Profession Of Conscience

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The Conscience Code

Author : G. Richard Shell
Publisher : HarperCollins Leadership
ISBN 13 : 1400221145
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis The Conscience Code by : G. Richard Shell

Download or read book The Conscience Code written by G. Richard Shell and published by HarperCollins Leadership. This book was released on 2021-06-08 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Conscience Code is a practical guide to creating workplaces where everyone can thrive. Surveys show that more than 40% of employees report seeing ethical misconduct at work, and most fail to report it--killing office morale and allowing the wrong people to set the example. Collegiate professor G. Richard Shell has heard work misconduct stories from his MBA students which inspired him to create this helpful guide for navigating these nuances. Shell created?this book?to point to a better path: recognize that these conflicts are coming, learn to spot them, then follow a research-based, step-by-step approach for resolving them skillfully.?By committing to the Code, you can replace regret with long-term career success as a leader of conscience. In The Conscience Code, Shell shares tips and facts that: Solves a crucial problem faced by professionals everywhere: What should they do when they are asked to compromise their core values to achieve organizational goals? Teaches readers to recognize and overcome the five organizational forces that push people toward actions they later regret. Lays out a systematic, values-to-action process that people at all levels can follow to maintain their integrity while achieving true success in their lives and careers. Driven by dramatic, real-world examples from Shell's classroom, today's headlines, and classic cases of corporate wrongdoing, The Conscience Code shows how to create value-based workplaces where everyone can thrive.

Conscience of a Profession

Author : Howard Swan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Conscience of a Profession by : Howard Swan

Download or read book Conscience of a Profession written by Howard Swan and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Profession of Conscience

Author : Robert H. Sprinkle
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781400821587
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (215 download)

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Book Synopsis Profession of Conscience by : Robert H. Sprinkle

Download or read book Profession of Conscience written by Robert H. Sprinkle and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 1994-10-31 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What happens to a profession that loses the memory of its moral independence? And what happens then to those reliant on its honor, its advocacy, its initiative? In an era of biotechnological adventure, medical audacity, ecological disruption, fiscal strain, and financial temptation, these are urgent questions for all life scientists and for all they serve. Profession of Conscience is an exposition, analysis, and application of a political-ethical tradition in, of, and for the life sciences, from molecular genetics to clinical medicine to environmental biology. The goal is avoidance of the fate of physics--the previous "super science"--whose technological transformations several generations ago so enhanced its political and economic value to governments, societies, and corporations that it lost control of its own conduct. Profession of Conscience discovers within the life sciences a long-evolving profession-specific standard for political action and activism, tracing it from conception in Hellenic and Roman imperial times, through birth and baptism in the Scientific Revolution, then through a naïvely optimistic adolescence in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and finally into a self-conscious maturity, solemnized at the Nuremberg Trials but tested ever more subtly since, even down to the present day. The protagonist is a set of ideas. The product is "life-sciences liberalism."

Conflicts of Conscience in Health Care

Author : Holly Fernandez Lynch
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262263637
Total Pages : 363 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (622 download)

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Book Synopsis Conflicts of Conscience in Health Care by : Holly Fernandez Lynch

Download or read book Conflicts of Conscience in Health Care written by Holly Fernandez Lynch and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2010-08-13 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A balanced proposal that protects both a patient's access to care and a physician's ability to refuse to provide certain services for reasons of conscience. Physicians in the United States who refuse to perform a variety of legally permissible medical services because of their own moral objections are often protected by “conscience clauses.” These laws, on the books in nearly every state since the legalization of abortion by Roe v. Wade, shield physicians and other health professionals from such potential consequences of refusal as liability and dismissal. While some praise conscience clauses as protecting important freedoms, opponents, concerned with patient access to care, argue that professional refusals should be tolerated only when they are based on valid medical grounds. In Conflicts of Conscience in Health Care, Holly Fernandez Lynch finds a way around the polarizing rhetoric associated with this issue by proposing a compromise that protects both a patient's access to care and a physician's ability to refuse. This focus on compromise is crucial, as new uses of medical technology expand the controversy beyond abortion and contraception to reach an increasing number of doctors and patients. Lynch argues that doctor-patient matching on the basis of personal moral values would eliminate, or at least minimize, many conflicts of conscience, and suggests that state licensing boards facilitate this goal. Licensing boards would be responsible for balancing the interests of doctors and patients by ensuring a sufficient number of willing physicians such that no physician's refusal leaves a patient entirely without access to desired medical services. This proposed solution, Lynch argues, accommodates patients' freedoms while leaving important room in the profession for individuals who find some of the capabilities of medical technology to be ethically objectionable.

