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Price Differentiation And Dispersion In Retailing
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Book Synopsis Price Differentiation and Dispersion in Retailing by : Werner J. Reinartz
Download or read book Price Differentiation and Dispersion in Retailing written by Werner J. Reinartz and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Determining the “right” product price is one of the most dazzling challenges of modern retailing. Although the price as a marketing instrument has enormous infl uence on consumer decisions and corporate profits, those responsible for effective pricing and profitable price management continue to face significant difficulties. Progress in the field of digitization allows to set prices more dynamically and individually than ever before. This expands the decision-making space of companies and at the same time increases consumers' concerns about excessive and unfair prices. However, the question arises whether everything that is technically possible can also be successfully implemented in the market. The present study analyses corporate and consumer behavior and macroeconomic effects of pricing decisions under various conditions (static/dynamic, isolated/within market competition). The results show that the current debate about individualized prices expands well beyond the field of current corporate practice. Retailers are particularly conservative towards certain types of price differentiation such as short-term adjustments depending on the time of day or even customer specific prices. In addition, there is a large number of market barriers that conflict with particularly controversial practices of price differentiation. The study provides insights on how price differentiation can be used to achieve a balance between company interests and consumer protection. Finally, differentiated prices can have a welfareenhancing effect when companies are customer-oriented and rules of fair competitive policy are in place.
Book Synopsis Retail Pricing Strategies and Market Power by : Gordon Mills
Download or read book Retail Pricing Strategies and Market Power written by Gordon Mills and published by Melbourne Univ. Publishing. This book was released on 2002 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study of retail pricing strategies presents information on the practices used in a variety of sectors, such as supermarkets, banks and airlines. His analysis rests on several basic concepts which are introduced in the book.
Book Synopsis Price Dispersion and Competition with Differentiated Sellers by : Matthew S. Lewis
Download or read book Price Dispersion and Competition with Differentiated Sellers written by Matthew S. Lewis and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I measure price dispersion among differentiated retail gasoline sellers and study the relationship between dispersion and the local competitive environment. Significant price dispersion exists even after controlling for differences in station characteristics, and price differences between sellers change frequently. The extent of price dispersion is related to the density of local competition, but this relationship varies significantly depending on the type of seller and the composition of its competitors. These findings are consistent with interactions between seller and consumer heterogeneity that are not well understood in the existing price dispersion literature.
Book Synopsis Price Dispersion and Retailer Behavior by : Ying Zhao
Download or read book Price Dispersion and Retailer Behavior written by Ying Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Exploratory Look at a Multivariate Approach to Retail Price Dispersion by : John M. Schleede
Download or read book An Exploratory Look at a Multivariate Approach to Retail Price Dispersion written by John M. Schleede and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Conflict of Price Differentiation and Price Fairness by : Luisa Domanska
Download or read book The Conflict of Price Differentiation and Price Fairness written by Luisa Domanska and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2019-01-11 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2018 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: 1,7, Cologne Business School Köln, language: English, abstract: The thesis describes the conflict of price differentiation strategies and the consumers' perception of price fairness in different manners. By that, the role of a price is explained in detail in the role of marketing, as well as it's role in behavioral economics regarding price fairness. Different examples, being a highly discussed topic in the current state of the art, are brought together to demonstrate the variety of this price policy. Uber, the haircutting industry as well as typical gender-based pricing or emergency situations represent crucial practices that are discussed in regard of moral and ethical limitations in terms of price fairness. Finally, the work aims to understand the limitations on price differentiation in the context of price fairness and tries to answer questions as: When is price differentiation acceptable for consumers and when should firms reconsider differential price strategies due to a perceived abuse of trust, anger or similar emotions of targeted customers? For that, an empirical social research is considered to bring first and secondary data together, and to enable the defintion of those limitations to become a little clearer.
