Measuring and Managing Performance in Organizations

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Author :
Publisher : Addison-Wesley
ISBN 13 : 0133488403
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (334 download)

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Book Synopsis Measuring and Managing Performance in Organizations by : Robert Austin

Download or read book Measuring and Managing Performance in Organizations written by Robert Austin and published by Addison-Wesley. This book was released on 2013-07-15 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the digital version of the printed book (Copyright © 1996). Based on an award-winning doctoral thesis at Carnegie Mellon University, Measuring and Managing Performance in Organizations presents a captivating analysis of the perils of performance measurement systems. In the book’s foreword, Peopleware authors Tom DeMarco and Timothy Lister rave, “We believe this is a book that needs to be on the desk of just about anyone who manages anything.” Because people often react with unanticipated sophistication when they are being measured, measurement-based management systems can become dysfunctional, interfering with achievement of intended results. Fortunately, as the author shows, measurement dysfunction follows a pattern that can be identified and avoided. The author’s findings are bolstered by interviews with eight recognized experts in the use of measurement to manage computer software development: David N. Card, of Software Productivity Solutions; Tom DeMarco, of the Atlantic Systems Guild; Capers Jones, of Software Productivity Research; John Musa, of AT&T Bell Laboratories; Daniel J. Paulish, of Siemens Corporate Research; Lawrence H. Putnam, of Quantitative Software Management; E. O. Tilford, Sr., of Fissure; plus the anonymous Expert X. A practical model for analyzing measurement projects solidifies the text–don’t start without it!

Beyond Performance

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118097467
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Beyond Performance by : Scott Keller

Download or read book Beyond Performance written by Scott Keller and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-06-01 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The secret of achieving and sustaining organizational excellence revealed In an ever-changing world where only a third of excellent organizations stay that way over the long term, and where even fewer are able to implement successful change programs, leaders are in need of big ideas and new tools to thrive. In Beyond Performance, McKinsey & Company's Scott Keller and Colin Price give you everything you need to build an organization that can execute in the short run and has the vitality to prosper over the long term. Drawing on the most exhaustive research effort of its kind on organizational effectiveness and change management, Keller and Price put hard science behind their big idea: that the health of an organization is equally as important as its performance. In the book's foreword, management guru Gary Hamel refers to this notion as "a new manifesto for thinking about organizations." The authors illustrate why copying management best practices from other companies is more dangerous than helpful Clearly explains how to determine the mutually reinforcing combination of management practices that best fits your organization's context Provides practical tools to achieve superior levels of performance and health through a staged change process: aspire, assess, architect, act, and advance. Among these are new techniques for dealing with those aspects of human behavior that are seemingly irrational (and therefore confound even the smartest leaders), yet entirely predictable Ultimately, building a healthy organization is an intangible asset that competitors copy at their peril and that enables you to skillfully adapt to and shape your environment faster than others—giving you the ultimate competitive advantage.

Questioning Performance Measurement: Metrics, Organizations and Power

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Author :
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1526462869
Total Pages : 165 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis Questioning Performance Measurement: Metrics, Organizations and Power by : Guy Redden

Download or read book Questioning Performance Measurement: Metrics, Organizations and Power written by Guy Redden and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2019-03-11 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Questioning Performance Measurement: Metrics, Organizations and Power is the first book to interrogate the organizational turn towards performance metrics critically. Performance measurement is used to evaluate a diverse range of activities throughout the private, public and non-governmental sectors. But in an increasingly data driven world, what does it really mean to measure ‘performance’? Taking a sociology of quantification perspective, this book traces the rise of performance measurement, questions its methods and objectivity, and examines the social significance of the flood of numbers through which value is represented and actors are held accountable. An illuminating read for students, scholars and practitioners across Organization Studies, Sociology, Business and Management, Public Policy and Administration.

Designing Organizations for High Performance

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Author :
Publisher : Prentice Hall
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Designing Organizations for High Performance by : David P. Hanna

Download or read book Designing Organizations for High Performance written by David P. Hanna and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 1988 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical guide to developing higher levels of performance in large organizations through changes in strategy, organization design, and culture. This guide presents detailed descriptions of ways in which individuals intervened in their organizations, how they arrived at their plans, and how it resulted in improved effectiveness and better business results for the organization.