Cultivating Conscience

Author : Lynn Stout
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 140083600X
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Cultivating Conscience by : Lynn Stout

Download or read book Cultivating Conscience written by Lynn Stout and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010-10-04 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How the science of unselfish behavior can promote law, order, and prosperity Contemporary law and public policy often treat human beings as selfish creatures who respond only to punishments and rewards. Yet every day we behave unselfishly—few of us mug the elderly or steal the paper from our neighbor's yard, and many of us go out of our way to help strangers. We nevertheless overlook our own good behavior and fixate on the bad things people do and how we can stop them. In this pathbreaking book, acclaimed law and economics scholar Lynn Stout argues that this focus neglects the crucial role our better impulses could play in society. Rather than lean on the power of greed to shape laws and human behavior, Stout contends that we should rely on the force of conscience. Stout makes the compelling case that conscience is neither a rare nor quirky phenomenon, but a vital force woven into our daily lives. Drawing from social psychology, behavioral economics, and evolutionary biology, Stout demonstrates how social cues—instructions from authorities, ideas about others' selfishness and unselfishness, and beliefs about benefits to others—have a powerful role in triggering unselfish behavior. Stout illustrates how our legal system can use these social cues to craft better laws that encourage more unselfish, ethical behavior in many realms, including politics and business. Stout also shows how our current emphasis on self-interest and incentives may have contributed to the catastrophic political missteps and financial scandals of recent memory by encouraging corrupt and selfish actions, and undermining society's collective moral compass. This book proves that if we care about effective laws and civilized society, the powers of conscience are simply too important for us to ignore.

Profession of Conscience

Author : Robert Hunt Sprinkle
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781400818204
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Profession of Conscience by : Robert Hunt Sprinkle

Download or read book Profession of Conscience written by Robert Hunt Sprinkle and published by . This book was released on 1994-01-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What happens to a profession that loses the memory of its moral independence? And what happens then to those reliant on its honor, its advocacy, its initiative? In an era of biotechnological adventure, medical audacity, ecological disruption, fiscal strain, and financial temptation, these are urgent questions for all life scientists and for all they serve. Profession of Conscience is an exposition, analysis, and application of a political-ethical tradition in, of, and for the life sciences, from molecular genetics to clinical medicine to environmental biology. Sprinkle's goal is avoidance of the fate of physics - the previous "super science" - whose technological transformations several generations ago so enhanced its political and economic value to governments, societies, and corporations that it lost control of its own conduct. He discovers within the life sciences a long-evolving profession-specific standard for political action and activism, tracing it from conception in Hellenic and Roman imperial times, through birth and baptism in the Scientific Revolution, then through a naively optimistic adolescence in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and finally into a self-conscious maturity, solemnized at the Nuremberg Trials but tested ever more subtly since, even down to the present day. The protagonist of this book is a set of ideas. The product is "life-sciences liberalism."

Without Conscience

Author : Robert D. Hare
Publisher : Guilford Press
ISBN 13 : 1606235788
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Without Conscience by : Robert D. Hare

Download or read book Without Conscience written by Robert D. Hare and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2011-09-20 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most people are both repelled and intrigued by the images of cold-blooded, conscienceless murderers that increasingly populate our movies, television programs, and newspaper headlines. With their flagrant criminal violation of society's rules, serial killers like Ted Bundy and John Wayne Gacy are among the most dramatic examples of the psychopath. Individuals with this personality disorder are fully aware of the consequences of their actions and know the difference between right and wrong, yet they are terrifyingly self-centered, remorseless, and unable to care about the feelings of others. Perhaps most frightening, they often seem completely normal to unsuspecting targets--and they do not always ply their trade by killing. Presenting a compelling portrait of these dangerous men and women based on 25 years of distinguished scientific research, Dr. Robert D. Hare vividly describes a world of con artists, hustlers, rapists, and other predators who charm, lie, and manipulate their way through life. Are psychopaths mad, or simply bad? How can they be recognized? And how can we protect ourselves? This book provides solid information and surprising insights for anyone seeking to understand this devastating condition.

