Politics And The Theory Of Language In The Ussr 1917 1938

Download Politics And The Theory Of Language In The Ussr 1917 1938 full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Politics And The Theory Of Language In The Ussr 1917 1938 ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Politics and the Theory of Language in the USSR 1917-1938

Author : Craig Brandist
Publisher : Anthem Press
ISBN 13 : 0857284045
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (572 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Politics and the Theory of Language in the USSR 1917-1938 by : Craig Brandist

Download or read book Politics and the Theory of Language in the USSR 1917-1938 written by Craig Brandist and published by Anthem Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Politics and the Theory of Language in the USSR 1917-1938' provides ground-breaking research into the complex interrelations of linguistic theory and politics during the first two decades of the USSR. The work examines how the new Revolutionary regime promoted linguistic research that scrutinised the relationship between language, social structure, national identity and ideological factors as part of an attempt to democratize the public sphere. It also looks at the demise of the sociological paradigm, as the isolation and bureaucratization of the state gradually shifted the focus of research. Through this account, the collection formally acknowledges the achievements of the Soviet linguists of the time, whose innovative approaches to the relationship between language and society predates the emergence of western sociolinguistics by several decades. These articles are the first articles written in English about these linguists, and will introduce an Anglophone audience to a range of materials hitherto unavailable. In addition to providing new articles, the volume also presents the first annotated translation of Ivan Meshchaninov's 1929 'Theses on Japhetidology', thereby providing insight into one of the most controversial strands within Soviet linguistic thought.

The Anticolonial Linguistics of Nikolai Marr

Author : Matthew Carson Allen
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040182771
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Anticolonial Linguistics of Nikolai Marr by : Matthew Carson Allen

Download or read book The Anticolonial Linguistics of Nikolai Marr written by Matthew Carson Allen and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-11-08 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The archaeologist, philologist, and Linguistics theoretician Nikolai Marr (1865-1934) has attracted increasing scholarly attention as a pivotal figure of late-tsarist and early Soviet cultural politics and as an early anticolonial theorist. He remains, however, an elusive thinker who is much written about but seldom read. This volume offers a representative selection of Marr’s writing from several stages of his life translated here for the first time into English. The selection of texts allows the reader to trace the key evolving and interconnected preoccupations that animate Marr’s vast oeuvre: his anti-nationalist valorization of the cultural and linguistic hybridity of the Caucasus, his denunciation of the imperialist complicity of Western European comparative linguistics, his anti-Darwinian emphasis on mixture and convergence in place of filial descent within the history of languages, and his unorthodox theories of linguistic origins in gesture rather than speech. Key Marrist terms such as ‘Japhetidology’, or the rejection of the prevalent theory of an Indo-European language family, are clarified. The volume contains original essays that contextualize Marr’s work within the history of linguistics, showing the indebtedness and applicability of his ideas to traditions that are frequently held to be unrelated to one another: Russian proto-structuralism, French deconstruction, and Indian subaltern thought. This book was originally published as a special issue of Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies.

Language and State

Author : Xing Yu
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1036408183
Total Pages : 529 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (364 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language and State by : Xing Yu

Download or read book Language and State written by Xing Yu and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2024-07-17 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a study of the growth of human society from the perspective of language. It argues that when humans begin to use language for communication, they develop and use media. Media extend the distance of communication, allowing humans to interact with one another on a large scale and form a large society. Language leads to the dissolution of primitive society and the formation of civilized society. From the formation of civilisation, humans began to group themselves by way of ethnicity or nationality. They have made themselves a people, a community, a nation and a state. They then govern their state through various types of linguistic presentations: appellation, constitution, election, and representation – all linguistic mechanisms that contribute to the building of the state and its system of governance. The spirit of the state is then built through the development of history, philosophy, literature and art, religion and law. Language has preset the whole process of the growth of the state. This book can be a reference book of political science, political linguistics or political philosophy, to be read by university students and professors.

