender disparities in health and education outcomes are higher on average in South Asian than in other countries, the large within country differences in gender disparity, between Indian states or Pakistani provinces, demand more local explanations. Using data assembled from the Demographic Health Surveys of over 50 countries and from the National Family Health Surveys of individual states in India, Filmer, King, and Pritchett create a new data set of comparable indicators of gender disparity. They establish three findings: As is by now well-known, the level of gender disparities in health and education outcomes for girls in South Asia is the highest in the world. Even within South Asia, and within India or Pakistan, there are huge variations in gender disparity. Differences in gender disparity among Indian states or among provinces of Pakistan are typically greater than those among the world's nations. The ratio of female to male child mortality in one Indian state (Haryana) is worse than in any country in the world, although in another state (Tamil Nadu) it is lower than in all but three countries. Across and within the set of developing nations, gender disparity is not only a phenomenon of poverty. There is almost no correlation between per capita income and the gender disparities in health and education outcomes. So although absolute levels of health and education outcomes for girls are strongly related to economic conditions, the disparities between outcomes for girls and boys are not. Understanding what causes such great gender disparity within South Asia is the next pressing question for researchers. This paper-a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the determinants of gender differentials. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Explaining Gender Disparity in South Asia (RPO 681-29). The authors may be contacted at [email protected] or [email protected].
Book Synopsis Forecasting the Demand for Privatized Transport by : Lourdes Trujillo
Download or read book Forecasting the Demand for Privatized Transport written by Lourdes Trujillo and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2000 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This overview of issues that regulators should be aware of in demand forecasting discusses challenges that come with the decision to privatize transport, the perverse incentives introduced when privatization teams use strategic demand forecasts to evaluate assets, the most common problems with demand forecasting, the reasons that demand forecasting matters, and how to think about demand forecasting in the context of regulation.
Book Synopsis Government Support to Private Infrastructure Projects in Emerging Markets by : Mansoor Dailami
Download or read book Government Support to Private Infrastructure Projects in Emerging Markets written by Mansoor Dailami and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: January 1998 For citizens to reap the full benefits of private investment in infrastructure, infrastructure prices must be high enough to cover costs, and private investors must assume commercial risk. Good macroeconomic policy matters because it affects the credibility of a price regime and especially the trust in currency convertibility essential for foreign investors. Driven by fiscal austerity and disenchantment with the performance of state-provided infrastructure services, many governments have turned to the private sector to build, operate, finance, or own infrastructure in power, gas, water, transport, and telecommunications sectors. Private capital flows to developing countries are increasing rapidly; 15 percent of infrastructure investment is now funded by private capital in emerging markets. But relative to needs, such private investment is progressing slowly. Governments are reluctant to raise consumer prices to cost-covering levels, while investors, mindful of experience, fear that governments may renege on promises to maintain adequate prices over the long haul. So investors ask for government support in the form of grants, preferential tax treatment, debt or equity contributions, or guarantees. These subsidies differ in how they allocate risk between private investors and government. Efficiency gains are greatest when private parties assume the risks that they can manage better than the public sector. When governments establish good policies-especially cost-covering prices and credible commitments to stick to them-investors are willing to invest without special government support. Privatizing assets without government guarantees or other financial support is possible, even where governments are politically unable to raise prices, because investors can achieve the returns they demand by discounting the value of the assets they are purchasing. But this is not possible for new investments (greenfield projects). If prices have been set too low and the government is not willing to raise them, it must give the investor financial support, such as guarantees and other forms of subsidy, to facilitate worthwhile projects that would not otherwise proceed. But guarantees shift costs from consumers to taxpayers, who subsidize users of infrastructure services. Much of that subsidy is hidden, since the government does not record the guarantee in its fiscal accounts. And taxpayers provide unremunerated credit insurance, as the government borrows based on its ability to tax citizens if the project fails, not on the strength of the project itself. This paper-a joint product of the Regulatory Reform and Private Enterprise Division, Economic Development Institute, and the Private Participation in Infrastructure Group-was presented at the conference Managing Government Exposure to Private Infrastructure Projects: Averting a New-Style Debt Crisis, held in Cartagena, Colombia, May 29030, 1997. Mansoor Dailami may be contacted at [email protected].
Book Synopsis Privatization and Regulation of the Seaport Industry by : Lourdes Trujillo
Download or read book Privatization and Regulation of the Seaport Industry written by Lourdes Trujillo and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Containerized shipping has brought profound changes to maritime transport, including a shift from labor-intensive to more capital-intensive activities. Revising the traditional organization of seaports everywhere will prepare ports for a more competitive market and less financial dependence on governments.
