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Quantitative Easing And Credit Rating Agencies
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Book Synopsis Quantitative Easing and Credit Rating Agencies by : Nordine Abidi
Download or read book Quantitative Easing and Credit Rating Agencies written by Nordine Abidi and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2022-06-03 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates the behaviour of credit rating agencies using a natural experiment in monetary policy. We exploit the corporate QE of the Eurosystem and its rating-based specific design which generates exogenous variation in the probability for a bond of becoming eligible for outright purchases. We show that after the launch of the policy, rating activity was concentrated precisely on the territory where the incentives of market participants are expected to be more sensitive to the policy design. Our findings contribute to better assessing the consequences of the explicit reliance on CRAs ratings by central banks when designing monetary policy. They also support the Covid-19 monetary stimulus, and in particular the waiver of private credit rating eligibility requirements applied to recently downgraded issuers.
Book Synopsis Ratings, Rating Agencies and the Global Financial System by : Richard M. Levich
Download or read book Ratings, Rating Agencies and the Global Financial System written by Richard M. Levich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ratings, Rating Agencies and the Global Financial System brings together the research of economists at New York University and the University of Maryland, along with those from the private sector, government bodies, and other universities. The first section of the volume focuses on the historical origins of the credit rating business and its present day industrial organization structure. The second section presents several empirical studies crafted largely around individual firm-level or bank-level data. These studies examine (a) the relationship between ratings and the default and recovery experience of corporate borrowers, (b) the comparability of credit ratings made by domestic and foreign rating agencies, and (c) the usefulness of financial market indicators for rating banks, among other topics. In the third section, the record of sovereign credit ratings in predicting financial crises and the reaction of financial markets to changes in credit ratings is examined. The final section of the volume emphasizes policy issues now facing regulators and credit rating agencies.
Book Synopsis Are Rating Agencies Powerful? An Investigation Into the Impact and Accuracy of Sovereign Ratings by : Mr.John Kiff
Download or read book Are Rating Agencies Powerful? An Investigation Into the Impact and Accuracy of Sovereign Ratings written by Mr.John Kiff and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We find that Credit Rating Agencies (CRA)'s opinions have an impact in the cost of funding of sovereign issuers and consequently ratings are a concern for financial stability. While ratings produced by the major CRAs perform reasonably well when it comes to rank ordering default risk among sovereigns, there is evidence of rating stability failure during the recent global financial crisis. These failures suggest that ratings should incorporate the obligor's resilience to stress scenarios. The empirical evidence also supports: (i) reform initiatives to reduce the impact of CRAs' certification services; (ii) more stringent validation requirements for ratings if they are to be used in capital regulations; and (iii) more transparency with regard to the quantitative parameters used in the rating process.
Book Synopsis The Economics of Credit Rating Agencies by : Francesco Sangiorgi
Download or read book The Economics of Credit Rating Agencies written by Francesco Sangiorgi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Economics of Credit Rating Agencies explores the economic and regulatory issues and frictions associated with credit rating agencies in the aftermath of the financial crisis. While ratings and other public signals are important, they can discourage independent due diligence and be a source of systemic risk. The authors highlight the diverse underlying views towards these competing approaches to reducing systemic risk and discuss the subtle contrasts between credit rating agencies and other types of due diligence providers, such as auditors, analysts and proxy-voting advisors. After an introduction, Section 2 provides a broad discussion of ratings in the regulatory framework, as well as how ratings potentially crowd out private information production and the risks associated with overreliance on ratings in market pricing. Section 3 contrasts credit rating agencies with alternative gatekeepers, such as auditors, analysts and proxy-voting advisers. Section 4 describes the difficulty of selling information and the underpinnings of the payment model for various financial information intermediaries under alternative assumptions. Section 5 discusses of rating agency analyst conflict of interest. An important aspect of credit ratings is the feedback effect that arises when a firm's behavior responds to the change in the cost of funding that is influenced by the rating. Feedback effects arise because of contractual triggers, but also through coordination and learning channels. Section 6 discusses these channels and especially the learning channel. Section 7 discusses selection issues including rating shopping and the contrast between solicited and unsolicited credit ratings. Section 8 contrasts ratings across products, including sovereign debt, and rating agencies. The nature of competition and the role of entry and reputation in the credit rating agency space are explored in Section 9. Section 10 examines why ratings matter, as well as techniques for identifying the real effects of ratings. The authors provide concluding observations and takeaways about rating agencies that emerged as a byproduct of the financial crisis in Section 11.
