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Reactivity Of The Hydroxyl Radical With Organic Matter
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Book Synopsis Reactivity of the Hydroxyl Radical with Organic Matter by : Garrett J. McKay
Download or read book Reactivity of the Hydroxyl Radical with Organic Matter written by Garrett J. McKay and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The goal of this study was to investigate some of the fundamental chemistry of the reactions between the hydroxyl radical and apply this knowledge to the treatment of chemical contaminants in real world waters. To accomplish this goal, the techniques of electron pulse radiolysis were used to quantify second-order rate constants for the reaction between the HO· radical and well characterized OM samples. Studies of HO· radical reactivity with model polyethylene glycol polymers were performed to help understand OM-HO· reactivity. Experiments using steady state radiolysis were performed in order to assess the effect of long-term, seasonal variability in OM composition on the degradation of probe compounds used as model chemical contaminants. In addition, the photochemical production of HO· from OM sensitization was also investigated.
Book Synopsis Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Gas-phase Reactions of the Hydroxyl Radical with Organic Compounds by : Roger Atkinson
Download or read book Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Gas-phase Reactions of the Hydroxyl Radical with Organic Compounds written by Roger Atkinson and published by American Institute of Physics. This book was released on 1989 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Reactivity of Hydroxyl Radical written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) that produce highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (HO·) are attractive and promising water and wastewater treatment technologies because HO· can destroy a variety of organic compounds. However, background dissolved organic matter (DOM) significantly reduces the performance of AOPs by scavenging HO·. The conventional experimental approach to identifying 'average' reactivity limits our mechanistic understanding of the reaction of HO· with complex mixture of surrogate DOM. This is the first study to use quantum mechanical methods to understand the elementary reactions of HO· with a model monomer of DOM. "Temple Northeastern Birmingham model" (TNB). The theoretically calculated aqueous-phase free energies of activation indicate that the functional groups in neighboring positions significantly affect the reactivity of HO· with each active site of the TNB model monomer of DOM.
Book Synopsis Kinetics and Products of the Reactions of Hydroxyl Radicals with Selected Volatile Organic Compounds, Including Oxygenated Compounds by : Heidi Lynn Bethel
Download or read book Kinetics and Products of the Reactions of Hydroxyl Radicals with Selected Volatile Organic Compounds, Including Oxygenated Compounds written by Heidi Lynn Bethel and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Reactions of the Hydroxyl Radical with Organic Compounds of Atmospheric Significance by : Phillip Ian Smurthwaite
Download or read book Reactions of the Hydroxyl Radical with Organic Compounds of Atmospheric Significance written by Phillip Ian Smurthwaite and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Photobiogeochemistry of Organic Matter by : Khan M.G. Mostofa
Download or read book Photobiogeochemistry of Organic Matter written by Khan M.G. Mostofa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-15 with total page 919 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photoinduced processes, caused by natural sunlight, are key functions for sustaining all living organisms through production and transformation of organic matter (OM) in the biosphere. Production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from OM is a primary step of photoinduced processes, because H2O2 acts as strong reductant and oxidant. It is potentially important in many aquatic reactions, also in association with photosynthesis. Allochthonous and autochthonous dissolved organic matter (DOM) can be involved into several photoinduced or biological processes. DOM subsequently undergoes several physical, chemical, photoinduced and biological processes, which can be affected by global warming. This book is uniquely structured to overview some vital issues, such as: DOM; H2O2 and ROOH; HO•; Degradation of DOM; CDOM, FDOM; Photosynthesis; Chlorophyll; Metal complexation, and Global warming, as well as their mutual interrelationships, based on updated scientific results.
