Political Women And American Democracy

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Political Women and American Democracy

Author : Christina Wolbrecht
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521886239
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (862 download)

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Book Synopsis Political Women and American Democracy by : Christina Wolbrecht

Download or read book Political Women and American Democracy written by Christina Wolbrecht and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-03-24 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What do we know about women, politics, and democracy in the United States? The last thirty years have witnessed a remarkable increase in women's participation in American politics and an explosion of research on female political actors, and the transformations effected by them, during the same period. Political Women and American Democracy provides a critical synthesis of scholarly research by leading experts in the field. The collected essays examine women as citizens, voters, participants, movement activists, partisans, candidates, and legislators. The authors provide frameworks for understanding and organizing existing scholarship; focus on theoretical, methodological, and empirical debates; and map out productive directions for future research. As the only book to offer "state of the field" essays on women and gender in U.S. politics, Political Women and American Democracy will be an invaluable resource for scholars and students studying and conducting women and politics research.

Political Women and American Democracy

Author : Christina Wolbrecht
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139471007
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Political Women and American Democracy by : Christina Wolbrecht

Download or read book Political Women and American Democracy written by Christina Wolbrecht and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-03-24 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What do we know about women, politics, and democracy in the United States? The last thirty years have witnessed a remarkable increase in women's participation in American politics and an explosion of research on female political actors, and the transformations effected by them, during the same period. Political Women and American Democracy provides a critical synthesis of scholarly research by leading experts in the field. The collected essays examine women as citizens, voters, participants, movement activists, partisans, candidates, and legislators. The authors provide frameworks for understanding and organizing existing scholarship; focus on theoretical, methodological, and empirical debates; and map out productive directions for future research. Political Women and American Democracy is an invaluable resource for scholars and students studying and conducting women and politics research.

The Motherless State

Author : Eileen McDonagh
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226514560
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

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Book Synopsis The Motherless State by : Eileen McDonagh

Download or read book The Motherless State written by Eileen McDonagh and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-08-01 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: American women attain more professional success than most of their counterparts around the world, but they lag surprisingly far behind in the national political arena. Women held only 15 percent of U.S. congressional seats in 2006, a proportion that ranks America behind eighty-two other countries in terms of females elected to legislative office. A compelling exploration of this deficiency, TheMotherless State reveals why the United States differs from comparable democracies that routinely elect far more women to their national governing bodies and chief executive positions. Explaining that equal rights alone do not ensure equal access to political office, Eileen McDonagh shows that electoral gender parity also requires public policies that represent maternal traits. Most other democracies, she demonstrates, view women as more suited to govern because their governments have taken on maternal roles through social welfare provisions, gender quotas, or the continuance of symbolic hereditary monarchies. The United States has not adopted such policies, and until it does, McDonagh insightfully warns, American women run for office with a troubling disadvantage.

Analyzing American Democracy

Author : Jon R. Bond
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135093326
Total Pages : 945 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Analyzing American Democracy by : Jon R. Bond

Download or read book Analyzing American Democracy written by Jon R. Bond and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-05-29 with total page 945 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyzing American Democracy teaches students to think analytically by presenting current political science theories and research in answering the engaging, big questions facing American politics today. It serves as both an introduction to American politics and to the discipline of political science by reflecting the theoretical developments and empirical inquiry conducted by researchers. Every chapter highlights the most current research and discusses related public policy. It demonstrates for students how to think critically and analytically, bringing theoretical insight to contemporary American politics. More than just a comprehensive overview and description of how American politics works, Jon Bond and Kevin Smith demonstrate how politics can be studied systematically. Throughout the text, they introduce students to the insights gleaned from rational choice, behavioral, and biological approaches to politics. Understanding these three social scientific models and their applications helps students get the most out of their American government course and out of this text--they learn a way of thinking that they can use to make sense of future challenges facing the American polity. A number of features help aid comprehension and critical thinking: Key Questions at the start of every chapter frame the learning objectives and concepts Politics in Practice boxes in every chapter encourage students to think critically about how practice compares with theory Tables, Figures, Charts, and Maps throughout present the empirical details of American politics, helping students gain quantitative literacy Top Ten Takeaway Points at the end of every chapter recap the most important points covered but also help students discern the general principles that make sense of the numerous factual details Key Terms are bolded in the text, defined in the margins, recapped at the end of the chapter, and compiled in a glossary, all to help insure that students can effortlessly master the vocabulary of American politics and political science in order to move on to the more important concepts.