Book Synopsis The Rating Agencies and Their Credit Ratings by : Herwig M. Langohr
Download or read book The Rating Agencies and Their Credit Ratings written by Herwig M. Langohr and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title is a guide to ratings, the ratings industry, and the mechanics and economics of obtaining a rating. It sheds light on the role that the agencies play in the international financial markets.
Book Synopsis The Economics of Credit Rating Agencies by : Francesco Sangiorgi
Download or read book The Economics of Credit Rating Agencies written by Francesco Sangiorgi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We explore through both an economics and regulatory lens the frictions associated with credit rating agencies in the aftermath of the financial crisis. While ratings and other public signals are an efficient response to scale economies in information production, these also can discourage independent due diligence and be a source of systemic risk. Though Dodd-Frank pulls back on the regulatory use of ratings, it also promotes greater regulation of the rating agencies. We highlight the diverse underlying views towards these competing approaches to reducing systemic risk. Our monograph also discusses the subtle contrasts between credit rating agencies and other types of due diligence providers, such as auditors, analysts and proxy-voting advisors. We discuss the frictions associated with paying for information in the context of credit ratings; while the issuer-pay model has been identified as a major issue because of potential conflict of interests, we argue that it has several advantages over the investor-pay model in promoting market transparency. We develop a formal reputation model to explore the underlying nature of rating inflation and how the reputational trade-off is affected by various aspects of the rating process such as regulatory constraints, the fee structure, asymmetric information between issuers and investors and the extent of competition among rating agencies. The monograph also uses our illustrative framework to highlight tension between rating accuracy and economic efficiency when ratings influence project value in the presence of feedback effects. We discuss how selective disclosure of ratings by the issuer distorts the distribution of observed ratings. Selection also provides an alternative explanation for why solicited (purchased) ratings exceed unsolicited (complimentary) ratings and helps interpret the greater SEC support for unsolicited ratings in recent years as illustrating the theory of the second best. We explore the impact of greater competition on welfare, building upon a variety of frameworks. Our analysis points to several ways in which ratings matter as well as techniques for documenting such effects.
Book Synopsis The Governance of Credit Rating Agencies by : Andrea Miglionico
Download or read book The Governance of Credit Rating Agencies written by Andrea Miglionico and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2019 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global crisis revealed that credit rating agencies (CRAs) are capable of bringing about potential distortions in the financial sector, thereby resulting in a reduction in market confidence which, in turn, influences negotiations and expectations. CRAs need to be held accountable for lack of transparency and inaccurate ratings, however the existing regulatory framework does not secure adequate investor protection. This book provides a new and important contribution to research in the area, at a crucial time in the debate around financial regulation and investment regimes.
Book Synopsis The Role of Rating Agencies in Financial Crises by : Malte Henrik Klein
Download or read book The Role of Rating Agencies in Financial Crises written by Malte Henrik Klein and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2016-03-11 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bachelor Thesis from the year 2010 in the subject Economics - International Economic Relations, grade: 2.0, University of Osnabrück, language: English, abstract: To understand the roots of the capital markets and the rating agencies I want to start this Bachelor Thesis with a historical development. With introduction of the Issuer Pays Model and the proclamation of so called NRSROs there is the starting point for a long time discussion within the credit rating industry. Then I want to introduce the case of Enron, a former energy conglomerate which has been wrongly rated by the rating agencies. I want to investigate if there are any parallels to the crisis of 2007. I also want to understand and show the reasons and the structure of the crisis of 2007. So I will introduce the Subprime market and structured finance, as these topics were probably the triggers for the crisis. The main part of my thesis is to find an explanation for the performance of the credit rating agencies. I use a theoretical model which stresses the complexity of assets. The model says that the more complex an asset is, the harder it is to rate for the agencies. In opposite to that I want to compare the results of the theoretical model with an empirical study. I want to investigate if the theoretical model gets the same result as the empirical approach or if there are huge differences. At last I want to introduce some solution proposals by myself and think about further approaches.