Book Synopsis Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere by : Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts
Download or read book Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere written by Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1999-11-17 with total page 993 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here is the most comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of one of the hottest areas of chemical research. The treatment of fundamental kinetics and photochemistry will be highly useful to chemistry students and their instructors at the graduate level, as well as postdoctoral fellows entering this new, exciting, and well-funded field with a Ph.D. in a related discipline (e.g., analytical, organic, or physical chemistry, chemical physics, etc.). Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere provides postgraduate researchers and teachers with a uniquely detailed, comprehensive, and authoritative resource. The text bridges the "gap" between the fundamental chemistry of the earth's atmosphere and "real world" examples of its application to the development of sound scientific risk assessments and associated risk management control strategies for both tropospheric and stratospheric pollutants. Serves as a graduate textbook and "must have" reference for all atmospheric scientists Provides more than 5000 references to the literature through the end of 1998 Presents tables of new actinic flux data for the troposphere and stratospher (0-40km) Summarizes kinetic and photochemical date for the troposphere and stratosphere Features problems at the end of most chapters to enhance the book's use in teaching Includes applications of the OZIPR box model with comprehensive chemistry for student use
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Chemical Compounds by : T. E. Graedel
Download or read book Atmospheric Chemical Compounds written by T. E. Graedel and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 745 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical reference examines the structure and properties of the atmosphere, including listings of compounds in clouds, fog, rain, snow, and ice; a listing of compounds detected in the stratosphere; and a compendium of compounds in indoor air. An introduction to carcinogenicity and bioassay of atmospheric compounds is also presented. Readers will find the extensive cross-referencing especially useful--compounds can be located by chemical type, name, CAS registry number, or source.
Book Synopsis Reactivity of the Hydroxyl Radical in Aqueous Solutions by : Leon M. Dorfman
Download or read book Reactivity of the Hydroxyl Radical in Aqueous Solutions written by Leon M. Dorfman and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Frontiers of Free Radical Chemistry by : William Pryor
Download or read book Frontiers of Free Radical Chemistry written by William Pryor and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frontiers of Free Radical Chemistry covers the proceedings of the 1979 symposium on Frontiers of Free Radical Chemistry, held in Louisiana State University Chemistry Department, supported by the Exxon Education Foundation. The contributors discuss the mechanisms of hydrocarbon cracking; oxidation processes; inhibition; and the theory of organic radical reactions, halogenations, and organic peroxide chemistry. This book is organized into three parts encompassing 15 chapters. Part I deals with the understanding of molecular and free radical mechanisms in predicting thermochemical data for radicals and molecules. This part also describes the relationship between distortions of organic molecules and the reactions of pericyclic, ionic, and radical molecules. Part II presents quantitative evaluations of gas phase reactions or carbynes and hydrocarbon pyrolysis and cracking. Discussions on the reactions of free atoms and radicals in the chemistry of the stratosphere and natural troposphere, with an emphasis on the ozone layer and its potential depletion by artificial pollutants, are included in this part. Part III explores the pertinent free radical reactions related to fuel research. Petroleum chemists, researchers, and engineers will find this book invaluable.
Book Synopsis Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere by : Ralf Koppmann
Download or read book Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere written by Ralf Koppmann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every day, large quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted into the atmosphere from both anthropogenic and natural sources. The formation of gaseous and particulate secondary products caused by oxidation of VOCs is one of the largest unknowns in the quantitative prediction of the earth’s climate on a regional and global scale, and on the understanding of local air quality. To be able to model and control their impact, it is essential to understand the sources of VOCs, their distribution in the atmosphere and the chemical transformations which remove these compounds from the atmosphere. In recent years techniques for the analysis of organic compounds in the atmosphere have been developed to increase the spectrum of detectable compounds and their detection limits. New methods have been introduced to increase the time resolution of those measurements and to resolve more complex mixtures of organic compounds. Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere describes the current state of knowledge of the chemistry of VOCs as well as the methods and techniques to analyse gaseous and particulate organic compounds in the atmosphere. The aim is to provide an authoritative review to address the needs of both graduate students and active researchers in the field of atmospheric chemistry research.