Women, Politics, and Democracy in Latin America

Author : Tomáš Došek
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1349950092
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (499 download)

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Book Synopsis Women, Politics, and Democracy in Latin America by : Tomáš Došek

Download or read book Women, Politics, and Democracy in Latin America written by Tomáš Došek and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-04 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the current tendencies in women’s representation and their role in politics in Latin American countries from three different perspectives. Firstly, the authors examine cultural, political-partisan and organizational obstacles that women face in and outside institutions. Secondly, the book explores barriers in political reality, such as gender legislation implementation, public administration and international cooperation, and proposes solutions, supported by successful experiences, emphasising the nonlinearity of the implementation process. Thirdly, the authors highlight the role of women in politics at the subnational level. The book combines academic expertise in various disciplines with contributions from practitioners within national and international institutions to broaden the reader’s understanding of women in Latin American politics.

Violence against Women in Politics

Author : Mona Lena Krook
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190088494
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Violence against Women in Politics by : Mona Lena Krook

Download or read book Violence against Women in Politics written by Mona Lena Krook and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-16 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women have made significant inroads into political life in recent years, but in many parts of the world, their increased engagement has spurred attacks, intimidation, and harassment. This book provides the first comprehensive account of this phenomenon, exploring how women came to give these experiences a name: violence against women in politics. Tracing its global emergence as a concept, Mona Lena Krook draws on insights from multiple disciplines--political science, sociology, history, gender studies, economics, linguistics, psychology, and forensic science--to develop a more robust version of this concept to support ongoing activism and inform future scholarly work. Krook argues that violence against women in politics is not simply a gendered extension of existing definitions of political violence privileging physical aggressions against rivals. Rather, it is a distinct phenomenon involving a broad range of harms to attack and undermine women as political actors, taking physical, psychological, sexual, economic, and semiotic forms. Incorporating a wide range of country examples, she illustrates what this violence looks like in practice, catalogues emerging solutions around the world, and considers how to document this phenomenon more effectively. Highlighting its implications for democracy, human rights, and gender equality, the book asserts that addressing this issue requires ongoing dialogue and collaboration to ensure women's equal rights to participate--freely and safely--in political life around the globe.

Women of the Republic

Author : Linda K. Kerber
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 0807899844
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Women of the Republic by : Linda K. Kerber

Download or read book Women of the Republic written by Linda K. Kerber and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2000-11-09 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women of the Republic views the American Revolution through women's eyes. Previous histories have rarely recognized that the battle for independence was also a woman's war. The "women of the army" toiled in army hospitals, kitchens, and laundries. Civilian women were spies, fund raisers, innkeepers, suppliers of food and clothing. Recruiters, whether patriot or tory, found men more willing to join the army when their wives and daughters could be counted on to keep the farms in operation and to resist enchroachment from squatters. "I have Don as much to Carrey on the warr as maney that Sett Now at the healm of government," wrote one impoverished woman, and she was right. Women of the Republic is the result of a seven-year search for women's diaries, letters, and legal records. Achieving a remarkable comprehensiveness, it describes women's participation in the war, evaluates changes in their education in the late eighteenth century, describes the novels and histories women read and wrote, and analyzes their status in law and society. The rhetoric of the Revolution, full of insistence on rights and freedom in opposition to dictatorial masters, posed questions about the position of women in marriage as well as in the polity, but few of the implications of this rhetoric were recognized. How much liberty and equality for women? How much pursuit of happiness? How much justice? When American political theory failed to define a program for the participation of women in the public arena, women themselves had to develop an ideology of female patriotism. They promoted the notion that women could guarantee the continuing health of the republic by nurturing public-spirited sons and husbands. This limited ideology of "Republican Motherhood" is a measure of the political and social conservatism of the Revolution. The subsequent history of women in America is the story of women's efforts to accomplish for themselves what the Revolution did not.