Measuring Performance in Public and Nonprofit Organizations

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 047036517X
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Measuring Performance in Public and Nonprofit Organizations by : Theodore H. Poister

Download or read book Measuring Performance in Public and Nonprofit Organizations written by Theodore H. Poister and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-03-11 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, a commitment to increased accountability and improved performance has become essential in both governmental agencies and nonprofit organizations. To help managers and executives in their ongoing quest for greater accountability and improved performance Theodore H. Poister, offers a comprehensive resource for designing and implementing effective performance measurement systems at the agency level. The ideas, tools, and processes in this vital resource will help organizations develop measurement systems to support such results-oriented management approaches as strategic management, results-based budgeting, performance management, process improvement, performance contracting, and employee incentive systems. Using this book as a guide, public and nonprofit organizations can accurately measure outputs, efficiency, productivity, effectiveness, service quality, and customer satisfaction, and use the resulting data to strengthen decision-making and improve agency and program performance. Read a Charity Channel review: http://charitychannel.com/publish/templates/?a=36&z=25

Fundamentals of Performance Improvement

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118025245
Total Pages : 706 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Performance Improvement by : Darlene Van Tiem

Download or read book Fundamentals of Performance Improvement written by Darlene Van Tiem and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-05-01 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of Performance Improvement, 3rd Edition Fundamentals of Performance Improvement is a substantially new version of the down-to-earth, how-to guide designed to help business leaders, practitioners, and students understand the science and art of performance technology and successfully implement organizational and societal change. Using the Performance Improvement / Human Performance Technology (HPT) model, the expert authors explain step-by-step how to spot performance indicators, analyze problems, identify underlying causes, describe desired results, and create workable solutions. “It does not matter what function you align yourself to in your organization, this book allows you to tap into the secrets that drive organizational success. Several books work to define what is performance improvement and performance technology. This one also provides insights into the Why? And How?” —CEDRIC T. COCO, CPT, SVP, Learning and Organizational Effectiveness, Lowe’s Companies “Fundamentals of Performance Improvement is full of practical models and tools for improving the world by partnering with customers, clients, constituents, and colleagues. It provides a path forward for successful transformation and performance improvement at personal, group and collective levels. It is a must read for leaders and consultants seeking to advance opportunities in new and emerging situations.” —DIANA WHITNEY, PhD, president, Corporation for Positive Change “If you have an interest in performance improvement, this is simply the best available book on the topic. It addresses the science and craft as well as the intricacies of how to improve workplace performance. Van Tiem, Moseley, and Dessinger have incorporated into this work the best available research on the Certified Performance Technology (CPT) standards and process.” —JAMES A. PERSHING, Ph.D., CPT, professor emeritus, Workplace Learning and Performance Improvement, Indiana University “Its international flavor, with practitioner comments and examples drawn from across the world, enhances its appeal as more and more professionals operate in an increasingly global context.” —DALJIT SINGH, Asia Pacific Director of Talent Management, Baker & McKenzie, Sydney, Australia

Results

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Author :
Publisher : Berrett-Koehler Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781576750445
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (54 download)

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Book Synopsis Results by : Richard A. Swanson

Download or read book Results written by Richard A. Swanson and published by Berrett-Koehler Publishers. This book was released on 1999-05-13 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why measure results in HRD? If HRD is to be a core organizational process, it must act like one and hold itself accountable. Assessing results, particularly bottom-line performance results, is key to gaining support from top management. And those who measure results ultimately find it a source of program improvement and innovation as well as pride and satisfaction. Results is both theoretically sound and firmly rooted in practice. The practical five-step assessment process the authors present gives readers a simple and direct journey from analysis inputs to decision outputs. This book provides the tools required for effective and efficient assessment of the outcomes resulting from development efforts in organizations.