Book Synopsis Dynamics in the Reactivity and Photochemical Production of Hydroxyl Radical in Treated Wastewater Effluent and Aquatic Dissolved Organic Matter by : Molly C. Semones
Download or read book Dynamics in the Reactivity and Photochemical Production of Hydroxyl Radical in Treated Wastewater Effluent and Aquatic Dissolved Organic Matter written by Molly C. Semones and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hydroxyl radical (HO•) is a photochemically generated species that is important in the attenuation of organic contaminants in sunlit natural surface waters and in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) used to treat drinking and wastewater. The steady state concentration of HO•, ([HO•]ss), in photochemical systems is typically measured indirectly using probe compounds. In this work, we investigate the use of caffeine as a photochemical probe for the detection of HO• in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) solutions derived from allochthonous and autochthonous precursors using both the first order and initial rates approach to kinetic analysis to determine [HO•]ss in aqueous solution. Values for [HO•]ss are found to agree within a factor of two of values measured using terepthalic acid (TPA), a well-established probe for the detection of HO•, in the identical DOM solutions. Additionally, we find that caffeine is more selective for HO• than previously believed since it does not appear to undergo reaction with long-lived reactive transients as was formerly presumed. The presence of nitrate in wastewater effluent could play an important role in the formation of HO•, and therefore also in the fate of contaminants in sunlit receiving waters. We investigate the interplay between HO• formation derived from both effluent dissolved organic matter (EfOM) and nitrate (NO3-). The assumption of little to no interaction between NO3- and EfOM during HO• production (RHO•), needed to determine the contribution of DOM to hydroxyl radical formation in waters containing NO3- without extracting EfOM from the wastewater, is invalid. We based our findings on measurements of RHO• and [HO•]ss using benzene and caffeine as HO• probes in both whole wastewater effluent and solutions of EfOM isolated by solid phase extraction from the same effluent sample. The RHO• value measured for the isolate in the absence of NO3- (0.074 ± 0.009 (SE) nM s-1) is 1.5 fold higher than that found for bulk, non-isolated EfOM (0.049 ± 0.026 (SE) nM s-1), which was calculated by subtracting the estimated contribution of NO3- to overall HO• production from the RHO• obtained for the Southerly whole wastewater. This difference calculated this way is not significantly different (a=0.05, p=0.39). We find that we are able to reproduce the RHO• found with benzene for Southerly wastewater effluent (0.199 ± 0.022 nM s-1) using a NO3-ROH• curve generated in a Southerly isolate solution (0.178 ± 0.011 nM s-1). Similarly, [HO•]ss values measured in Southerly whole wastewater effluent using caffeine as a probe compound (1.32 ± 0.096 fM) were comparable to measurements made in Southerly EfOM (1.50 ± 0.091 fM). We revise the ratio at which NO3- and DOM contribute equally in solution from the value reported by Vione et al. (2006) of 3.3 x 10-5 [(mol NO3-) (mg-C)-1]) upwards to 8.1 ± 1.5 x 10-5 [(mol NO3-) (mg-C)-1] based on the average of the ratios determined for the three DOM isolates used in this study. Values for [HO•]ss in IHSS isolate solutions and whole wastewater effluent determined by benzene and caffeine are in good agreement, which supports the use of caffeine as a credible HO• probe compound, subject to caveats detailed within this work, in both isolate solutions and whole water containing NO3-. Organic UV-filters are key ingredients found in sunscreens, cosmetics and plastic goods. Concerns have been raised about potential ecological and human health effects of certain organic UV filters that are currently FDA approved for use in the United States. Here, we investigate the photochemical fate of two of these compounds, oxybenzone and sulisobenzone. Both oxybenzone and sulisobenzone have previously been detected in surface waters, seawater, and treated wastewater effluent. Enhanced photodegradation of oxybenzone and sulisobenzone was observed under simulated solar irradiation in solutions of International Humic Substance Society standards (Pony Lake fulvic acid and Suwannee River Natural Organic Matter), filtered wastewater effluent (Southerly Wastewater Treatment Plant in Lockbourne, OH), and Scioto River water (Columbus, OH). Quenching experiments with isopropanol revealed that the main pathway for degradation appears to be reaction with the hydroxyl radical (HO•). Observed degradation rates were 2-3 times slower than estimates calculated using literature reported second-order rate constants and measured hydroxyl radical steady-state concentrations for SRNOM, PLFA and Scioto waters. The Southerly sample, however, exhibited nearly identical expected and observed rate constants, which we take to indicate the presence of unidentified reactive species that can react with oxybenzone and sulisobenzone. Values obtained in this work were used to calculate second-order rate constants for oxybenzone and sulisobenzone with the hydroxyl radical, as well as to estimate environmental half-lives for these compounds. Near surface 24-hour averaged half-lives of 3.0 and 4.0 days were calculated for oxybenzone and sulisobenzone,respectively. When extrapolated to an environmentally representative water column, these same 24-hour averaged half-lives increased to 2.4 and 3.5 years, respectively.
