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Proton Conductivity Of Graphene Based Nafionr Catalyst Layer For Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
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Book Synopsis Proton Conductivity of Graphene-based Nafion® Catalyst Layer for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell by : Aamer Khan
Download or read book Proton Conductivity of Graphene-based Nafion® Catalyst Layer for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell written by Aamer Khan and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are the most assuring alternative power sources for a clean energy/environmental future, however, performance needs to be improved for large-scale commercialization. One of major current technical challenges is limited proton conductivity in catalyst layers. Recent emerging material, i.e., graphene, has a great potential to improve key transport properties including proton conductivity throughout the unique two dimensional structure, large effective surface area, and anticipated enhanced surface transport phenomena. Graphene, carbon black (CB) and carbon nano tubes (CNT) are used as additives in the catalyst layer in order to improve and compare the proton conductivity. The additives were implemented to the Nafion® solution variable wt. %, which were sprayed over Nafion® membrane as test samples. For the proton conductivity measurement, the test samples were sandwiched between the two electrodes maintaining a uniform pressure to ensure the uniform mechanical/electrical contact between the electrodes and samples. This cell assembly was tested using a potentiometer, and the obtained impedance was analyzed through the Nyquist plot at specified conditions of current voltage range. The experimental results show that the proton conductivity enhancement increases with the increasing graphene content. The enhancement is also compared to those of CB- and CNT-based membrane, showing that graphene-based Nafion® membrane provides higher proton conductivity than the CB-based Nafion® membrane. This may be related to the unique graphene structures, and the further studies will be needed to articulate the role of the graphene on the proton conductivity. The results thus obtained, provide an insight into finding an optimal material for improving the proton transport of PEM aiming at the optimal catalyst layer material design.
Book Synopsis Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells by : Inamuddin
Download or read book Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells written by Inamuddin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-03-21 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS Edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team, this book provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogen production, conversion, and storage, offering the scientific literature a comprehensive coverage of this important fuel. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are among the most anticipated stationary clean energy devices in renewable and alternative energy. Despite the appreciable improvement in their cost and durability, which are the two major commercialization barriers, their availability has not matched demand. This is mainly due to the use of expensive metal-catalyst, less durable membranes, and poor insight into the ongoing phenomena inside proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Efforts are being made to optimize the use of precious metals as catalyst layers or find alternatives that can be durable for more than 5000 hours. Computational models are also being developed and studied to get an insight into the shortcomings and provide solutions. The announcement by various companies that they will be producing proton exchange membrane fuel cells-based cars by 2025 has accelerated the current research on proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The breakthrough is urgently needed. The membranes, catalysts, polymer electrolytes, and especially the understanding of diffusion layers, need thorough revision and improvement to achieve the target. This exciting breakthrough volume explores these challenges and offers solutions for the industry. Whether for the student, veteran engineer, new hire, or other industry professionals, this is a must-have for any library.
Book Synopsis Membranes for Low Temperature Fuel Cells by : Surbhi Sharma
Download or read book Membranes for Low Temperature Fuel Cells written by Surbhi Sharma and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-06-04 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Membranes for Low Temperature Fuel Cells provides a comprehensive review of novel and state-of-the-art polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) membranes. The author highlights requirements and considerations for a membrane as an integral part of PEMFC and its interactions with other components. It is an indispensible resource for anyone interested in new PEMFC membrane materials and concerned with the development, optimisation and testing of such membranes. Various composite membranes (polymer and non-polymer) are discussed along with analyses of the latest fi ller materials like graphene, ionic liquids, polymeric ionic liquids, nanostructured metal oxides and membrane concepts unfolding in the field of PEMFC. This book provides the latest academic and technical developments in PEMFC membranes with thorough insights into various preparation, characterisation, and testing methods utilised. Factors affecting proton conduction, water adsorption, and transportation behaviour of membranes are also deliberated upon. Provides the latest academic and technical developments in PEMFC membranes. Reviews recent literature on ex situ studies and in situ single-cell and stack tests investigating the durability (chemical, thermomechanical) and degradation of membranes. Surbhi Sharma, MSc, PhD Working on graphene oxide and fuel cells since 2007, she has published about 50 research articles/book chapters and holds a patent. She has also been awarded various research grants.