Acts of Conscience

Author : Steven J. Taylor
Publisher : Syracuse University Press
ISBN 13 : 0815651406
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (156 download)

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Book Synopsis Acts of Conscience by : Steven J. Taylor

Download or read book Acts of Conscience written by Steven J. Taylor and published by Syracuse University Press. This book was released on 2009-07-10 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid- to late 1940s, a group of young men rattled the psychiatric establishment by beaming a public spotlight on the squalid conditions and brutality in our nation’s mental hospitals and training schools for people with psychiatric and intellectual disabilities. Bringing the abuses to the attention of newspapers and magazines across the country, they led a reform effort to change public attitudes and to improve the training and status of institutional staff. Prominent Americans, such as Eleanor Roosevelt, ACLU founder Roger Baldwin, author Pearl S. Buck, actress Helen Hayes, and African-American activist Mary McLeod Bethune, supported the efforts of the young men. These young men were among the 12,000 World War II conscientious objectors who chose to perform civilian public service as an alternative to fighting in what is widely regarded as America’s "good war." Three thousand of these men volunteered to work at state institutions where they discovered appalling conditions. Acting on conscience a second time, they challenged America’s treatment of its citizens with severe disabilities. Acts of Conscience brings to light the extra-ordinary efforts of these courageous men, drawing upon extensive archival research, interviews, and personal correspondence. The World War II conscientious objectors were not the first to expose public institutions, and they would not be the last. What distinguishes them from reformers of other eras is that their activities have faded from the professional and popular memory. Taylor’s moving account is an indispensable contribution to the historical record.

Conscience and Its Enemies

Author : Robert P. George
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1684516072
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (845 download)

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Book Synopsis Conscience and Its Enemies by : Robert P. George

Download or read book Conscience and Its Enemies written by Robert P. George and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2023-06-27 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assaults on religious liberty and traditional morality are growing fiercer. Here, at last, is the counterattack. This revised and updated paperback edition of the acclaimed Conscience and Its Enemies showcases the talents that have made Robert P. George one of America's most influential thinkers. Here George explodes the myth that the secular elite represents the voice of reason. In fact, it is on the elite side of the cultural divide where the prevailing views are little more than articles of faith. Conscience and Its Enemies reveals the bankruptcy of these too often smugly held orthodoxies while presenting powerfully reasoned arguments for classical virtues.In defending what James Madison called the "sacred rights of conscience"—rights for which government shows frightening contempt—George grapples with today's most controversial issues: same-sex marriage, abortion, transgenderism, genetic manipulation, euthanasia and assisted suicide, religion in politics, judicial activism, and more. His brilliantly argued essays rely not on theological claims or religious authority but on established scientific facts and a philosophical tradition that extends back to Plato and Aristotle. Conscience and Its Enemies sets forth powerful arguments that secular liberals are unaccustomed to hearing—and that embattled defenders of traditional morality so often fail to marshal.

Why Conscience Matters

Author : Xavier Symons
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000617947
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Why Conscience Matters by : Xavier Symons

Download or read book Why Conscience Matters written by Xavier Symons and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-07-29 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a detailed introduction to a major debate in bioethics, as well as a rigorous account of the role of conscience in professional decision-making. Exploring the role of conscience in healthcare practice, this book offers fresh counterpoints to recent calls to ban or severely restrict conscience objection. It provides a detailed philosophical account of the nature and moral import of conscience, and defends a prima facie right to conscientious objection for healthcare professionals. The book also has relevance to broader debates about religious liberty and civil rights, such as debates about the rights and duties of persons and institutions who refuse services to clients on the basis of a religious objection. The book concludes with a discussion of how to regulate individual and institutional conscientious objection, and presents general principles for the accommodation of individual conscientious objectors in the healthcare system. This book will be of value to students and scholars in the fields of moral philosophy, bioethics and health law.

Pilgrims in Medicine: Conscience,Legalism and Human Rights

Author : Thomas Alured Faunce
Publisher : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9004139621
Total Pages : 676 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Pilgrims in Medicine: Conscience,Legalism and Human Rights by : Thomas Alured Faunce