Book Synopsis Credit Rating Agencies on the Watch List by : Raquel García Alcubilla
Download or read book Credit Rating Agencies on the Watch List written by Raquel García Alcubilla and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-03-29 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rating agencies judge how solvent banks and big companies are. Prior to the financial crisis they were too optimistic when rating the risk of the banks and this prompted politicians worldwide to issue new regulations. This book explains what rating agencies do, why they are so important for the economy, and the new European Regulation.
Book Synopsis Quantitative Easing by : Jonathan Ashworth
Download or read book Quantitative Easing written by Jonathan Ashworth and published by . This book was released on 2020-06-30 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a thorough and perspicacious analysis of quantitative easing, which has become a recovery method of last resort. While it was successful in stimulating growth, this strategy remains controversial and continues to promote widespread debate in economics, financial, and political economy circless.
Book Synopsis Rating Agencies and Their Role During the Financial Crisis by : Constantin Jäkel
Download or read book Rating Agencies and Their Role During the Financial Crisis written by Constantin Jäkel and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2011-07 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2011 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 1.3, Berlin School of Economics and Law, language: English, abstract: After the Asian crisis during the 1990s and the startling insolvencies of Enron and Parmalat, the recent financial crisis is one the most important trigger to raise doubt concerning the proper work of rating agencies. They are criticized because of their various conflicts of interest and obvious deficits in practicing their rating methods. The rating agencies should be jointly responsible for the emergence of the so-called bubble markets during the last couple of years. Because of these bubbles and their boom and burst effect, private as well as institutional investors lost enormous sums of assets and single countries were thrown into financial turmoil. Because of these facts, the discontent concerning the rating agencies grew. People took additional notice of their market power, which they only obtained because of their influence on the global capital flows and the use of ratings to regulate the financial markets. To particularize the issues, it is helpful to bring up the year 2007, when the delayed payments among the subprime loans became more frequent. This was due to the slower increase of the housing prices and the rising short-termed interest. Consequently, the rating agencies depreciated a lot of these structured financial products, many of which had received the highest seal of quality before (AAA). Those actions both led to a massive loss of confidence on the investors' side and a remarkable decline of liquidity. The former market of securitization products no longer existed. Influenced by this development and because they were considerable involved in this securitization business, a lot of banks also got into this downstream. In the first part of this term paper I will present some general facts about the rating agencies including their history of origins. Afterwards I will mention the process of rating and th
Book Synopsis Credit Rating Agencies. What Impact Do They Have and Do We Really Need Them? by : Alexej Eichmann
Download or read book Credit Rating Agencies. What Impact Do They Have and Do We Really Need Them? written by Alexej Eichmann and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2015-11-03 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fachbuch aus dem Jahr 2015 im Fachbereich VWL - Geldtheorie, Geldpolitik, Note: 1,3, FOM Essen, Hochschule für Oekonomie & Management gemeinnützige GmbH, Hochschulleitung Essen früher Fachhochschule, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: This assignment analyses the impact of Credit Rating Agencies on the financial market focusing on corporate institutions. In the case of Enron, a former American energy, commodities and services company, it received good credit ratings up until four days before bankruptcy. Other examples like Lehman Brothers or WorldCom show, that Moody's, S&P and Fitch still rated these companies as safe investments days before their bankruptcy. Credit Rating Agencies influence about 80% of the world market capital. The industry is dominated by S&P and Moody's which lead to a lack of competition. Ratings have an impact on the overall economic performance, recently proofed by the financial crisis caused in the US subprime mortgage market. The conflict of interest occurs from the issuer-pay model where almost all credit ratings are paid by the issuer of the instrument. CRAs are governed by the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) which established a "Code for Conduct Fundamentals" for CRAs, a voluntary code without enforcement mechanisms. Authorities have responded with a range of regulatory reforms. There is currently no consensus on a common set of reform. The overall rating agencies do not take any responsibility for damage caused to governments or investors.