Book Synopsis An Examination of Price Dispersion in an Online Retail Marketplace by : David DiRusso
Download or read book An Examination of Price Dispersion in an Online Retail Marketplace written by David DiRusso and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is a compilation of three essays that analyze price dispersion in an online retail marketplace. Price dispersion is a measure of the variation in prices that sellers charge for products. Online price dispersion has been thoroughly analyzed in the past decade as it has numerous implications for firm pricing strategy as well as consumer welfare. Chapter 1 of this dissertation offers a literature review of price dispersion research, and discusses key explanations as to why this phenomenon exists on the web. Also, a literature review of shop-bots is presented as they are similar to online marketplaces and form the basis of the three studies. Chapter 2 is the first study, and it establishes the existence of price dispersion in online marketplaces and offers a comparison with price dispersion in shop-bots. It is determined that online marketplaces may have less variation than on shop-bots, yet the price dispersion is still high. Chapter 3 is the second study and it explains much of the dispersion found in the online marketplace through differences in seller service quality and seller reputation. A seller's reputation was found to be the key contributor to variation in the online marketplace hence, study 3, which is chapter 4 of this dissertation, employs an experimental approach designed to offer a perspective of buyers and sellers to determine why price varies with reputation and if consumers value the reputation score. It was determined that buyers prefer sellers with strong long run reputation scores more than sellers with strong short-term reputation scores. Based on these reputation scores sellers want to try to offer a higher price than consumers are willing to pay, and sellers think that a strong score conveys higher levels of trust than buyers believe. This mismatch between how sellers think consumers respond, and how the consumers actually respond could be another driver of price dispersion online. A discussion of the implications of these research studies is offered in Chapter 5.
Book Synopsis Three Essays on Retail Price Competition by : Taehwan Kim (Ph.D. in Economics)
Download or read book Three Essays on Retail Price Competition written by Taehwan Kim (Ph.D. in Economics) and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three chapters. The first chapter examines price dispersion in retail gasoline and focuses on differentiation along the service dimension: full service versus self service. Consistent with more intensive search by self-service customers, I find that price dispersion always decreases with the number of nearby self-service stations, but does not decrease with the number of nearby full-service stations. When I segment the market by brand, I observe that the estimates are sensitive to how brands are separated into different types. These findings show that the market is more clearly segmented by service level than by brand type and also highlight the importance of product differentiation when modeling price dispersion. In the second chapter, I examine product positioning and pricing strategies of sellers in a market undergoing a significant restructuring using data from the introduction of self-service technology in the Korean gasoline market in the 2000s. I show that the decision of full-service sellers to exit or switch to self service is positively correlated with the intensity of competition they face. The pricing strategies of sellers differ by product position: self-service sellers compete for price-sensitive consumers, whereas full-service sellers differentiate their product by offering a variety of bundled products and services, such as coffee, carwash or even a nail salon, to compete for less-price-sensitive consumers. Taken together, these patterns have led to an increase in the full-service premium during the market transition. In the third chapter, I study the effect of a government contract on price. Since 2013, Korean government officials have been required to refuel at contracted gasoline stations, at about 5% discounts relative to the posted price. The initial contract terminated in November 2015 and a new group of sellers took over the contract. In this paper, I use this natural experiment to examine the impact of the government contract on gasoline prices, using a difference-in-difference analysis and price data on all gasoline stations in Seoul. I find that, all else equal, posted prices of contracted gasoline stations are about 2% higher than those of non-contracted stations. This finding is consistent with the prediction of models of price discrimination that prices decrease when the elasticity of demand falls. The effect on prices is not uniform across all stations, however. The contract leads to larger increases in full-service stations' posted prices than in self-service stations' prices, and larger increases at stations with fewer nearby competitors. The contract also decreases prices of non-contracted stations very close to contracted stations.