Resistance

Author : Jennifer Rubin
Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 006298215X
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (629 download)

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Book Synopsis Resistance by : Jennifer Rubin

Download or read book Resistance written by Jennifer Rubin and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2021-09-21 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the tradition of Shattered and Game Change, Washington Post columnist Jennifer Rubin provides an insider’s look at how women across the political spectrum carried a revolution to the ballot box and defeated Donald Trump, based on interviews with key figures such as Kamala Harris, Amy Klobuchar, Stacey Abrams, Nancy Pelosi, and many more. In a compelling narrative, bookended by Donald Trump’s 2016 victory and his 2020 defeat, Rubin delivers an absorbing analysis of the women’s counter-Trump revolution. Resistance tracks a set of dynamic women voters, activists and politicians who rose up when Donald Trump took the White House and fundamentally changed the political landscape. From the first Women’s March the day after Trump’s inauguration to the Blue Wave in the 2018 midterms to the flood of female presidential candidates in 2020 to the inauguration of Kamala Harris, women from across the ideological spectrum entered the political arena and became energized in a way America had not witnessed in decades. They marched, they organized, they donated vast sums of cash, they ran for office, they made new alliances. And they defeated Donald Trump. Democratic women candidates learned that they could win in large numbers, even in red districts. Black women voters in 2020 surged in Georgia and in suburbs in key swing states. Women across the country voted in greater numbers than in any previous election, flipped the Senate, and ensured victory for the first female Vice President in the nation’s history. While Democrats recorded impressive victories, Republican women delivered critical victories of their own. From the White House to Congress, from activists to protestors, from liberals to conservatives, Resistance delivers the first comprehensive portrait of women’s historic political surge provoked by the horror of President Trump. This is the indelible story of how American women transformed their own lives, vanquished Trump, secured unprecedented positions of power and redefined US politics decades to come. Resistance is essential reading for understanding the most important election in American history and the role women played in redesigning modern politics.

Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy

Author : Magda Hinojosa
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197526969
Total Pages : 181 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

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Book Synopsis Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy by : Magda Hinojosa

Download or read book Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy written by Magda Hinojosa and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-17 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under what conditions do citizens most effectively connect to the democratic process? We tend to think that factors like education, income, and workforce participation are most important, but research has shown that they exert less influence than expected when it comes to women's attitudes and engagement. Scholars have begun to look more closely at how political context affects engagement. This book asks how contexts promote women's interest and connection to democracy, and it looks to Latin America for answers. The region provides a good test case as the institution of gender quotas has led to more recent and dramatic increases in women's political representation. Specifically, Magda Hinojosa and Miki Caul Kittilson argue that the election of women to political office--particularly where women's presence is highly visible to the public--strengthens the connections between women and the democratic process. For women, seeing more "people like me" in politics changes attitudes and orientations toward government and politics. The authors untangle the effects of gender quotas and the subsequent rise in women's share of elected positions, finding that the latter exerts greater impact on women's connections to the democratic process. Women citizens are more knowledgeable, interested, and efficacious when they see women holding elected office. They also express more trust in government and in political institutions and greater satisfaction with democracy when they see more women in politics. The authors look at comparative data from across Latin America, but focus on an in-depth case study of Uruguay. Here, the authors find that gender gaps in political engagement declined significantly after a doubling of women's representation in the Senate. The authors therefore argue that far-reaching gender gaps can be overcome by more equitable representation in our political institutions.

Dynamics of American Democracy

Author : Wendy J. Schiller
Publisher : University Press of Kansas
ISBN 13 : 0700630015
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Dynamics of American Democracy by : Wendy J. Schiller

Download or read book Dynamics of American Democracy written by Wendy J. Schiller and published by University Press of Kansas. This book was released on 2020-12-14 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Democracy is in crisis. Washington is failing. Government is broken. On these counts many politicians, policy experts, and citizens agree. What is less clear is why—and what to do about it. These questions are at the heart of Dynamics of American Democracy, which goes beneath the surface of current events to explore the forces reshaping democratic politics in the United States and around the world. Bringing together leading scholars and practitioners of politics and governance, this volume charts a twenty-first-century landscape beset by ideological polarization and political tribalism; rapid demographic, economic, and technological change; the influence of online news and social media; and the increasing importance of public attitudes about gender and race. Against this fraught background the authors consider the performance of the two-party system, the operations of Congress and the presidency, and the ways in which ordinary citizens form their beliefs and make their voting decisions. The contributors’ work represents a wide range of perspectives and methodological approaches and provides insight into what ails American governance, from the practice of politics as tribal warfare to the electoral rules that produce a two-party hegemony, and from the impact of social media—including how differently conservatives and liberals use Twitter—to the significance of President Trump in historical and institutional perspective. Finally, Dynamics of American Democracy goes beyond diagnosis to present and evaluate the value and viability of proposals for reforming politics.

Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America

Author : Maxine Molyneux
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1403914117
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (39 download)

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Book Synopsis Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America by : Maxine Molyneux

Download or read book Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America written by Maxine Molyneux and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-01-28 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume assesses one of the most important developments in contemporary Latin American women's movements: the engagement with rights-based discourses. Organised women have played a central role in the continued struggle for democracy in the region and with it gender justice. The foregrounding of human rights, and within them the recognition of women's rights, has offered women a strategic advantage in pursuing their goals of an inclusive citizenship. The country-based chapters analyse specific bodies of rights: rights and representation, domestic violence, labour rights, reproductive rights, legal advocacy, socio-economic rights, rights and ethnicity, and rights, the state and autonomy.

Schools of Democracy

Author : Clayton Sinyai
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501729918
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Schools of Democracy by : Clayton Sinyai

Download or read book Schools of Democracy written by Clayton Sinyai and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2018-07-05 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this new political history of the labor movement, Clayton Sinyai examines the relationship between labor activism and the American democratic tradition. Sinyai shows how America's working people and union leaders debated the first questions of democratic theory—and in the process educated themselves about the rights and responsibilities of democratic citizenship. In tracing the course of the American labor movement from the founding of the Knights of Labor in the 1870s to the 1968 presidential election and its aftermath, Sinyai explores the political dimensions of collective bargaining, the structures of unions and businesses, and labor's relationships with political parties and other social movements. Schools of Democracy analyzes how labor activists wrestled with fundamental aspects of political philosophy and the development of American democracy, including majority rule versus individual liberty, the rule of law, and the qualifications required of citizens of a democracy. Offering a balanced assessment of mainstream leaders of American labor, from Samuel Gompers to George Meany, and their radical critics, including the Socialists and the Industrial Workers of the World, Sinyai provides an unusual and refreshing perspective on American labor history.

American Democracy in Context

Author : John Anthony Maltese
Publisher : CQ Press
ISBN 13 : 1544396201
Total Pages : 529 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (443 download)

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Book Synopsis American Democracy in Context by : John Anthony Maltese

Download or read book American Democracy in Context written by John Anthony Maltese and published by CQ Press. This book was released on 2019-11-08 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover what makes American democracy unique and how its government impacts your life American Democracy in Context provides a combined comparative and historical approach to inspire students to better understand, care, and become active citizens. Bestselling authors Maltese, Pika, and Shively explain the distinctive features of how Americans practice democracy—how they vote, translate election results into representation of interests, make policy decisions, enforce laws and maintain justice—and how those practices differ from other democracies in the world. The emphasis is always on the American political system, but the search for understanding requires students to examine how the American system has developed over time (historical context) and how it compares with similar practices in other democracies (comparative context). This combined approach motivates students to understand why politics is relevant to their everyday lives and how they can affect changes to make their lives better. Also available as a digital option (courseware). Contact your rep to learn more about American Democracy in Context - Vantage Digital Option.

Inequality and American Democracy

Author : Lawrence R. Jacobs
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 1610443047
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Inequality and American Democracy by : Lawrence R. Jacobs

Download or read book Inequality and American Democracy written by Lawrence R. Jacobs and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2005-08-25 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the twentieth century, the United States ended some of its most flagrant inequalities. The "rights revolution" ended statutory prohibitions against women's suffrage and opened the doors of voting booths to African Americans. Yet a more insidious form of inequality has emerged since the 1970s—economic inequality—which appears to have stalled and, in some arenas, reversed progress toward realizing American ideals of democracy. In Inequality and American Democracy, editors Lawrence Jacobs and Theda Skocpol headline a distinguished group of political scientists in assessing whether rising economic inequality now threatens hard-won victories in the long struggle to achieve political equality in the United States. Inequality and American Democracy addresses disparities at all levels of the political and policy-making process. Kay Lehman Scholzman, Benjamin Page, Sidney Verba, and Morris Fiorina demonstrate that political participation is highly unequal and strongly related to social class. They show that while economic inequality and the decreasing reliance on volunteers in political campaigns serve to diminish their voice, middle class and working Americans lag behind the rich even in protest activity, long considered the political weapon of the disadvantaged. Larry Bartels, Hugh Heclo, Rodney Hero, and Lawrence Jacobs marshal evidence that the U.S. political system may be disproportionately responsive to the opinions of wealthy constituents and business. They argue that the rapid growth of interest groups and the increasingly strict party-line voting in Congress imperils efforts at enacting policies that are responsive to the preferences of broad publics and to their interests in legislation that extends economic and social opportunity. Jacob Hacker, Suzanne Mettler, and Dianne Pinderhughes demonstrate the feedbacks of government policy on political participation and inequality. In short supply today are inclusive public policies like the G.I. Bill, Social Security legislation, the War on Poverty, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that changed the American political climate, mobilized interest groups, and altered the prospect for initiatives to stem inequality in the last fifty years. Inequality and American Democracy tackles the complex relationships between economic, social, and political inequality with authoritative insight, showcases a new generation of critical studies of American democracy, and highlights an issue of growing concern for the future of our democratic society.