Language, Ideology, and the Human

Author : Dusan Radunović
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317107950
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language, Ideology, and the Human by : Dusan Radunović

Download or read book Language, Ideology, and the Human written by Dusan Radunović and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-15 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Language, Ideology, and the Human: New Interventions redefines the critical picture of language as a system of signs and ideological tropes inextricably linked to human existence. Offering reflections on the status, discursive possibilities, and political, ideological and practical uses of oral or written word in both contemporary society and the work of previous thinkers, this book traverses South African courts, British clinics, language schools in East Timor, prison cells, cinemas, literary criticism textbooks and philosophical treatises in order to forge a new, diversified perspective on language, ideology, and what it means to be human. This truly international and interdisciplinary collection explores the implications that language, always materialising in the form of a historically and ideologically identifiable discourse, as well as the concept of ideology itself, have for the construction, definition and ways of speaking about 'the human'. Thematically arranged and drawing together the latest research from experts around the world, Language, Ideology, and the Human offers a view of language, ideology and the human subject that eschews simplifications and binary definitions. With contributions from across the social sciences and humanities, this book will appeal to scholars from a range of disciplines, including sociology, cultural studies, anthropology, law, linguistics, literary studies, philosophy and political science.

Esperanto and Languages of Internationalism in Revolutionary Russia

Author : Brigid O'Keeffe
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350160660
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Esperanto and Languages of Internationalism in Revolutionary Russia by : Brigid O'Keeffe

Download or read book Esperanto and Languages of Internationalism in Revolutionary Russia written by Brigid O'Keeffe and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-05-20 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hoping to unite all of humankind and revolutionize the world, Ludwik Zamenhof launched a new international language called Esperanto from late imperial Russia in 1887. Ordinary men and women in Russia and all over the world soon transformed Esperanto into a global movement. Esperanto and Languages of Internationalism in Revolutionary Russia traces the history and legacy of this effort: from Esperanto's roots in the social turmoil of the pre-revolutionary Pale of Settlement; to its links to socialist internationalism and Comintern bids for world revolution; and, finally, to the demise of the Soviet Esperanto movement in the increasingly xenophobic Stalinist 1930s. In doing so, this book reveals how Esperanto – and global language politics more broadly – shaped revolutionary and early Soviet Russia. Based on extensive archival materials, Brigid O'Keeffe's book provides the first in-depth exploration of Esperanto at grassroots level and sheds new light on a hitherto overlooked area of Russian history. As such, Esperanto and Languages of Internationalism in Revolutionary Russia will be of immense value to both historians of modern Russia and scholars of internationalism, transnational networks, and sociolinguistics.

Stalin: From Theology to the Philosophy of Socialism in Power

Author : Roland Boer
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811063672
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Stalin: From Theology to the Philosophy of Socialism in Power by : Roland Boer

Download or read book Stalin: From Theology to the Philosophy of Socialism in Power written by Roland Boer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-17 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book not only explicates Stalin’s thoughts, but thinks with and especially through Stalin. It argues that Stalin often thought at the intersections between theology and Marxist political philosophy – especially regarding key issues of socialism in power. Careful and sustained attention to Stalin’s written texts is the primary approach used. The result is a series of arresting efforts to develop the Marxist tradition in unexpected ways. Starting from a sympathetic attitude toward socialism in power, this book provides us with an extremely insightful interpretation of Stalin’s philosophy of socialism. It is not only a successful academic effort to re-articulate Stalin’s philosophy, but also a creative effort to understand socialism in power in the context of both the former Soviet Union and contemporary China. ------- Zhang Shuangli, Professor of Marxist philosophy, Fudan University Boer's book, far from both "veneration" and "demonization" of Stalin, throws new light on the classic themes of Marxism and the Communist Movement: language, nation, state, and the stages of constructing post-capitalist society. It is an original book that also pays great attention to the People's Republic of China, arising from the reforms of Deng Xiaoping, and which is valuable to those who, beyond the twentieth century, want to understand the time and the world in which we live. -------Domenico Losurdo, University of Urbino, Italy, author of Stalin: The History and Critique of a Black Legend.

