Quantification Of Loss In Yield For Alfalfa Medicago Sativa Infested By The Potato Leafhopper Empoasca Fabae

Author : Christopher M. Ranger
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (574 download)

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Download or read book The Chemical Mechanism for Defense of Glandular-haired Alfalfa, Medicago Sativa L., Against the Potato Leafhopper, Empoasca Fabae (Harris) written by Christopher M. Ranger and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nonvolatile and volatile compounds from glandular-haired alfalfa genotype, Medicago sativa cv. 'G98A', were identified and bioassayed for their ability to affect preference behavior of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris). Two-choice bioassays of nonvolatile trichome compounds determined leafhoppers preferred to settle on crude nonglandular trichome extracts from susceptible M. sativa cv. 'Ranger' over glandular trichome extracts from G98A. A nonpolar solvent, such as ethanol, was most effective in extracting biologically-active compounds. Trichome extracts from G98A also exhibited dose-dependent deterrency, such that an increase in extract concentration corresponded with increased leafhopper avoidance. Mass spectral analysis determined a homologous series of nonvolatile fatty acid amides C n H 2n+1 NO (n = 19-23) were major components of glandular trichome extracts from G98A, but were absent in trichome extracts from Ranger and the less resistant M. sativa cv. 'G98C'. When crude G98A trichome extracts were fractionated and bioassayed, a fraction of intermediate polarity exhibited strong, dose-dependent deterrency. However, by limiting contact with the deterrent fraction to only the leafhoppers stylets, it was determined that contact with nonstylet appendages was necessary for activity. Fatty acid amides were major components of the active fraction, and trace components were C12:0 through C18:0, and C18:1, free fatty acids. Activity slightly declined following removal of the free fatty acids. Purified fatty acid amides continued to deter leafhopper settling, and supplementation with authentic C 12:0-C18:0, and C18:1 free fatty acids resulted in increased activity. But, the free fatty acids alone were not deterrent. Mass spectral studies identified the major series of homologous fatty acid amides from G98A as N -(3-methylbutyl)amides of C14:0 through C18:0 fatty acids, and minor components as a homologous series of N-(methylpropyl)amides of C14:0 through C18:0 fatty acids. N -(3-methylbutyl)amide of linoleic acid (C18:2) was also present in trace amounts, as were C12:0 through C18:0, and C18:1, free fatty acids. A mixture of synthetic N -(3-methylbutyl)amides of C14:0-C18:0 did not exhibit dose-dependent deterrency, nor did a mixture of N -(methylpropyl)amides of C14:0-C18:0. In contrast, when tested singly, N -(3-methylbutyl)amide of linoleic acid (C18:2) exhibited dose-dependent settling deterrency. To assess the role of volatiles in leafhopper resistance, stem, leaf, and whole plant volatiles were collected using vacuum steam distillation and head-space analysis from G98A and Ranger: 1-Octen-3-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate were the most predominant compounds in steam distillates from both plant selections, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was a major component in head-space samples. No volatiles were unique to either G98A or Ranger, but (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and 1-octen-3-ol were frequently collected in lower amounts from G98A compared to Ranger. In two-choice bioassays, potato leafhoppers oriented towards leaf steam distillates and head-space samples from Ranger over G98A. However, leafhoppers were not attracted to synthetic (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate or 1-octen-3-ol when tested singly against a solvent control.