A Century of Votes for Women

Author : Christina Wolbrecht
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107187494
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis A Century of Votes for Women by : Christina Wolbrecht

Download or read book A Century of Votes for Women written by Christina Wolbrecht and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-30 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines how and why American women voted since the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in 1920.

American Political History: A Very Short Introduction

Author : Donald T. Critchlow
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199393737
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

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Book Synopsis American Political History: A Very Short Introduction by : Donald T. Critchlow

Download or read book American Political History: A Very Short Introduction written by Donald T. Critchlow and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015-01-14 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Founding Fathers who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787 distrusted political parties, popular democracy, centralized government, and a strong executive office. Yet the country's national politics have historically included all those features. In American Political History: A Very Short Introduction, Donald Critchlow takes on this contradiction between original theory and actual practice. This brief, accessible book explores the nature of the two-party system, key turning points in American political history, representative presidential and congressional elections, struggles to expand the electorate, and critical social protest and third-party movements. The volume emphasizes the continuity of a liberal tradition challenged by partisan divide, war, and periodic economic turmoil. American Political History: A Very Short Introduction explores the emergence of a democratic political culture within a republican form of government, showing the mobilization and extension of the mass electorate over the lifespan of the country. In a nation characterized by great racial, ethnic, and religious diversity, American democracy has proven extraordinarily durable. Individual parties have risen and fallen, but the dominance of the two-party system persists. Fierce debates over the meaning of the U.S. Constitution have created profound divisions within the parties and among voters, but a belief in the importance of constitutional order persists among political leaders and voters. Americans have been deeply divided about the extent of federal power, slavery, the meaning of citizenship, immigration policy, civil rights, and a range of economic, financial, and social policies. New immigrants, racial minorities, and women have joined the electorate and the debates. But American political history, with its deep social divisions, bellicose rhetoric, and antagonistic partisanship provides valuable lessons about the meaning and viability of democracy in the early 21st century. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Political Power and Women's Representation in Latin America

Author : Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780199780389
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis Political Power and Women's Representation in Latin America by : Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer

Download or read book Political Power and Women's Representation in Latin America written by Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-09-30 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The number of women elected to Latin American legislatures has grown significantly over the past thirty years. This increase in the number of women elected to national office is due, in large part, to gender-friendly electoral rules such as gender quotas and proportional electoral systems, and it has, in turn, fostered constituent support for representative democracy. Still, this book argues that women are gaining political voice and bringing women's issues to state agendas, but they are not gaining political power. Women are marginalized by the male majority in office and relegated to the least powerful committees and leadership posts, hindering progress toward real political equality. In Political Power and Women's Representation in Latin America, Leslie Schwindt-Bayer examines the causes and consequences of women's representation in Latin America. She does so by asking a series of politically relevant and theoretically challenging questions, including why the numbers of women in office have increased in some countries but vary across others; what the presence of women in office means for the way representatives legislate; and what consequences the election of women bears for representative democracy more generally. Schwindt-Bayer articulates a comprehensive theory of women's representation that analyzes and connects trends in relation to four facets of political representation: formal, descriptive, substantive and symbolic. She then tests this theory empirically using aggregate data from all eighteen Latin American democracies and original fieldwork in Argentina, Colombia and Costa Rica. Ultimately, this book communicates the complex and often incomplete nature of women's political representation in Latin America.