Download or read book Pilgrims in Medicine: Conscience,Legalism and Human Rights written by Thomas Alured Faunce and published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This arrestingly novel work develops a normative synthesis of medical humanities, virtue ethics, medical ethics, health law and human rights. It presents an ambitious, complex and coherent argument for the reconceptualisation of the doctor-patient relationship and its regulation utilising approaches often thought of as being separate, if not opposed (virtue-based ethics and universal human rights). The case is argued gracefully, with moderation, but also with respect for opposing positions. The book's analysis of the foundational professional virtue of therapeutic loyalty is an original departure from the traditional discourse of "patient autonomy," and the ethical and legal "duties" of the medical practitioner. The central argument is not merely presented, as bookends, in the introduction and conclusion. It is cogently represented in each chapter and section and measured against the material considered. A remarkable feature is the use of aptly selected "canonical" literature to inform the argument. These references run from Hesse's "The Glass Bead Game" in the abstract, to Joyce's "Ulysses" in the conclusion. They include excerpts from and discussion about Bergman, Borges, Boswell, Tolstoy, de Beauvoir, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Samuel Johnson, Aristotle, Orwell, Osler, Chaucer, Schweitzer, Shakespeare, Thorwalds, Kafka and William Carlos Williams. Such references are used not merely as an artistic and decorative leitmotif, but become a critical, narrative element and another complex and rich layer to this work. The breadth and quality of the references are testimony to the author's clear understanding of the modern law and literature movement. This work provides the basis of a medicalschool course. As many medical educators as possible should also be encouraged to read this work for the insights it will give them into using their own personal life narratives and those of their patients to inform their decision-making process. This thesis will also be of value to the judiciary, whose members are often called upon to make normatively difficult judgments about medical care and medical rules. The human rights material leads to a hopeful view of an international movement toward a universal synthesis between medical ethics and human rights in all doctor-patient relationships.

The Way of Medicine

Author : Farr Curlin
Publisher : University of Notre Dame Pess
ISBN 13 : 0268200874
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (682 download)

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Book Synopsis The Way of Medicine by : Farr Curlin

Download or read book The Way of Medicine written by Farr Curlin and published by University of Notre Dame Pess. This book was released on 2021-08-15 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today’s medicine is spiritually deflated and morally adrift; this book explains why and offers an ethical framework to renew and guide practitioners in fulfilling their profession to heal. What is medicine and what is it for? What does it mean to be a good doctor? Answers to these questions are essential both to the practice of medicine and to understanding the moral norms that shape that practice. The Way of Medicine articulates and defends an account of medicine and medical ethics meant to challenge the reigning provider of services model, in which clinicians eschew any claim to know what is good for a patient and instead offer an array of “health care services” for the sake of the patient’s subjective well-being. Against this trend, Farr Curlin and Christopher Tollefsen call for practitioners to recover what they call the Way of Medicine, which offers physicians both a path out of the provider of services model and also the moral resources necessary to resist the various political, institutional, and cultural forces that constantly push practitioners and patients into thinking of their relationship in terms of economic exchange. Curlin and Tollefsen offer an accessible account of the ancient ethical tradition from which contemporary medicine and bioethics has departed. Their investigation, drawing on the scholarship of Leon Kass, Alasdair MacIntyre, and John Finnis, leads them to explore the nature of medicine as a practice, health as the end of medicine, the doctor-patient relationship, the rule of double effect in medical practice, and a number of clinical ethical issues from the beginning of life to its end. In the final chapter, the authors take up debates about conscience in medicine, arguing that rather than pretending to not know what is good for patients, physicians should contend conscientiously for the patient’s health and, in so doing, contend conscientiously for good medicine. The Way of Medicine is an intellectually serious yet accessible exploration of medical practice written for medical students, health care professionals, and students and scholars of bioethics and medical ethics.

The Conscience Economy

Author : Steven Overman
Publisher : Bibliomotion, Inc.
ISBN 13 : 1629560146
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (295 download)

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Book Synopsis The Conscience Economy by : Steven Overman

Download or read book The Conscience Economy written by Steven Overman and published by Bibliomotion, Inc.. This book was released on 2015-10-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A generation of people around the world, from Boston to Bangkok, from New York to New Delhi, are making everyday choices in ways that defy traditional logic. They are judging where and how their clothes were made, not just how they fit. They are thinking global but buying local. They are spending their money and their time, forming loyalties, casting votes and even enjoying entertainment based increasingly upon their desire to make a positive impact on others and the world around them. This new generation believes they can and must make the world better, and they expect business and government to get with the program. The implications of the Conscience Economy are not “soft.” Ignore it, and your consumer or voter base will rebel, using a host of free tools and cheap connectivity to spread their rejection to peers around the world in real time. Leverage it, and Conscience Culture is a wellspring of financial upside. The Conscience Economy is the must-read guide to this unprecedented shift in human motivation and behavior. Author Steven Overman provides context, inspiration and some basic tools to help readers reframe how they evolve and grow whatever it is they lead—whether it’s a community, a business, a product, or a marketing campaign. From the boardroom to the startup loft, from the State Department to the pulsing marketplaces of the developing world, The Conscience Economy will help international leaders, influencers, investors and decision-makers to manage, innovate and thrive in a new world where “doing good” matters as much as “doing well.” This version is enhanced with video.