Book Synopsis Private Participation in Infrastructure in Developing Countries by : Clive Harris
Download or read book Private Participation in Infrastructure in Developing Countries written by Clive Harris and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2003 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governments have long recognized the vital role that modern infrastructure services play in economic growth and poverty alleviation. For much of the post-Second World War period, most governments entrusted delivery of these services to state-owned monopolies. But in many developing countries, the results were disappointing. Public sector monopolies were plagued by inefficiency. Many were strapped for resources because governments succumbed to populist pressures to hold prices below costs. Fiscal pressures, and the success of the pioneers of the privatization of infrastructure services, provided governments with a new paradigm. Many governments sought to involve the private sector in the provision and financing of infrastructure services. The shift to the private provision that occurred during the 1990s was much more rapid and widespread than had been anticipated at the start of the decade. By 2001, developing countries had seen over $755 billion of investment flows in nearly 2500 infrastructure projects. However, these flows peaked in 1997, and have fallen more or less steadily ever since. These declines have been accompanied by high profile cancellations or renegotiations of some projects, a reduction in investor appetite for these activities and, in some parts of the world, a shift in public opinion against the private provision of infrastructure services. The current sense of disillusionment stands in stark contrast to what should in retrospect be surprise at the spectacular growth of private infrastructure during the 1990s.
Book Synopsis Surviving Success by : Susmita Dasgupta
Download or read book Surviving Success written by Susmita Dasgupta and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sri-Ram Aiyer written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Westpreußen-jahrbuch written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Child Mortality and Public Spending on Health by : Deon Filmer
Download or read book Child Mortality and Public Spending on Health written by Deon Filmer and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Business of Water and Sustainable Development by : Jonathan Chenoweth
Download or read book The Business of Water and Sustainable Development written by Jonathan Chenoweth and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-08 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A renewed commitment to improved provision of water and sanitation emerged in the 2002 Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development. Although many of the statements in the Declaration were vaguely worded, making it hard to measure progress or success, the Plan of Implementation of the Summit, agreed by the delegates to the conference, clearly stated that: "we agree to halve, by the year 2015, the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water and the proportion of people who do not have access to basic sanitation". Given the United Nations' predicted growth in global population from 6.1 billion in 2000 to 7.2 billion by 2015, this commitment will pose formidable challenges. To meet it, by the end of just a decade and half, approximately 6.6 billion people will need to have access to safe drinking water supplies. This is more than the current population of the world, and involves not only maintaining existing levels of supply but also providing new or upgraded services to 1.7 billion people. The challenge for sanitation is equally daunting: 5.8 billion people will need to be serviced, including new access provision for 2.1 billion. Even if these ambitious targets are met, representing a major achievement for the global community, there will still be approximately 650 million people in the world without access to safe drinking water and 1.4 billion without sanitation. What is clear is the magnitude of the problem facing the international community in terms of water supply and sanitation. Continuation of the status quo and the type of progress made during the 1990s will not permit the Johannesburg targets to be met. Instead it will be necessary to promote a combination of many different, new and innovative approaches, each of which will contribute towards the overall targets. These approaches must include technological advances that identify new sources and improve the quality of those already in use; managerial techniques that increase the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery at both micro and macro scale; and fiscal approaches that tap into additional financial resources to make improvements affordable. In the past each of these aspects was seen as primarily the responsibility of government, which supported research into technology, managed supply and disposal systems and provided the funds to pay for them. This view has changed – beginning in the 1980s and increasing in the 1990s with growing moves towards privatisation of many aspects of the water sector. Underpinning this has been a shift away from seeing water as a public good that is essential for life, with subsidised supply provided as part of an overall welfare system, to a more market-oriented approach where the state, although still responsible for maintaining universal access to water services, uses market forces to meet this aim. The Business of Water and Sustainable Development aims to illustrate the range of approaches that will be necessary if the percentage of the global population having access to adequate and safe water and sanitation is to be increased in line with the brave assertions from Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development. Some of approaches will be large-scale "Western-style" improvements involving the creation of new business models, their effectiveness assessed by traditional approaches of fiscal and social analysis. Such schemes may be instigated and partly funded by governments, but are increasingly turning to the private sector for money and expertise. In contrast, many smaller communities would be better served by following another path to improved water supply and sanitation. Because of their size, location or traditions they may achieve better results through the adoption of local small-scale solutions. Non-governmental organisations have been very active in this area, but to extend their operations many are seeking to adopt a more business-like model. All water supply and waste disposal agencies, large or small, need to support and encourage continued research into technological solutions that seek out better, more sustainable ways to use our increasingly scarce supplies of good-quality fresh water.
Book Synopsis Privatization and Regulation of Transport Infrastructure in the 1990s by : Antonio Estache
Download or read book Privatization and Regulation of Transport Infrastructure in the 1990s written by Antonio Estache and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Learning to regulate fairly, effectively, and at arm's length may be the main challenge governments face in attracting private investment and financing to the transport sector"--Cover.