Book Synopsis Repeated Games and Reputations by : George J. Mailath
Download or read book Repeated Games and Reputations written by George J. Mailath and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2006-09-28 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Personalized and continuing relationships play a central role in any society. Economists have built upon the theories of repeated games and reputations to make important advances in understanding such relationships. Repeated Games and Reputations begins with a careful development of the fundamental concepts in these theories, including the notions of a repeated game, strategy, and equilibrium. Mailath and Samuelson then present the classic folk theorem and reputation results for games of perfect and imperfect public monitoring, with the benefit of the modern analytical tools of decomposability and self-generation. They also present more recent developments, including results beyond folk theorems and recent work in games of private monitoring and alternative approaches to reputations. Repeated Games and Reputations synthesizes and unifies the vast body of work in this area, bringing the reader to the research frontier. Detailed arguments and proofs are given throughout, interwoven with examples, discussions of how the theory is to be used in the study of relationships, and economic applications. The book will be useful to those doing basic research in the theory of repeated games and reputations as well as those using these tools in more applied research.
Book Synopsis Online Price Dispersion by : Sulin Ba
Download or read book Online Price Dispersion written by Sulin Ba and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Internet has changed the nature of doing business as well as the nature of competition in many industries. Consumers are more empowered than ever with valuable information such as prices, products, and store ratings. Because of this, some researchers even predicted, during the early stage of e-commerce, a frictionless economy in which online prices would be driven down to marginal costs. However, many studies have subsequently observed the wide price dispersion online, and its existence and persistence has now been well documented. Possible explanations of this price dispersion, derived mainly using hedonic price models, have seen only modest success. In this paper, we propose an alternative competitive model, based on online retailers' differentiation, to explain price dispersion. We empirically test the predictions of this model and find that the model is a viable alternative to the hedonic price model. In addition, our competitive model is able to predict and explain observations that are seemingly inconsistent with a hedonic model. Practically, our model yields important recommendations for the online etailing industry and can help an e-tailer to choose a desirable position in the competitive market.
Book Synopsis Price Dispersion and Supermarket Heterogeneity in Spanish Food Retailing by : Xulia González
Download or read book Price Dispersion and Supermarket Heterogeneity in Spanish Food Retailing written by Xulia González and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This empirical paper analyzes the existence (and persistence) of price dispersion in the Spanish food retail market as well as the extent to which search costs and vertical product differentiation contribute to explain that price dispersion. Our data set comprises six months of daily prices from supermarket websites: more than 1.7 million price observations from different locations around Spain. Our results reveal that price dispersion of most grocery products is persistent and also remains after we control for store heterogeneity. We also find clear heterogeneity in pricing strategies among the large national supermarket chains. Finally, the extent of consumer searching is low: more than 70% of consumers do not compare prices among supermarkets, and only 4% check the prices at all stores.
Book Synopsis Prices and Promotions in U.S. Retail Markets by : Güenter J. Hitsch
Download or read book Prices and Promotions in U.S. Retail Markets written by Güenter J. Hitsch and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We document the degree of price dispersion and the similarities as well as differences in pricing and promotion strategies across stores in the U.S. retail (grocery) industry. Our analysis is based on "big data" that allow us to draw general conclusions based on the prices for close to 50,000 products (UPC's) in 17,184 stores that belong to 81 different retail chains. Both at the national and local market level we find a substantial degree of price dispersion for UPC's and brands at a given moment in time. We document that both persistent base price differences across stores and price promotions contribute to the overall price variance, and we provide a decomposition of the price variance into base price and promotion components. There is substantial heterogeneity in the degree of price dispersion across products. Some of this heterogeneity can be explained by the degree of product penetration (adoption by households) and the number of retail chains that carry a product at the market level. Prices and promotions are more homogenous at the retail chain than at the market level. In particular, within local markets, prices and promotions are substantially more similar within stores that belong to the same chain than across stores that belong to different chains. Furthermore, the incidence of price promotions is strongly coordinated within retail chains, both at the local market level and nationally. We present evidence, based on store-level demand estimates for 2,000 brands, that price elasticities and promotion effects at the local market level are substantially more similar within stores that belong to the same chain than across stores belonging to different retailers. Moreover, we find that retailers can not easily distinguish, in a statistical sense, among the price elasticities and promotion effects across stores using retailer-level data. Hence, the limited level of price discrimination across stores by retail chains likely reflects demand similarity and the inability to distinguish demand across the stores in a local market.
