Schools and National Identities in French-speaking Africa

Download Schools and National Identities in French-speaking Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 100028154X
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Schools and National Identities in French-speaking Africa by : Linda Gardelle

Download or read book Schools and National Identities in French-speaking Africa written by Linda Gardelle and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-25 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Schools and National Identities in French-speaking Africa showcases cutting-edge research to provide a renewed understanding of the role of schools in producing and reproducing national identities. Using individual case studies and comparative frameworks, it presents diverse empirical and theoretical insights from and about a range of African countries. The volume demonstrates in particular the usefulness of the curriculum as a lens through which to analyse the production and negotiation of national identities in different settings. Chapters discuss the tensions between decolonisation as a moment in time and decolonisation as a lengthy and messy process, the interplay between the local, national and international priorities of different actors, and the nuanced role of historiography and language in nation-building. At its heart is the need to critically investigate the concept of "the nation" as a political project, how discourses and feelings of belonging are constructed at school, and what it means for schools to be simultaneously places of learning, tools of socialisation and political battlegrounds. By presenting new research on textbooks, practitioners and policy in ten different African countries, this volume provides insights into the diversity of issues and dynamics surrounding the question of schools and national identities. It will be of particular interest to scholars, researchers and postgraduate students of comparative and international education, sociology, history, sociolinguistics and African studies.

Education in West Africa

Download Education in West Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1441199489
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (411 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Education in West Africa by : Emefa Takyi-Amoako

Download or read book Education in West Africa written by Emefa Takyi-Amoako and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2015-05-21 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Education in West Africa is a comprehensive critical reference guide to education in the region. Written by regional experts, the book explores the education systems of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. It critically examines the development of education provision in each country, whilst exploring both local and global contexts. Including a comparative introduction to the issues facing education in the region as a whole, this handbook is an essential reference for researchers, scholars, international agencies and policy-makers at all levels.

Costs and Financing of Higher Education in Francophone Africa

Download Costs and Financing of Higher Education in Francophone Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821374699
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Costs and Financing of Higher Education in Francophone Africa by : Mathieu Brossard

Download or read book Costs and Financing of Higher Education in Francophone Africa written by Mathieu Brossard and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite a low enrollment rate in higher education of 3 percent on average, in comparison with 8 percent in countries with comparable levels of development, Francophone African countries are currently facing an immense challenge in terms of numbers. The increased social demand associated with the progress made in universal primary enrollment and the increase in secondary enrollment could cause the student population to grow from 800,000 in 2004 to approximately 2 million in 2015, and to double the coverage. This increase exacerbates the financial problems of higher education institutions and mi.

Challenges of Education Financing and Planning in Africa: What Works and What Does Not Work

Download Challenges of Education Financing and Planning in Africa: What Works and What Does Not Work PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : African Books Collective
ISBN 13 : 2869783884
Total Pages : 155 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (697 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Challenges of Education Financing and Planning in Africa: What Works and What Does Not Work by : Adebayo Olukoshi

Download or read book Challenges of Education Financing and Planning in Africa: What Works and What Does Not Work written by Adebayo Olukoshi and published by African Books Collective. This book was released on 2007-01-15 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume highlights the proceedings of the two policy dialogue conferences held by the Working Group on Finance and Education (WGFE) in 2004. Part I of the document discusses the endemic crisis that higher educationhas been beset with since the outset of the post colonial period in Africa. It highlights the critical state of higher education systems in Burkina Faso, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal by scrutinizing the causes, manifestations and consequences of the crisis to posit useful recommendations and possible solutions. Part II is a comprehensive review of the challenges facing the financing and planning of all levels and types ofeducation - from kindergarten to graduate school - in selected African countries. The papers reveal the sources and mechanisms of funding education in Africa, drawing attention to the experiences of communities confronted with new funding sources. A new trend, which consists of designing decade long educational development plans, has emerged and is rapidly expanding in numerous African countries. This experience is examined and shared by the authors. This book has contributions in both French and English.