Book Synopsis Quantum Chemistry of Organic Compounds by : Vladimir I. Minkin
Download or read book Quantum Chemistry of Organic Compounds written by Vladimir I. Minkin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemistry is the science of substances (today we would say molecules) and their transformations. Central to this science is the complexity of shape and function of its typical representatives. There lies, no longer dependent on its vitalistic antecedents, the rich realm of molecular possibility called organic chemistry. In this century we have learned how to determine the three-dimensional structure of molecules. Now chemistry as whole, and organic chemistry in particular, is poised to move to the exploration of its dynamic dimension, the busy business of transformations or reactions. Oh, it has been done all along, for what else is synthesis? What I mean is that the theoretical framework accom panying organic chemistry, long and fruitfully laboring on a quantum chemical understanding of structure, is now making the first tentative motions toward building an organic theory of reactivity. The Minkin, Simkin, Minyaev book takes us in that direction. It incorporates the lessons of frontier orbital theory and of Hartree-Fock SCF calculations; what chemical physicists have learned about trajectory calculations of selected reactions, and a simplified treatment of all-important solvent effects. It is written by professional, accomplished organic chemists for other organic chemists; it is consistently even-toned in its presentation of contending approaches. And very much up to date. That this contemporary work should emerge from a regional university in a country in which science has been highly centralized and organic chemistry not very modern, invites reflection.
Book Synopsis Aquatic Humic Substances by : I. H. Suffet
Download or read book Aquatic Humic Substances written by I. H. Suffet and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 906 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here is a cohesive compilation of recent research results into the many aspects of water purification. Major sections cover the characterization and environmental impact of aquatic humic substances, their reactions in natural water and sediments, and their influences on water treatment. Topics examined include hazardous waste chemicals, water solubility enhancement, sorption, metal speciation, and photochemistry. Specific types of treatment processes are also described.
Book Synopsis Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment by : Suresh C. Ameta
Download or read book Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment written by Suresh C. Ameta and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-02-19 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Oxidation Processes for Waste Water Treatment: Emerging Green Chemical Technology is a complete resource covering the fundamentals and applications of all Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). This book presents the most up-to-date research on AOPs and makes the argument that AOPs offer an eco-friendly method of wastewater treatment. In addition to an overview of the fundamentals and applications, it details the reactive species involved, along with sections on reactor designs, thus helping readers understand and implement these methods. Presents in-depth coverage of all types of Advanced Oxidation Processes, including Super Critical Water Oxidation, Photo-Fenton and Like Processes Includes a fundamental review, applications, reactive species and reactor designs Reviews applications across waste types, including industrial waste, domestic and municipal sewage, and hospital wastes
Book Synopsis Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions And Mechanisms by : Maya Shankar Singh
Download or read book Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions And Mechanisms written by Maya Shankar Singh and published by Pearson Education India. This book was released on 2004-09 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions and Mechanisms covers the four types of reactions -- substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement; the three types of reagents -- nucleophiles, electrophiles and radicals; and the two effects -- electroni.
Book Synopsis Active Oxygen in Chemistry by : Christopher S. Foote
Download or read book Active Oxygen in Chemistry written by Christopher S. Foote and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this book and its counterpart, Active Oxygen in Biochemistry, explore the active research area of the chemistry and biochemistry of oxygen. Complementary but independent, the two volumes integrate subject areas including medicine, biology, chemistry, engineering, and environmental studies.