Alexander Bogdanov and the Politics of Knowledge after the October Revolution

Author : Maria Chehonadskih
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031402391
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Alexander Bogdanov and the Politics of Knowledge after the October Revolution by : Maria Chehonadskih

Download or read book Alexander Bogdanov and the Politics of Knowledge after the October Revolution written by Maria Chehonadskih and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-31 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Maria Chehonadskih unsettles established narratives about the formation of a revolutionary canon after the October Revolution. Displacing the centre of gravity from dialectical materialism to the rapid dissemination, canonisation and decline of a striking convergence of empiricism and Marxism, she explores how this tendency, overshadowed by official historiography, establishes a new attitude to modernity and progress, nature and environment, agency and subjectivity, party and class, knowledge and power. The book traces the adventure of the synthesis of empiricism and Marxism across philosophy, science, politics, art and literature from the 1890s to the 1930s, offering a radical rethinking of the true scope and scale that the main proponent of Empirio-Marxism, Alexander Bogdanov, had on the post-revolutionary socialist legacies. Chehonadskih draws on both key and forgotten figures and movements, such as Proletkult, Productivism and Constructivism, filling a gap in the literature that will be particularly significant for Marxism, continental philosophy, art theory and Slavic studies specialists.

Russian Exceptionalism between East and West

Author : Kevork Oskanian
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030697134
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Russian Exceptionalism between East and West by : Kevork Oskanian

Download or read book Russian Exceptionalism between East and West written by Kevork Oskanian and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-22 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph provides a novel long-term approach to the role of Russia’s imperial legacies in its interactions with the former Soviet space. It develops ‘Hybrid Exceptionalism’ as a critical conceptual tool aimed at uncovering the great power’s self-positioning between ‘East’ and ‘West’, and its hierarchical claims over subalterns situated in both civilizational imaginaries. It explores how, in the Tsarist, Soviet, and contemporary eras, distinct civilizational spaces were created, and maintained, through narratives and practices emanating from Russia’s ambiguous relationship with Western modernity, and its part-identification with a subordinated ‘Orient’. The Romanov Empire’s struggles with ‘Russianness’, the USSR’s Marxism-Leninism, and contemporary Russia’s combination of feigned liberal and civilizational discourses are explored as the basis of a series of successive civilising missions, through an interdisciplinary engagement with official discourses, scholarship, and the arts. The book concludes with an exploration of contemporary policy implications for the West, and the former Soviet states themselves.

Linguistic Turns, 1890-1950

Author : Ken Hirschkop
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191062936
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Linguistic Turns, 1890-1950 by : Ken Hirschkop

Download or read book Linguistic Turns, 1890-1950 written by Ken Hirschkop and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-04-04 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Linguistic Turns rewrites the intellectual and cultural history of early twentieth-century Europe. In chapters that study the work of Saussure, Russell, Wittgenstein, Bakhtin, Benjamin, Cassirer, Shklovskii, the Russian Futurists, Ogden and Richards, Sorel, Gramsci, and others, it shows how European intellectuals came to invest 'language' with extraordinary force, at a time when the social and political order of the continent was itself in question. By examining linguistic turns in concert rather than in isolation, the volume changes the way we see them—no longer simply as moves in individual disciplines, but as elements of a larger constellation, held together by common concerns and anxieties. In a series of detailed readings, the volume reveals how each linguistic turn invested 'language as such' with powers that could redeem not just individual disciplines but Europe itself. It shows how, in the hands of different writers, language becomes a model of social and political order, a tool guaranteeing analytical precision, a vehicle of dynamic change, a storehouse of mythical collective energy, a template for civil society, and an image of justice itself. By detailing the force linguistic turns attribute to language, and the way in which they contrast 'language as such' with actual language, the volume dissects the investments made in words and sentences and the visions behind them. The constellation of linguistic turns is explored as an intellectual event in its own right and as the pursuit of social theory by other means.