Rapport Du Groupe de Travail de la Commission Africaine Sur Les Populations/communautes Autochines

Download Rapport Du Groupe de Travail de la Commission Africaine Sur Les Populations/communautes Autochines PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IWGIA
ISBN 13 : 8791563321
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (915 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rapport Du Groupe de Travail de la Commission Africaine Sur Les Populations/communautes Autochines by : African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. Working Group of Experts on Indigenous Populations/Communities

Download or read book Rapport Du Groupe de Travail de la Commission Africaine Sur Les Populations/communautes Autochines written by African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. Working Group of Experts on Indigenous Populations/Communities and published by IWGIA. This book was released on 2008 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights has established a Working Group on Indigenous Populations/Communities that undertook a mission to the Republic of Namibia in July - August 2005, and this is the report from the mission. The report gives an account of meetings held with government authorities, civil society organizations, indigenous communities and other stakeholders, it describes the situation of the indigenous populations in the Republic of Namibia and it makes recommendations to the Government, civil society organizations and the international community."--BOOK JACKET.

Education in East and Central Africa

Download Education in East and Central Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 1472510224
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (725 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Education in East and Central Africa by : Charl Wolhuter

Download or read book Education in East and Central Africa written by Charl Wolhuter and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2014-06-26 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Education in East and Central Africa is a comprehensive critical reference guide to education in the region. With chapters written by an international team of leading regional education experts, the book explores the education systems of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Angola, Burundi, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Sao Tome, Gabon, the Republic of Congo and Rwanda. The book critically examines the regional development of education provision in each country as well as recent reforms and global contexts. Including a comparative introduction to the issues facing education in the region as a whole and guides to available online datasets, this handbook is an essential reference for researchers, scholars, international agencies and policy-makers at all levels.

A critical engagement with theological education in Africa

Download A critical engagement with theological education in Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : AOSIS
ISBN 13 : 1776341996
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (763 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A critical engagement with theological education in Africa by : Johannes J. Knoetze

Download or read book A critical engagement with theological education in Africa written by Johannes J. Knoetze and published by AOSIS. This book was released on 2022-02-07 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The higher education landscape has arguably become one of the most arduous to traverse. More so in the African context, where a host of variables continiously challenge educators to reflect critically on their philosophies and practices as they engage an ever-changing audience. In this book, a critical engagement with theological education in Africa is offered. As the book originates from South Africa, it is presented as a South African perspective, although contributors are situated accross the African continent and abroad. The common denominator is that all contributers are, in some way or another, invested in theological education in Africa. The main contribution of this collaborative work is to be sought in the insights it offers on four main areas of theological education: A historical and current orientation on theological edcuation in Africa, some paradigm shifts in theological education in Africa, ministerial formation needs versus theological education challenges, and a critical reflection on elective models and methods. The book presents the original and innovative research of scholars for fellow scholars involved in theological higher education as it is grounded in the respective fields of interest of each contributor. It contributes to a better understanding of the complex African theological higher education landscape that is also mindful of post-COVID-19 realities. Methodologically the work draws on a combination of methods, including literature studies, empirical work, and in some cases sectional offerings from doctoral studies, as indicated in the various chapters.

Creditor Reporting System on Aid Activities Aid Activities in Africa 2002 Volume 2004 Issue 1

Download Creditor Reporting System on Aid Activities Aid Activities in Africa 2002 Volume 2004 Issue 1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Michigan Press
ISBN 13 : 9789264106611
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (66 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creditor Reporting System on Aid Activities Aid Activities in Africa 2002 Volume 2004 Issue 1 by :