Book Synopsis Credit Rating Agencies and Their Potential Impact on Developing Countries by : Marwan Elkhoury
Download or read book Credit Rating Agencies and Their Potential Impact on Developing Countries written by Marwan Elkhoury and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Contemporary Issues In The Post-crisis Regulatory Landscape by : Imad A Moosa
Download or read book Contemporary Issues In The Post-crisis Regulatory Landscape written by Imad A Moosa and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book deals with contemporary issues in financial regulation, given the post-crisis regulatory landscape. The major idea put forward is that rampant corruption and fraud in the financial sector provide the main justification for financial regulation. Specific issues that are dealt with include the proposition that the Efficient Market Hypothesis was both a cause and a casualty of the global financial crisis. The book also examines the regulation of remuneration in the financial sector, credit rating agencies and shadow banking. Also considered is financial reform in Iceland and the proposal to move away from fractional reserve banking to a system of sovereign money. A macroeconomic/regulatory issue that is also considered is quantitative easing and the resulting environment of ultra-low interest rates.
Book Synopsis Regulating Credit Rating Agencies by : Aline Darbellay
Download or read book Regulating Credit Rating Agencies written by Aline Darbellay and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This highly topical book examines how the leading credit rating agencies - Moody's, Standard & Poor's and Fitch - have risen to prominence in the wake of the financial crisis. It investigates how the Big Three have become ever more profitable even though the quality of their ratings has declined and rating scandals have tarnished their reputation. After a century of being left quasi-unregulated the rating industry is now subject to sweeping reforms. This informative study analyzes the post-crisis overhaul in the United States and the European Union. The focus lies on the interactions between regulatory intervention and competitive incentives among the Big Three. This book highlights the challenges faced by policymakers trying to regulate the rating industry and simultaneously decrease over-reliance on ratings. Regulating Credit Rating Agencies will appeal to academics in law and economics, practitioners, policymakers, lawmakers and regulators. Contents Foreword Part I: Prelude to the Credit Rating Industry 1. Introduction 2. History of Credit Rating Agencies 3. Description of the Credit Rating Industry Part II: Regulatory Structure 4. Rating-based Regulations 5. Regulatory Treatment of Credit Rating Agencies 6. Regulatory Trends Part III: Uses and Abuses of Credit Ratings in Structured Finance 7. Growth of the Structured Finance Segment 8. Wrong Incentives in the Credit Rating Industry 9. Regulatory Response to the Problems of Structured Finance Ratings Part IV: System-wide Effects of Credit Rating Downgrades 10. System-relevance of Credit Ratings 11. Market Reactions to Credit Rating Downgrades and their Consequences 12. Regulatory Response to the Systemic Issue Part V: Trends and Outlook 13. Restoring Competition in the Credit Rating Industry 14. Concluding Remarks Bibliography Index
Book Synopsis The Economics of Credit Rating Agencies by : Amadeus Gabriel
Download or read book The Economics of Credit Rating Agencies written by Amadeus Gabriel and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis explores the question of how credit rating agencies became financial market authorities and studies subsequently their contribution to the current financial crisis. The prerequisites for the growth of the credit rating industry have been set by government officials. Governments and similar institutions not only attributed ''regulatory'' licenses to credit rating agencies, thereby creating an income guarantee, but they are also the most important driver of the explosion in securities which require a rating. Credit rating agencies became financial market authorities because governments and policy-makers were in favor of it. International and domestic regulatory authorities created incentives to purchase sovereign debt, either directly or indirectly via the use of credit ratings. Financial regulations incentivized banks to hold large amounts of highly rated debts, i.e. government obligations until the occurrence of structured finance. These conditions significantly reduced the cost of debt for the banking sector through lower equity and provided more favorable refinancing costs for governments despite their high debt levels. However, the main reason for the financial fragility is monetary policy. Fractional-reserve banking and fiat money at a global scale since the 1970s increased moral hazard and excessive risk-taking in financial markets. Taking these factors into account, this thesis studies the role of credit rating agencies in the current financial crisis and sketches practical implications for the rating industry based on the findings of the work at hand.
Book Synopsis The Federal Reserve System Purposes and Functions by : Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
Download or read book The Federal Reserve System Purposes and Functions written by Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an in-depth overview of the Federal Reserve System, including information about monetary policy and the economy, the Federal Reserve in the international sphere, supervision and regulation, consumer and community affairs and services offered by Reserve Banks. Contains several appendixes, including a brief explanation of Federal Reserve regulations, a glossary of terms, and a list of additional publications.