Deaf in the USSR

Author : Claire L. Shaw
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501713787
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Deaf in the USSR by : Claire L. Shaw

Download or read book Deaf in the USSR written by Claire L. Shaw and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2017-10-15 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Deaf in the USSR, Claire L. Shaw asks what it meant to be deaf in a culture that was founded on a radically utopian, socialist view of human perfectibility. Shaw reveals how fundamental contradictions inherent in the Soviet revolutionary project were negotiated—both individually and collectively— by a vibrant and independent community of deaf people who engaged in complex ways with Soviet ideology. Deaf in the USSR engages with a wide range of sources from both deaf and hearing perspectives—archival sources, films and literature, personal memoirs, and journalism—to build a multilayered history of deafness. This book will appeal to scholars of Soviet history and disability studies as well as those in the international deaf community who are interested in their collective heritage. Deaf in the USSR will also enjoy a broad readership among those who are interested in deafness and disability as a key to more inclusive understandings of being human and of language, society, politics, and power.

The Vernaculars of Communism

Author : Petre Petrov
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317647475
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Vernaculars of Communism by : Petre Petrov

Download or read book The Vernaculars of Communism written by Petre Petrov and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-12-17 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The political revolutions which established state socialism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe were accompanied by revolutions in the word, as the communist project implied not only remaking the world but also renaming it. As new institutions, social roles, rituals and behaviours emerged, so did language practices that designated, articulated and performed these phenomena. This book examines the use of communist language in the Stalinist and post-Stalinist periods. It goes beyond characterising this linguistic variety as crude "newspeak", showing how official language was much more complex – the medium through which important political-ideological messages were elaborated, transmitted and also contested, revealing contradictions, discursive cleavages and performative variations. The book examines the subject comparatively across a range of East European countries besides the Soviet Union, and draws on perspectives from a range of scholarly disciplines – sociolinguistics, anthropology, literary and cultural studies, historiography, and translation studies. Petre Petrov is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of Texas at Austin. Lara Ryazanova-Clarke is Head of Russian and Academic Director of the Princess Dashkova Russia Centre in the School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures at the University of Edinburgh.

Language in Ernst Bloch's Speculative Materialism

Author : Nathaniel Barron
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004680594
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language in Ernst Bloch's Speculative Materialism by : Nathaniel Barron

Download or read book Language in Ernst Bloch's Speculative Materialism written by Nathaniel Barron and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-09-20 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nathaniel Barron offers the first book length account in English of Ernst Bloch’s contribution to a Marxist philosophy of language. It is ambitious both in situating Bloch’s ideas in the broader Marxist engagement with language as it currently exists, and in using Bloch’s utopian categories to challenge that engagement. In particular, Barron reads Voloshinov’s insights into language through Bloch’s categories, and argues that Bloch advances on Voloshinov by offering an understanding of the social materiality of language which is more useful for challenging fascist forms of utterance.

Bakhtin in the Fullness of Time

Author : Craig Brandist
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 100008230X
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Bakhtin in the Fullness of Time by : Craig Brandist

Download or read book Bakhtin in the Fullness of Time written by Craig Brandist and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-05-21 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes the works of Mikhail Bakhtin as its inspiration in the contemplation of the potential of dialogic scholarship for philosophy of education. While Bakhtin’s work has been widely received in educational studies in recent years, the academic literature does not sufficiently convey the sophistication of his cultural-historical works. Selected works on the limits and perspectives of Mikhail Bakhtin are presented in the book. In doing so, the contributors seek to interpret the work of the Bakhtin Circle in a complex contemporary world. Layering and drawing from the many ideas explored by the Circle during their collective lifetimes and those that influenced their work, each chapter offers a different dimension of thought concerning issues facing societies remote (or perhaps not so remote) from the world of post-revolutionary Russia. In the post-2008 era, during which financial crises have morphed into global recession and which characterise growing social inequities, widespread political instabilities and further environmental decline and resource depletion, what is needed more than ever is a twenty-first century Bakhtin, one that is occupied with the distinct challenges our times present to all of us. The individual contributors to Bakhtin in the Fullness of Time aim to contribute to a revisioning and reassessment of Bakhtin, through a diverse series of engagements with both his legacy and future promise. In contemplating Bakhtin in the fullness of time, historical perspectives and contributions must be encountered in a contemporary understanding that will contribute to philosophy of education today. The chapters in this book were originally published in the journal Educational Philosophy and Theory.