Download or read book PEM Fuel Cells written by Yun Wang and published by Momentum Press. This book was released on 2013-04-06 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells convert chemical energy in hydrogen into electrical energy with water as the only by-product. Thus, PEM fuel cells hold great promise to reduce both pollutant emissions and dependency on fossil fuels, especially for transportation—passenger cars, utility vehicles, and buses—and small-scale stationary and portable power generators. But one of the greatest challenges to realizing the high efficiency and zero emissions potential of PEM fuel cells technology is heat and water management. This book provides an introduction to the essential concepts for effective thermal and water management in PEM fuel cells and an assessment on the current status of fundamental research in this field. The book offers you: • An overview of current energy and environmental challenges and their imperatives for the development of renewable energy resources, including discussion of the role of PEM fuel cells in addressing these issues; • Reviews of basic principles pertaining to PEM fuel cells, including thermodynamics, electrochemical reaction kinetics, flow, heat and mass transfer; and • Descriptions and discussions of water transport and management within a PEM fuel cell, including vapor- and liquid-phase water removal from the electrodes, the effects of two-phase flow, and solid water or ice dynamics and removal, particularly the specialized case of starting a PEM fuel cell at sub-freezing temperatures (cold start) and the various processes related to ice formation.
Book Synopsis Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers 18 (PEFC&E 18) by : D. J. Jones
Download or read book Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers 18 (PEFC&E 18) written by D. J. Jones and published by The Electrochemical Society. This book was released on 2018-09-21 with total page 745 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Principles of Fuel Cells by : Xianguo Li
Download or read book Principles of Fuel Cells written by Xianguo Li and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-12-22 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is engineering oriented and covers a large variety of topics ranging from fundamental principles to performance evaluation and applications. It is written systematically and completely on the subject with a summary of state-of-the-art fuel cell technology, filling the need for a timely resource. This is a unique book serving academic researchers, engineers, as well as people working in the fuel cell industry. It is also of substantial interest to students, engineers, and scientists in mechanical engineering, chemistry and chemical engineering, electrochemistry, materials science and engineering, power generation and propulsion systems, and automobile engineering.
Book Synopsis Development and Characterization of Graphene-based Microporous Layers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells by : Adnan Ozden
Download or read book Development and Characterization of Graphene-based Microporous Layers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells written by Adnan Ozden and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is an energy-conversion device that converts the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen into electricity directly through electrochemical reactions with only water and heat as reaction by-products. Over the last decade, PEM fuel cell technology has been considerably advanced, with remaining technical and scientific challenges to be overcome for further improvements in performance, durability, stability, and cost. For example, specifically for end-use applications, fuel cell system is equipped with an external humidifier to ensure an adequate level of humidification for the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). However, such a humidification methodology not only increases the weight, complexity, and manufacturing cost of the fuel cell system, but also substantially reduces its overall energy-conversion efficiency through increased parasitic power consumption. Thus, if an adequate level of humidification could be met without using an external humidifier, then the eventual system cost, weight, and complexity could be reduced substantially, and such an improvement would certainly pave the way towards the widespread commercialization of this technology. Such a target could be achieved through a well-designed MEA architecture, which can maintain sufficient humidification, regardless of operating conditions. In this context, as a key component in the management of water (and to a lesser degree, heat) for improved performance, stability, and durability of PEM fuel cells under a wide range of operating conditions, microporous layer (MPL) should be designed to ensure self-humidification for the MEA. In recent years, the criticality of MPLs to water management has been progressively recognized, which further confirmed through promising cell performance characteristics obtained from the laboratory-scale investigations. However, further improvement requires further breakthroughs, particularly in the development and implementation of alternative MPL materials. The performance of MPLs depends to a large extent on their morphological, microstructural, physical, and electrochemical characteristics, which are, in turn, governed by the specifications of their materials, typically a carbon or carbon-derived powder and a polymeric binder. Owing to their favorable features, i.e., high electrical and thermal conductivity, high corrosion resistance, and wide availability and hence affordability, various types of carbon-based materials, such as Vulcan® XC-72R, Ketjenblack® EC-300J, Ketjenblack® EC-600JD, Black Pearls® 2000, and Hicon Black®, have been employed as primary MPL materials, albeit with their widely known drawbacks in terms of morphological degradation during continuous cell operation. In addition, MPLs made of these conventional carbon powders can only provide promising performance under a very limited range of operating conditions, which is not fully satisfactory for practical applications. As an alternative to conventional carbon/carbon-derived materials, graphene, a monolayer of carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional (2D) lattice, would be an appealing material, due to its unique characteristics, including extremely high single-particle electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, high surface area, and high mechanical stiffness and elasticity, and many others. Graphene flakes are also prone to stack horizontally and built up a well-connected and smooth layer. Thus, placement of such a compact and smooth layer between the catalyst layer (CL) and the gas diffusion layer (GDL) could reasonably boost the catalyst utilization (by preventing migration of precious catalyst nanoparticles into the GDL), improve interfacial characteristics, and facilitate heat transport in the in- and through-plane directions. In this thesis, graphene is therefore considered to be an alternative MPL material. Accordingly, graphene-based MPLs are prepared and characterized through morphological, microstructural, physical, and electrochemical characterizations to reveal many of their unexplored characteristics. Cell performances of the graphene-based MPLs are also investigated for the first time in a scaled-up PEM fuel cell. Comparison studies are conducted with an MPL made of an extensively used commercial carbon-based material, Ketjenblack. The results indicate that the graphene-based MPL has a unique morphology composed of firmly and horizontally packaged graphene flakes that substantially improves water management, electron transport, catalyst activity and catalyst utilization. Due to such a desirable morphology, the graphene-based MPL demonstrates comparable performance to the one made of Ketjenblack under high-humidity operation, while exhibits excellent performance superiorities (up to a peak power density of about 53% better than the conventional carbon-based MPL (Ketjenblack)), specifically under low- and intermediate-humidity operation. Overall, the graphene-based MPL is found to have a significant potential to meet the performance demand under low-, intermediate-, and high-humidity conditions, thereby potentially eliminating the dependence of PEM fuel cells on external humidifiers.
Download or read book PEM Fuel Cells written by Gurbinder Kaur and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-16 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PEM Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Advanced Technologies, and Practical Application provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles of PEM fuel cell, their working condition and application, and the latest breakthroughs and challenges for fuel cell technology. Each chapter follows a systematic and consistent structure with clear illustrations and diagrams for easy understanding. The opening chapters address the basics of PEM technology; stacking and membrane electrode assembly for PEM, degradation mechanisms of electrocatalysts, platinum dissolution and redeposition, carbon-support corrosion, bipolar plates and carbon nanotubes for the PEM, and gas diffusion layers. Thermodynamics, operating conditions, and electrochemistry address fuel cell efficiency and the fundamental workings of the PEM. Instruments and techniques for testing and diagnosis are then presented alongside practical tests. Dedicated chapters explain how to use MATLAB and COMSOL to conduct simulation and modeling of catalysts, gas diffusion layers, assembly, and membrane. Degradation and failure modes are discussed in detail, providing strategies and protocols for mitigation. High-temperature PEMs are also examined, as are the fundamentals of EIS. Critically, the environmental impact and life cycle of the production and storage of hydrogen are addressed, as are the risk and durability issues of PEMFC technology. Dedicated chapters are presented on the economics and commercialization of PEMFCs, including discussion of installation costs, initial capital costs, and the regulatory frameworks; apart from this, there is a separate chapter on their application to the automotive industry. Finally, future challenges and applications are considered. PEM Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Advanced Technologies, and Practical Application provides an in-depth and comprehensive reference on every aspect of PEM fuel cells fundamentals, ideal for researchers, graduates, and students. - Presents the fundamentals of PEM fuel cell technology, electrolytes, membranes, modeling, conductivity, recent trends, and future applications - Addresses commercialization, public policy, and the environmental impacts of PEMFC in dedicated chapters - Presents state-of-the-art PEMFC research alongside the underlying concepts
Book Synopsis Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability by : Felix N. Büchi
Download or read book Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability written by Felix N. Büchi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-02-08 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers a significant number of R&D projects, performed mostly after 2000, devoted to the understanding and prevention of performance degradation processes in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). The extent and severity of performance degradation processes in PEFCs were recognized rather gradually. Indeed, the recognition overlapped with a significant number of industrial dem- strations of fuel cell powered vehicles, which would suggest a degree of technology maturity beyond the resaolution of fundamental failure mechanisms. An intriguing question, therefore, is why has there been this apparent delay in addressing fun- mental performance stability requirements. The apparent answer is that testing of the power system under fully realistic operation conditions was one prerequisite for revealing the nature and extent of some key modes of PEFC stack failure. Such modes of failure were not exposed to a similar degree, or not at all, in earlier tests of PEFC stacks which were not performed under fully relevant conditions, parti- larly such tests which did not include multiple on–off and/or high power–low power cycles typical for transportation and mobile power applications of PEFCs. Long-term testing of PEFCs reported in the early 1990s by both Los Alamos National Laboratory and Ballard Power was performed under conditions of c- stant cell voltage, typically near the maximum power point of the PEFC.