What Makes a High Performance Organization

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Author :
Publisher : Warden Press
ISBN 13 : 9789492004772
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis What Makes a High Performance Organization by : Andre A de Waal

Download or read book What Makes a High Performance Organization written by Andre A de Waal and published by Warden Press. This book was released on 2019-02-06 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can today's managers concentrate on what really matters to improve the performance of their organization, to reach outstanding goals? The answer is in What Makes an HPO. The five critical factors of the HPO Framework - Management Quality, Openness & Action-Orientation, Long-Term Orientation, Continuous Improvement & Renewal and Employee Quality - will help you turn your organization into an HPO. This book shows you what to concentrate on, how others have done it, and how to achieve it yourself. The HPO Framework is the result of a global five-year research project into the genuine success factors of High Performance Organizations (HPOs). The HPO Center, led by Dr de Waal, discovered what really works on the ground in every type of organization rather than what managers think should, or might have, worked. In his book André de Waal gives many real-life examples from a variety of sectors including Finance, Retail, Industry, ICT, High Education and Government, all illustrating the successful workings of the HPO Framework in organizations worldwide. Also included are many interviews with HPO leaders at Microsoft, SABMiller, Svenska Handelsbanken, HP, Tata Steel, Umpqua Bank, Unilever and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines.

Performance and Productivity in Public and Nonprofit Organizations

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317463013
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Performance and Productivity in Public and Nonprofit Organizations by : Evan M. Berman

Download or read book Performance and Productivity in Public and Nonprofit Organizations written by Evan M. Berman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-06-11 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The revised edition of this accessible text provides a balanced assessment and overview of state-of-the-art organizational and performance productivity strategies. Public and nonprofit organizations face demands for increased productivity and responsiveness, and this practical guide offers strategies based on current research and scholarship that respond to these challenges. The book's comprehensive coverage includes: rationale for productivity and performance improvement; evolution of productivity improvement; the quality paradigm; customer service; information technology; traditional approaches to productivity improvement; re-engineering and restructuring; partnering and privatization; psychological contracts; and community based strategies. In addition to updating the examples of the first edition, this new edition also highlights the growing use of enterprise funds, partnership models of privatization, and web-based service delivery. Each chapter concludes with a useful summary and all-new application exercises.

Leading Organizations

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 147294688X
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (729 download)

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Book Synopsis Leading Organizations by : Scott Keller

Download or read book Leading Organizations written by Scott Keller and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2017-04-24 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The guide for all leaders and senior managers, offering the answers to critical questions on organizational design and management. Every year, over 10,000 business books are published-and that's before you add in the hundreds of thousands of articles, blogs, and video lectures that are produced. Leaders can't possibly hope to digest it all, and writers increasingly sensationalize and spin their ideas in order to be noticed. The result? Put quite simply, the field of management thinking is in danger of losing the plot. In this new book, Scott Keller and Mary Meaney-Senior Partners at McKinsey & Company, the world's preeminent management consultancy-cut to the chase by answering the 10 most important and timeless questions that every leader needs to answer in order to maximize the performance and health of their organization. What's more, the authors recognize that great leaders may not have time for long-winded business books. In Leading Organizations, answers are kept to the essentials-hard facts, counter-intuitive insights, and practical steps-all presented in an accessible and highly visual format. If there's one essential business book you should read-ever-it's this one.

Improving Performance

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118143701
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (181 download)

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Book Synopsis Improving Performance by : Geary A. Rummler

Download or read book Improving Performance written by Geary A. Rummler and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-12-11 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improving Performance is recognized as the book that launched the Process Improvement revolution. It was the first such approach to bridge the gap between organization strategy and the individual. Now, in this revised and expanded new edition, Gary Rummler reflects on the key needs of organizations faced with today's challenge of managing change in today's complex world. The book shows how to apply the three levels of performance and link performance to strategy, move from annual programs to sustained performance improvement, redesign processes, overcome the seven deadly sins of performance improvement and much more.

Beyond Performance 2.0

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119596688
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Beyond Performance 2.0 by : Scott Keller