Download or read book Creditor Reporting System on Aid Activities Aid Activities in Africa 2002 Volume 2004 Issue 1 written by and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2004-06 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aid Activities in Africa provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to African countries for the year 2002. This yearly publication records the commitments reported by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and by multilateral institutions to the CRS Aid Activity database (Creditor Reporting System). Data presented are unique, comparable and consistent with definitions and methodologies of the DAC statistics. The information is designed for use by development agencies and institutions in terms of programming and analysis by country and by sector. For each developing country, activities are ordered by sector and by donor. DAC STATISTICS: ALSO AVAILABLE ON INTERNET AND ON CD-ROM The data are taken from the CRS database which is regularly updated and contains records from 1973 onwards. Data are available on the International Development Statistics Online on the DAC website at the following address: www.oecd.org/dac/stats, and on the yearly CD-ROM International Development Statistics. Selected development databases are also available on line via www.SourceOECD.org.

Black France, White Europe

Download Black France, White Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501765612
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Black France, White Europe by : Emily Marker

Download or read book Black France, White Europe written by Emily Marker and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2022-10-15 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black France, White Europe illuminates the deeply entangled history of European integration and African decolonization. Emily Marker maps the horizons of belonging in postwar France as leaders contemplated the inclusion of France's old African empire in the new Europe-in-the-making. European integration intensified longstanding structural contradictions of French colonial rule in Africa: Would Black Africans and Black African Muslims be French? If so, would they then also be European? What would that mean for republican France and united Europe more broadly? Marker examines these questions through the lens of youth, amid a surprising array of youth and education initiatives to stimulate imperial renewal and European integration from the ground up. She explores how education reforms and programs promoting solidarity between French and African youth collided with transnational efforts to make young people in Western Europe feel more European. She connects a particular postwar vision for European unity—which coded Europe as both white and raceless, Christian and secular—to crucial decisions about what should be taught in African classrooms and how many scholarships to provide young Africans to study and train in France. That vision of Europe also informed French responses to African student activism for racial and religious equality, which ultimately turned many young francophone Africans away from France irrevocably. Black France, White Europe shows that the interconnected history of colonial and European youth initiatives is key to explaining why, despite efforts to strengthen ties with its African colonies in the 1940s and 1950s, France became more European during those years.

Handbook of Literacy in Africa

Download Handbook of Literacy in Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031262506
Total Pages : 564 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Literacy in Africa by : R. Malatesha Joshi

Download or read book Handbook of Literacy in Africa written by R. Malatesha Joshi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume highlights the shortcomings concerning literacy development in Africa and collates the current available literature based on empirical research in various countries in a coherent manner. Further emphasized is how the current research can guide practical information to improve the literacy situation in Africa. The research studies will encompass various fields such as linguistics, neurosciences, and education and will provide future research directions and instructional recommendations to improve the literacy situation in Africa.

Aid Activities in Africa 2001-2002

Download Aid Activities in Africa 2001-2002 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264103333
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (641 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Aid Activities in Africa 2001-2002 by : OECD

Download or read book Aid Activities in Africa 2001-2002 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2003-07-15 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication provides detailed information on individual commitments, i.e. intended disbursements, of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to African countries for the years 2001 and 2002. This yearly publication records the commitments ...

Le développement des compétences en Afrique subsaharienne, un exercice d'équilibre

Download Le développement des compétences en Afrique subsaharienne, un exercice d'équilibre PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464815763
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Le développement des compétences en Afrique subsaharienne, un exercice d'équilibre by : Omar Arias