Book Synopsis Applied Econometric Times Series by : Walter Enders
Download or read book Applied Econometric Times Series written by Walter Enders and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This advanced text for a course on time series econometrics introduces modern time series analyses through the use of wide-ranging examples and applications. Providing a balance between macro- and microeconomic applications, the book covers recent work that has only been published in journals.
Book Synopsis Price Dispersion and Informational Frictions by : Pierre Dubois
Download or read book Price Dispersion and Informational Frictions written by Pierre Dubois and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional demand models assume that consumers are perfectly informed about product characteristics, including price. However, this assumption may be too strong. Unannounced sales are a common supermarket practice. As we show, retailers frequently change position in the price rankings, thus making it unlikely that consumers are aware of all deals offered in each period. Further empirical evidence on consumer behavior is also consistent with a model with price information frictions. We develop such a model for horizontally differentiated products and structurally estimate the search cost distribution. The results show that in equilibrium, consumers observe a very limited number of prices before making a purchase decision, which implies that imperfect information is indeed important and that local market power is potentially high. We also show that a full information demand model yields severely biased price elasticities.
Book Synopsis Economics and Information Systems by : Terrence Hendershott
Download or read book Economics and Information Systems written by Terrence Hendershott and published by Elsevier Science Limited. This book was released on 2006-12-28 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains chapters that focus on the individual interrelated subjects regarding the economics of information systems: the adoption and diffusion of information technologies; the pricing of data communications; the means and tactics firms us to compete with each other; and the manner in which firms interact with and distribute goods to customers.
Book Synopsis Do the Poor Pay More? An Empirical Investigation of Price Dispersion in Food Retailing by : Lashawn Richburg-Hayes
Download or read book Do the Poor Pay More? An Empirical Investigation of Price Dispersion in Food Retailing written by Lashawn Richburg-Hayes and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On the question of whether prices are higher in poor, urban neighborhoods, the prior research is decidedly mixed. This paper revisits the question by analyzing unpublished price-level data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for construction of the Consumer Price Index. Using this large, statistically representative sample of stores in poor and affluent neighborhoods, I first estimate if a price difference exists. I then empirically test the major arguments in support of disparate prices such as differences in quality, operating and consumer search costs. I also explore the relationship between pricing strategies and the racial and ethnic composition of poor neighborhoods. I find that market prices are up to 6 percent less in poor neighborhoods after controlling for a variety of covariates. In addition, I find that poor, predominantly white and Hispanic neighborhoods experience significant discounts, while market prices in poor, predominantly black neighborhoods are comparable to those in affluent white areas.
Book Synopsis Price Dispersion and Loss Leader Pricing by : Xinxin Li
Download or read book Price Dispersion and Loss Leader Pricing written by Xinxin Li and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper, we develop a theoretical model to analyze the pricing strategies of competing retailers with asymmetric cross-selling capabilities when product demand changes. Our results suggest that retailers with better opportunities for cross-selling have higher incentives to adopt loss leader pricing on high demand products than retailers with low cross-selling capabilities. As a result, price dispersion of a product across retailers rises when its demand increases. The predictions of our model are consistent with the empirical evidence from the online book retailing industry. Using product breadth as a proxy for cross-selling capability, we find that retailers with high cross-selling capabilities reduce prices on bestsellers more aggressively than retailers with low cross-selling capabilities. As a result, price dispersion increases when a book makes to the bestseller list, and the increase is mainly driven by the difference in pricing behavior between retailers with different cross-selling capabilities. Our empirical results are robust against a number of alternative explanations.