Download or read book Beyond Performance 2.0 written by Scott Keller and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-07-03 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Double your odds of leading successful, sustainable change Leaders aren’t short on access to change management advice, but the jury has long been out as to which approach is the best one to follow. With the publication of Beyond Performance 2.0, the verdict is well and truly in. By applying the approach detailed by authors, Scott Keller and Bill Schaninger, the evidence shows that leaders can more than double their odds of success—from thirty percent to almost eighty. Whereas the first edition of Beyond Performance introduced the authors’ “Five Frames of Performance and Health” approach to change management, the fully revised and updated Beyond Performance 2.0 has been transformed into a truly practical “how to” guide for leaders. Every aspect of how to lead change at scale is covered in a step-by-step manner, always accompanied by practical tools and real-life examples. Keller and Schaninger’s work is distinguished in many ways, one of which is the rigor behind the recommendations. The underpinning research is the most comprehensive of its kind—based on over 5 million data points drawn from 2,000 companies globally over a 15-year period. This data is overlaid with the authors’ combined more than 40 years of experience in helping companies successfully achieve large-scale change. As senior partners in McKinsey & Company, consistently named the world’s most prestigious management consulting firm, Keller and Schaninger also draw on the shared experience of their colleagues from offices in over 60 countries with unrivaled access to CEOs and senior teams. Beyond Performance 2.0 also dares to go against the grain—eschewing the notion of copying best practices and instead guiding leaders to make choices specific to their unique context and organization. It does this with meticulously balance of focus on short- and long-term considerations, and on fully addressing the hard technical and oft cultural elements of making change happen. Further, the approach doesn’t just focus on delivering change; it builds an organization’s muscle to continuously change, making it healthier so that it can act with increased speed and agility to stay perpetually ahead of its competition. Leaders looking for a proven approach to leading large-scale change from a trusted source have found what they are looking for in Beyond Performance 2.0.

Governance and Performance in Public and Non-Profit Organizations

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Author :
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1786351072
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

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Book Synopsis Governance and Performance in Public and Non-Profit Organizations by : Alessandro Hinna

Download or read book Governance and Performance in Public and Non-Profit Organizations written by Alessandro Hinna and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2016-04-12 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Public and Non-Profit Governance (SPNPG) publishes in a growing area of governance research. SPNPG allows for the establishment of an engaged community of researchers. It contributes to the definition of the theoretical components that assign an innovation role to governance systems in public and non profit organizations.

Managing and Measuring Performance in Public and Nonprofit Organizations

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118958551
Total Pages : 454 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis Managing and Measuring Performance in Public and Nonprofit Organizations by : Theodore H. Poister

Download or read book Managing and Measuring Performance in Public and Nonprofit Organizations written by Theodore H. Poister and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-08-28 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New edition of a classic guide to ensuring effective organizational performance Thoroughly revised and updated, the second edition of Managing and Measuring Performance in Public and Nonprofit Organizations is a comprehensive resource for designing and implementing effective performance management and measurement systems in public and nonprofit organizations. The ideas, tools, and processes in this vital resource are designed to help organizations develop measurement systems to support such effective management approaches as strategic management, results-based budgeting, performance management, process improvement, performance contracting, and much more. The book will help readers identify outcomes and other performance criteria to be measured, tie measures to goals and objectives, define and evaluate the worth of desired performance measures, and analyze, process, report, and utilize data effectively. Includes significant updates that offer a more integrated approach to performance management and measurement Offers a detailed framework and instructions for developing and implementing performance management systems Shows how to apply the most effective performance management principles Reveals how to overcome the barriers to effective performance management Managing and Measuring Performance in Public and Nonprofit Organizations identifies common methodological and managerial problems that often confront managers in developing performance measurement systems, and presents a number of targeted strategies for the successful implementation of such systems in public and nonprofit organizations. This must-have resource will help leaders reach their organizational goals and objectives.

Deep Purpose

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Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 0063088932
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (63 download)

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Book Synopsis Deep Purpose by : Ranjay Gulati

Download or read book Deep Purpose written by Ranjay Gulati and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2022-02-08 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thinkers50 Top 10 Best New Management Books for 2022 A distinguished Harvard Business School professor offers a compelling reassessment and defense of purpose as a management ethos, documenting the vast performance gains and social benefits that become possible when firms manage to get purpose right. Few business topics have aroused more skepticism in recent years than the notion of corporate purpose, and for good reason. Too many companies deploy purpose, or a reason for being, as a promotional vehicle to make themselves feel virtuous and to look good to the outside world. Some have only foggy ideas about what purpose is and conflate it with strategy and other concepts like “mission,” “vision,” and “values.” Even well-intentioned leaders don’t understand purpose’s full potential and engage half-heartedly and superficially with it. Outsiders spot this and become cynical about companies and the broader capitalist endeavor. Having conducted extensive field research, Ranjay Gulati reveals the fatal mistakes leaders unwittingly make when attempting to implement a reason for being. Moreover, he shows how companies can embed purpose much more deeply than they currently do, delivering impressive performance benefits that reward customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, and communities alike. To get purpose right, leaders must fundamentally change not only how they execute it but also how they conceive of and relate to it. They must practice what Gulati calls deep purpose, furthering each organization’s reason for being more intensely, thoughtfully, and comprehensively than ever before. In this authoritative, accessible, and inspiring guide, Gulati takes readers inside some of the world’s most purposeful companies to understand the secrets to their successes. He explores how leaders can pursue purpose more deeply by navigating the inevitable tradeoffs more deliberately and effectively to balance between short- and long-term value; building purpose more systematically into every key organizational function to mobilize stakeholders and enhance performance; updating organizations to foster more autonomy and collaboration, which in turn allow individual employees to work more purposefully; using powerful storytelling to communicate a reason for being, arousing emotions and building a community of inspired and committed stakeholders; and building cultures that don’t merely support purpose, but also allow employees to link the corporate purpose to their own personal reasons for being. As Gulati argues, a deeper engagement with purpose holds the key not merely to the well-being of individual companies but also to humanity’s future. With capitalism under siege and relatively low levels of trust in business, purpose can serve as a radically new operating system for the enterprise, enhancing performance while also delivering meaningful benefits to society. It’s the kind of inspired thinking that businesses—and the rest of us—urgently need.