Download or read book Le développement des compétences en Afrique subsaharienne, un exercice d'équilibre written by Omar Arias and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2020-10-08 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Malgré la forte croissance économique que l’Afrique subsaharienne a connue ces vingt dernières années, les niveaux de transformation économique, de réduction de la pauvreté et de développement des compétences dans cette partie du monde sont bien inférieurs à ceux des autres régions. Des investissements judicieux dans le développement des compétences, en accord avec les objectifs politiques de croissance de la productivité, d’inclusion et d’adaptabilité, peuvent aider à accélérer la transformation économique de la région subsaharienne au XXIe siècle. L’augmentation de la population en âge de travailler en Afrique subsaharienne constitue une réelle chance d’accroître la prospérité collective. Les pays de la région ont investi massivement dans le développement des compétences†‰; les dépenses publiques consacrées à l’éducation ont été multipliées par sept au cours des 30 dernières années, et le nombre d’enfants scolarisés est aujourd’hui plus élevé que jamais. Pourtant, les systèmes d’éducation de cette population n’ont pas donné les résultats escomptés, et ces insuffisances entravent considérablement les perspectives économiques. Dans la moitié des pays, moins de deux enfants sur trois terminent l’école primaire, et encore moins atteignent des niveaux supérieurs d’enseignement et obtiennent un diplôme. Les acquis d’apprentissage demeurent faibles, ce qui entraîne des lacunes dans les compétences cognitives de base telles que la lecture, l’écriture et le calcul, aussi bien chez les enfants, les jeunes que les adultes. Le taux d’alphabétisation de la population adulte est inférieur à 50 % dans de nombreux pays†‰; la part des adultes sachant lire, écrire et compter de manière fonctionnelle est encore plus faible. Une réforme du système est nécessaire pour réaliser des progrès significatifs. De multiples agences aux niveaux national et local sont impliquées dans les stratégies de développement des compétences, faisant des compétences «†‰le problème de tous, mais la responsabilité de personne†‰». Les politiques et les réformes doivent permettre de renforcer les capacités des politiques qui ont fait leurs preuves et d’instaurer des mesures incitatives visant à faire converger le comportement de tous les acteurs dans la poursuite des objectifs de développement des compétences au niveau national. Le développement des compétences en Afrique subsaharienne, un exercice d’équilibre. Investir dans les compétences pour la productivité, l’inclusion et l’adaptabilité présente des données qui éclaireront les choix stratégiques des pays en matière d’investissements dans les compétences. Chaque chapitre aborde un ensemble de questions spécifiques, en s’appuyant sur une analyse originale et sur une synthèse des travaux existants pour explorer les domaines principaux : • comment les compétences appropriées à chaque étape du cycle de vie sont-elles acquises et quelles défaillances du marché et des institutions affectent le développement des compétences†‰; • quels systèmes sont nécessaires pour que les individus aient accès à ces compétences, notamment les investissements consentis par les familles, les institutions du secteur privé, les écoles et autres programmes publics†‰; • comment ces systèmes peuvent-ils être renforcés†‰; • comment les personnes les plus vulnérables, à savoir celles qui ne font pas partie des systèmes standards et qui n’ont pas réussi à acquérir des compétences essentielles, peuvent-elles être soutenues. Les pays de la région seront souvent confrontés à des arbitrages difficiles qui auront des effets distributifs et influeront sur leur trajectoire de développement. Des dirigeants engagés, des efforts conjoints de réforme et des politiques bien coordonnées sont essentiels pour aborder le délicat exercice d’équilibre que représente le développement des compétences en Afrique subsaharienne.

African Languages/Langues Africaines

Download African Languages/Langues Africaines PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351597094
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis African Languages/Langues Africaines by : Various Authors

Download or read book African Languages/Langues Africaines written by Various Authors and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-18 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 1 of African Languages include articles originally published in 1975 and written in French and English on educational, literary, cultural, historical and socio-linguistic aspects of language in Africa, as well as descriptive and comparative studies. Among others there are chapters on African oral literature, the standardization of languages and education in Nigeria and a description of Shona spelling.