Book Synopsis High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells by : Qingfeng Li
Download or read book High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells written by Qingfeng Li and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-15 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a comprehensive review of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). PEMFCs are the preferred fuel cells for a variety of applications such as automobiles, cogeneration of heat and power units, emergency power and portable electronics. The first 5 chapters of the book describe rationalization and illustration of approaches to high temperature PEM systems. Chapters 6 - 13 are devoted to fabrication, optimization and characterization of phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole membranes, the very first electrolyte system that has demonstrated the concept of and motivated extensive research activity in the field. The last 11 chapters summarize the state-of-the-art of technological development of high temperature-PEMFCs based on acid doped PBI membranes including catalysts, electrodes, MEAs, bipolar plates, modelling, stacking, diagnostics and applications.
Book Synopsis A Study on Nafion® Nanocomposite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells by : Vinay Kumar Adigoppula
Download or read book A Study on Nafion® Nanocomposite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells written by Vinay Kumar Adigoppula and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a rise in demand for electricity and depletion of fossil fuel levels, researchers are looking for an alternative resource to generate power, one which is more environmentally friendly. Fuel cells are one of the best alternatives presently available and are considered by many to be the most promising energy sources with efficiencies of up to 60%. Presently, the cost associated with the usage of fuel cells available in the market is quite high. Researchers are trying to bring down costs associated with their usage and improve efficiency. PEM fuel cells are one of the most promising types of fuel cells. Researchers are currently trying to improve its efficiency by improving its electrolyte. Nafion® is one of the main electrolyte used in PEM fuel cells as it acts as proton conductor. Graphene has an exceptionally high surface area to volume ratio and excellent strength. Current research is focused on integrating graphene in PEM fuel cell electrolytes to improve performance. In this study, graphene is added to Nafion® in varying weight percentages to study the performance of the fuel cell given these changes. The graphene weight percentage is varied by 1, 2, 3, and 4. The fuel cell was operated and it was observed that with the addition of graphene there is an improvement in voltage, proton conductivity, and electron conductivity of the PEM fuel cell. The improvement of proton conductivity and electron conductivity followed a linear path with the increase in graphene weight percentage in the Nafion®. Physical properties of the Nafion® membrane with additional graphene were measured and found out that dielectric constant and thermal conductivity also improved linearly with an increase in graphene weight percentage.
Book Synopsis Graphene as an Electrode Support Material in Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells by : Huseyin Sarialtin
Download or read book Graphene as an Electrode Support Material in Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells written by Huseyin Sarialtin and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nanomaterials for Alcohol Fuel Cells by : Inamuddin
Download or read book Nanomaterials for Alcohol Fuel Cells written by Inamuddin and published by Materials Research Forum LLC. This book was released on 2019-05-25 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol fuel cells are very attractive as power sources for mobile and portable applications. As they convert the chemical energy of fuels into electricity, much recent research is directed at developing suitable and efficient catalysts for the process. The present book focuses on pertinent types of nanomaterial-based catalysts, membranes and supports.