Probings and Re-Probings

Author : Sankar Ray
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000485595
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Probings and Re-Probings by : Sankar Ray

Download or read book Probings and Re-Probings written by Sankar Ray and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-01 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Controversy was the breath of Marx's life and he revelled in it. We are therefore not at all apologetic', wrote Puran Chand Joshi in the preface to Karl Marx: A Symposium, published in 1968 commemorating the 150th birth anniversary of Marx, adding further, (It is) 'in the best Indian tradition to operate with belief and hope that it is only through the clash of ideas that truth emerges.' At a time, when a Marxian renaissance has been taking place in academia, Joshi's words reverberate with a new vitality, an evanescence of 'official Marxism' and official Marxist parties notwithstanding. There is no denying that the so-called Marxists now pay dearly for wavering 'between a rather mechanistic interpretation of crisis and its opposite: the conviction that capitalism could only be overcome by an act of will.' This book is the outcome of an international conference on Karl Marx organised by ADRI in Patna between June 16 and 20, 2018 keeping the new Marxian reality in mind. Over 50 scholars from across the world sent papers to the Conference, covering topics such as economics, politics, society, philosophy, etc. ADRI welcomed them with an open mind in sync with the Marxian reawakening that treats Marx historically and critically. Please note: Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Antonio Gramsci

Author : Mark McNally
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137334185
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (373 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Antonio Gramsci by : Mark McNally

Download or read book Antonio Gramsci written by Mark McNally and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-08-11 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thought of Antonio Gramsci continues to enjoy widespread appeal in contemporary political and social theory. This book draws together some of the world's leading scholars on Gramsci to critically explore key ideas, debates and themes in his work in an accessible manner, relating them to contemporary politics and society.

Standardizing Minority Languages

Author : Pia Lane
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317298861
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Standardizing Minority Languages by : Pia Lane

Download or read book Standardizing Minority Languages written by Pia Lane and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-22 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Open Access version of this book, available at https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781138125124, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. This volume addresses a crucial, yet largely unaddressed dimension of minority language standardization, namely how social actors engage with, support, negotiate, resist and even reject such processes. The focus is on social actors rather than language as a means for analysing the complexity and tensions inherent in contemporary standardization processes. By considering the perspectives and actions of people who participate in or are affected by minority language politics, the contributors aim to provide a comparative and nuanced analysis of the complexity and tensions inherent in minority language standardisation processes. Echoing Fasold (1984), this involves a shift in focus from a sociolinguistics of language to a sociolinguistics of people. The book addresses tensions that are born of the renewed or continued need to standardize ‘language’ in the early 21st century across the world. It proposes to go beyond the traditional macro/micro dichotomy by foregrounding the role of actors as they position themselves as users of standard forms of language, oral or written, across sociolinguistic scales. Language policy processes can be seen as practices and ideologies in action and this volume therefore investigates how social actors in a wide range of geographical settings embrace, contribute to, resist and also reject (aspects of) minority language standardization.

Gramsci and Languages

Author : Alessandro Carlucci
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004256393
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Gramsci and Languages by : Alessandro Carlucci

Download or read book Gramsci and Languages written by Alessandro Carlucci and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2013-09-12 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the prestigious 'Giuseppe Sormani International Prize' for the best monograph on Antonio Gramsci (4th edition, 2012-2017). Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) is one of the most translated Italian authors of all time. After the Second World War his thought became increasingly influential, and remained relevant throughout the second half of the century. Today, it is generally agreed that his Marxism has highly original and personal features, as confirmed by the fact that his international influence has continued to grow since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Gramsci and Languages offers an explanation of this originality and traces the origins of certain specific features of Gramsci’s political thought by looking at his lifelong interest in language, especially in questions of linguistic diversity and unification.