Historical Dictionary of Chad

Download Historical Dictionary of Chad PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538114372
Total Pages : 767 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historical Dictionary of Chad by : Mario J. Azevedo

Download or read book Historical Dictionary of Chad written by Mario J. Azevedo and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2018-08-15 with total page 767 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Having achieved its independence from France in 1960, Chad has run into a serious crises of national building, which have continued to haunt it to the present day, making it one of the poorest and most politically unstable countries on the globe. Chad is a country with sharp geographic and climatic contrasts that puzzle and fascinate the visitor, displaying first a monotonous but majestic portion of the Saharan Desert in the north, punctuated by plains and high altitudes displayed by the Tibesti mountains, where the highest point, Emi Koussi, reaches 11,204 ft.; the middle Central Sahelian zone, where pastoral transhumance lifestyle predominates but where and nut cultivation and harvesting is possible; and an endowed southern tropical zone where the forest and the savanna meet, blessed by several long-running rivers, most notably, the Logone and the Chari that empty their waters into centuries-old Lake Chad. Even though things in Chad seem to have improved during the past 10 years, most observers agree that the path to peace, reconstruction, and economic progress is still long and arduous. This fourth edition of Historical Dictionary of Chad contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 1300 cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Chad.

Developing Science, Mathematics, and ICT Education in Sub-Saharan Africa

Download Developing Science, Mathematics, and ICT Education in Sub-Saharan Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821370715
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Developing Science, Mathematics, and ICT Education in Sub-Saharan Africa by : Wout Ottevanger

Download or read book Developing Science, Mathematics, and ICT Education in Sub-Saharan Africa written by Wout Ottevanger and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing Science, Mathematics and ICT (SMICT) in Secondary Education is based on country studies from ten Sub-Saharan African countries: Botswana, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, and a literature review. It reveals a number of huge challenges in SMICT education in sub-Saharan Africa: poorly-resourced schools; large classes; a curriculum hardly relevant to the daily lives of students; a lack of qualified teachers; and inadequate teacher education programs. Through examining country case studies, this paper discusses the lessons for improvement of SMICT in secondary education in Africa.

Historical Dictionary of Benin

Download Historical Dictionary of Benin PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 153818656X
Total Pages : 563 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historical Dictionary of Benin by : Mathurin C. Houngnikpo

Download or read book Historical Dictionary of Benin written by Mathurin C. Houngnikpo and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2024-03-06 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Benin is now perceived of as a model of democracy in Africa because it has successfully established a democratic political system based on consensus and regular and fair elections, and it continues to improve its electoral and parliamentary systems. Since its democracy it has taken important steps towards laying the foundation for the rule of law by establishing stable political institutions that can withstand the test of time. It has also engaged in an important legal, institutional, and regulatory reform to establish a more favorable environment for private initiative. Historical Dictionary of Benin, Fifth Edition contains a chronology, an introduction, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has more than 1,000 cross-referenced entries on important personalities as well as aspects of the country’s politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Benin.

ICT and Changing Mindsets in Education

Download ICT and Changing Mindsets in Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : African Books Collective
ISBN 13 : 9956715085
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (567 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis ICT and Changing Mindsets in Education by : Kathryn Toure

Download or read book ICT and Changing Mindsets in Education written by Kathryn Toure and published by African Books Collective. This book was released on 2008-07-15 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The debate is no longer whether to use information and communication technologies (ICT) in education in Africa but how to do so, and how to ensure equitable access for teachers and learners, whether in urban or rural settings. This is a book about how Africans adopt and adapt ICT. It is also about how ICT shape African schools and classrooms. Why do we use ICT, or not? Do girls and boys use them in the same ways? How are teachers and students in primary and secondary schools in Africa using ICT in teaching and learning? How does the process transform relations among learners, educators and knowledge construction? This collection by 19 researchers from Africa, Europe, and North America, explores these questions from a pedagogical perspective and specific socio-cultural contexts. Many of the contributors draw on learning theory and survey data from 36 schools, 66000 students and 3000 teachers. The book is rich in empirical detail on the perceived importance and appropriation of ICT in the development of education in Africa. It critically examines the potential for creative use of ICT to question habits, change mindsets, and deepen practice. The contributions are in both English and French.