Conscious Business

Author : Fred Kofman
Publisher : ReadHowYouWant.com
ISBN 13 : 1427098182
Total Pages : 546 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (27 download)

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Book Synopsis Conscious Business by : Fred Kofman

Download or read book Conscious Business written by Fred Kofman and published by ReadHowYouWant.com. This book was released on 2008-11 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents techniques for organizational success that involve embracing such qualities as integrity, authenticity, accountability, and honesty.

Conscience in Reproductive Health Care

Author : Carolyn McLeod
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0198732724
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Conscience in Reproductive Health Care by : Carolyn McLeod

Download or read book Conscience in Reproductive Health Care written by Carolyn McLeod and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020-04-16 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Conscience in Reproductive Health Care, Carolyn McLeod responds to a growing worldwide trend of health care professionals conscientiously refusing to provide abortions and similar reproductive health services in countries where these services are legal and professionally accepted. She argues that conscientious objectors in health care should have to prioritize the interests of patients in receiving care over their own interest in acting on their conscience. McLeod defends this 'prioritizing approach' to conscientious objection over the more popular 'compromise approach' in bioethics-without downplaying the importance of health care professionals having a conscience or the moral complexity of their conscientious refusals. She begins with a description of what is at stake for the main parties to the conflicts generated by conscientious refusals in reproductive health care: the objector and the patient. Her central argument for the prioritizing approach is that health care professionals who are charged with gatekeeping access to services such as abortions are fiduciaries for their patients and for the public they are licensed to serve. As such, they have a duty of loyalty to these beneficiaries and must give primacy to their interests in gaining access to care. McLeod provides insights into ethical issues extending beyond the question of conscientious refusal, including the value of conscience and the fundamental moral nature of the relationships health care professionals have with current and prospective patients.

Conscientious Objection in Health Care

Author : Mark R. Wicclair
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139500198
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (395 download)

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Book Synopsis Conscientious Objection in Health Care by : Mark R. Wicclair

Download or read book Conscientious Objection in Health Care written by Mark R. Wicclair and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-05-26 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically associated with military service, conscientious objection has become a significant phenomenon in health care. Mark Wicclair offers a comprehensive ethical analysis of conscientious objection in three representative health care professions: medicine, nursing and pharmacy. He critically examines two extreme positions: the 'incompatibility thesis', that it is contrary to the professional obligations of practitioners to refuse provision of any service within the scope of their professional competence; and 'conscience absolutism', that they should be exempted from performing any action contrary to their conscience. He argues for a compromise approach that accommodates conscience-based refusals within the limits of specified ethical constraints. He also explores conscientious objection by students in each of the three professions, discusses conscience protection legislation and conscience-based refusals by pharmacies and hospitals, and analyzes several cases. His book is a valuable resource for scholars, professionals, trainees, students, and anyone interested in this increasingly important aspect of health care.

The Lawyer's Conscience

Author : Michael S. Ariens
Publisher : University Press of Kansas
ISBN 13 : 0700633839
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis The Lawyer's Conscience by : Michael S. Ariens

Download or read book The Lawyer's Conscience written by Michael S. Ariens and published by University Press of Kansas. This book was released on 2023-07-21 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1776, Thomas Paine declared the end of royal rule in the United States. Instead, “law is king,” for the people rule themselves. Paine’s declaration is the dominant American understanding of how political power is exercised. In making law king, American lawyers became integral to the exercise of political power, so integral to law that legal ethics philosopher David Luban concluded, “lawyers are the law.” American lawyers have defended the exercise of this power from the Revolution to the present by arguing their work is channeled by the profession’s standards of ethical behavior. Those standards demand that lawyers serve the public interest and the interests of their paying clients before themselves. The duties owed both to the public and to clients meant lawyers were in the marketplace selling their services, but not of the marketplace. This is the story of power and the limits of ethical constraints to ensure such power is properly wielded. The Lawyer’s Conscience is the first book examining the history of American lawyer ethics, ranging from the mid-eighteenth century to the “professionalism” crisis facing lawyers today.