Book Synopsis Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 15 (PEFC 15) by : H. A. Gasteiger
Download or read book Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 15 (PEFC 15) written by H. A. Gasteiger and published by The Electrochemical Society. This book was released on 2015 with total page 1391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Progress and Recent Trends in Microbial Fuel Cells by : Patit Paban Kundu
Download or read book Progress and Recent Trends in Microbial Fuel Cells written by Patit Paban Kundu and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-06-07 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Progress and Recent Trends in Microbial Fuel Cells provides an in-depth analysis of the fundamentals, working principles, applications and advancements (including commercialization aspects) made in the field of Microbial Fuel Cells research, with critical analyses and opinions from experts around the world. Microbial Fuel cell, as a potential alternative energy harnessing device, has been progressing steadily towards fruitful commercialization. Involvements of electrolyte membranes and catalysts have been two of the most critical factors toward achieving this progress. Added applications of MFCs in areas of bio-hydrogen production and wastewater treatment have made this technology extremely attractive and important. . - Reviews and compares MFCs with other alternative energy harnessing devices, particularly in comparison to other fuel cells - Analyses developments of electrolyte membranes, electrodes, catalysts and biocatalysts as critical components of MFCs, responsible for their present and future progress - Includes commercial aspects of MFCs in terms of (i) generation of electricity, (ii) microbial electrolysis cell, (iii) microbial desalination cell, and (iv) wastewater and sludge treatment
Book Synopsis PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers by : Jiujun Zhang
Download or read book PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers written by Jiujun Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-26 with total page 1147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are promising clean energy converting devices with high efficiency and low to zero emissions. Such power sources can be used in transportation, stationary, portable and micro power applications. The key components of these fuel cells are catalysts and catalyst layers. “PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers” provides a comprehensive, in-depth survey of the field, presented by internationally renowned fuel cell scientists. The opening chapters introduce the fundamentals of electrochemical theory and fuel cell catalysis. Later chapters investigate the synthesis, characterization, and activity validation of PEM fuel cell catalysts. Further chapters describe in detail the integration of the electrocatalyst/catalyst layers into the fuel cell, and their performance validation. Researchers and engineers in the fuel cell industry will find this book a valuable resource, as will students of electrochemical engineering and catalyst synthesis.
Book Synopsis Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance of Graphene Nanoflakes as a Non-noble Metal Catalyst in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells by : Pierre Pascone
Download or read book Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance of Graphene Nanoflakes as a Non-noble Metal Catalyst in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells written by Pierre Pascone and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "One of the goals in catalyst research for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is to find a cost-efficient alternative to platinum. Due to sluggish kinetics, the major requirement of the platinum comes from the catalyst layer used for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Functionalized carbon nanomaterials present themselves as good candidates for the replacement of platinum due to their low cost, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical resistance to acidic and basic environments. In this work, graphene nanoflakes (GNFs), which are nanopowders consisting of stacked graphene sheets, were used to support atomic iron as a non-noble metal catalyst. In the first stage of the study the iron-based catalyst was synthesized. Synthesis steps include the production of GNFs in methane plasma, adsorption of ferric acetate, and pyrolysis in ammonia-rich atmosphere. The catalyst structure was characterized at various stages throughout the synthesis steps and it was found that 0.28 atomic percent of iron could successfully be incorporated onto the surface. However, the synthesis method employed caused a general decrease to all calculated crystallinity parameters: purity decreased by 28%, crystallite size decreased by a factor of 2, and the average length of graphene plane decreased by a factor of 4. Characterization was also performed on the catalyst layer after it had been exposed to the PEMFC environment, revealing that the crystallinity parameters actually improved with respect to exposure time: after 100 hours purity increased by 32%, crystallite size increased by 25%, and the average length of graphene plane increased by 107%. Exposure to the PEMFC environment repairs the damage done to the original GNFs during the synthesis steps. The synthesized catalyst was used in the catalyst layer for the ORR of a PEMFC with a 1 cm2 active surface. A current of 150 mA/cm2 was observed at an applied voltage of 0.5 Volts with a catalyst loading of 1 mg. When the current is normalized with respect to the amount of metal present, the result of 11.8 A/mg of metal catalyst from the present catalyst out-performs most platinum-based catalysts being used in industry; current platinum catalyst have values ranging from 3 to 14 A/mg of platinum. In stability experiments, no losses were observed at the end of 100-hours long experiments performed at an applied voltage of 0.5 Volts. This represents a great improvement over comparable iron-based catalysts, which show a 45% loss under identical test conditions. The increased stability of the catalyst support structure demonstrates the advantage of the high crystallinity and large crystalline lengths of the GNFs in comparison to other commercial carbon blacks." --