Performance Management for Agile Organizations

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331940153X
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Performance Management for Agile Organizations by : Tim Baker

Download or read book Performance Management for Agile Organizations written by Tim Baker and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-14 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Baker takes on eight dysfunctional people management practices originating from the scientific management and offers practical solutions for changing these practices and increasing organizational agility. Agile is the new black. Every business now has to be adaptive, nimble and ready to pivot – managers have to be comfortable with ambiguity and constantly ready for change. And yet... While agility is regarded as essential for competitive advantage, most organizations are still unthinkingly applying people management practices, rooted in Frederick Taylor’s scientific management philosophy of the early 20th century, designed to ensure consistency and efficiency on production lines but which actively prevent the sort of creativity and flexibility needed in the modern workplace. 100 years of scientific management has led to the creation of eight performance myths. Myths that impede the agility necessary to compete in the age of the knowledge worker but which are so instinctively embedded in management psyche that they go unchallenged despite the fact that the changing world of work has rendered them dysfunctional and counterproductive. Through case studies and examples Baker demonstrates how the right workplace culture for promoting and applying agile decision-making consists of eight values shared by employer and employee – values that are polar opposite of the values and assumptions of traditional management styles. A new psychological contract that enables the collaborative working relationship necessary for agility to flourish.

Enhancing Organizational Performance

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309175828
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Enhancing Organizational Performance by : National Research Council

Download or read book Enhancing Organizational Performance written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-04-02 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Total quality management (TQM), reengineering, the workplace of the twenty-first centuryâ€"the 1990s have brought a sense of urgency to organizations to change or face stagnation and decline, according to Enhancing Organizational Performance. Organizations are adopting popular management techniques, some scientific, some faddish, often without introducing them properly or adequately measuring the outcome. Enhancing Organizational Performance reviews the most popular current approaches to organizational changeâ€"total quality management, reengineering, and downsizingâ€"in terms of how they affect organizations and people, how performance improvements can be measured, and what questions remain to be answered by researchers. The committee explores how theory, doctrine, accepted wisdom, and personal experience have all served as sources for organization design. Alternative organization structures such as teams, specialist networks, associations, and virtual organizations are examined. Enhancing Organizational Performance looks at the influence of the organization's norms, values, and beliefsâ€"its cultureâ€"on people and their performance, identifying cultural "levers" available to organization leaders. And what is leadership? The committee sorts through a wealth of research to identify behaviors and skills related to leadership effectiveness. The volume examines techniques for developing these skills and suggests new competencies that will become required with globalization and other trends. Mergers, networks, alliances, coalitionsâ€"organizations are increasingly turning to new intra- and inter-organizational structures. Enhancing Organizational Performance discusses how organizations cooperate to maximize outcomes. The committee explores the changing missions of the U.S. Army as a case study that has relevance to any organization. Noting that a musical greeting card contains more computing power than existed in the entire world before 1950, the committee addresses the impact of new technologies on performance. With examples, insights, and practical criteria, Enhancing Organizational Performance clarifies the nature of organizations and the prospects for performance improvement. This book will be important to corporate leaders, executives, and managers; faculty and students in organizational performance and the social sciences; business journalists; researchers; and interested individuals.