Particle Deposition In Replica Healthy And Emphysematous Alveolar Models Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

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Particle Deposition in Replica Healthy and Emphysematous Alveolar Models Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Author : Edward M. Harding
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (658 download)

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Book Synopsis Particle Deposition in Replica Healthy and Emphysematous Alveolar Models Using Computational Fluid Dynamics by : Edward M. Harding

Download or read book Particle Deposition in Replica Healthy and Emphysematous Alveolar Models Using Computational Fluid Dynamics written by Edward M. Harding and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Particle deposition in the pulmonary region of the lung has gained increasing interest in the past years. Of particular interest are nano-sized particles, because they have the potential of crossing the blood-gas barrier and into the capillaries. Many factors contribute to how and where particles deposit, such as lung morphology, breathing conditions, fluid flow characteristics, and alveolar wall movement. These many factors make simulating particle deposition in the alveoli difficult. The experimental in vivo studies have commonly used micron sized particles and there is a lack of data for smaller sized particles. Due to these many factors, deposition in the pulmonary region is not well understood. Furthermore, little attention has been paid to the emphysematous lungs, which have characteristics quite different than the healthy lung. In this work, healthy and emphysematous replica acinus models were created from human lung casts using a 3D reconstruction software package. The models were used for simulating the particle deposition due to diffusion using Fine Particle Model (FPM). The FPM program was validated against an analytical solution using a straight tube, before moving on to predict the deposition in the alveolar models. Two particle sizes, 1 and 3 nm, were used to understand and compare pure diffusion in the lung using concentration contours. Results showed the particle deposition rate (particles/s) to be higher in the emphysemic. However, deposition rate per area (particles/m2s) was found to be higher in the healthy model. The deposition efficiency (% of particles that deposit) of the healthy model was greater than the emphysemic model, consistent with literature. Results were found to be lower than experimental in vivo measurements and whole lung model of local alveolar deposition (particles deposited in alveoli/particles entering alveoli) in comparison to our results in the pulmonary region, showing the importance of including axial diffusion effects. More work must be done experimentally and numerically before an understanding of deposition of particles of this size can be determined."--Abstract.

Computational Fluid and Particle Dynamics in the Human Respiratory System

Author : Jiyuan Tu
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400744870
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Fluid and Particle Dynamics in the Human Respiratory System by : Jiyuan Tu

Download or read book Computational Fluid and Particle Dynamics in the Human Respiratory System written by Jiyuan Tu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-18 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional research methodologies in the human respiratory system have always been challenging due to their invasive nature. Recent advances in medical imaging and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have accelerated this research. This book compiles and details recent advances in the modelling of the respiratory system for researchers, engineers, scientists, and health practitioners. It breaks down the complexities of this field and provides both students and scientists with an introduction and starting point to the physiology of the respiratory system, fluid dynamics and advanced CFD modeling tools. In addition to a brief introduction to the physics of the respiratory system and an overview of computational methods, the book contains best-practice guidelines for establishing high-quality computational models and simulations. Inspiration for new simulations can be gained through innovative case studies as well as hands-on practice using pre-made computational code. Last but not least, students and researchers are presented the latest biomedical research activities, and the computational visualizations will enhance their understanding of physiological functions of the respiratory system.

Flow Field Analysis in an Expanding Healthy and Emphysematous Alveolar Model Using Particle Image Velocimetry

Author : Jessica Oakes
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (245 download)

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Book Synopsis Flow Field Analysis in an Expanding Healthy and Emphysematous Alveolar Model Using Particle Image Velocimetry by : Jessica Oakes

Download or read book Flow Field Analysis in an Expanding Healthy and Emphysematous Alveolar Model Using Particle Image Velocimetry written by Jessica Oakes and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Particle deposition in the acinus region of the lung is a significant area of interest, because particles can potentially travel into the bloodstream through the capillaries in the lung. Drugs, in the form of aerosols, small particulates in a volume of air, may be delivered through the respiratory system. Also, toxic, airborne, particles could enter the body through the pulmonary capillaries in the acinus region of the lung. In order to accurately predict particle deposition, the aspects that influence deposition needs to be understood. Many physiological features may influence flow and particle deposition in the lung; the geometry of the acinus, expansion and contraction of the alveolar walls due to breathing mechanics, heterogeneities in the lung, breathing flow rate, and the number of breaths. In literature, streamlines and pathlines have been examined, both experimentally and computationally, in models representing the alveolar region of the lung. Some of these studies suggest the presence of irreversible flow, which would significantly influence particle deposition. However, none of these models incorporated all significant features: non-symmetric, three dimensional, expanding geometry. Therefore, flow mechanics, behind particle deposition, in the alveolar region are not well understood. Furthermore, lung disease influences the physiological factors that impact particle deposition. Emphysema physically changes the structure of the alveolar region of the lung. How particle deposition changes with emphysema is not fully understood. In this work, two different alveolar geometries were examined using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The first model represented a healthy alveolar sac, while the second model represented an emphysematous alveolar sac. The same, realistic flow rate was used for both models, which allowed for the fluid flow to be examined as only a function of geometry. The PIV technique was validated by comparing to CFD results, using a simple balloon geometry. Pathlines were plotted in the models in order to examine the fluid flow with respect to time. The fluid was examined, by use of streamlines and pathlines, at the entrance of the alveolar sacs and in areas of high probability for irreversible flow. It was found that the fluid flow inside both alveolar sac geometries was completely reversible, and therefore no mixing was taking place. The comparison between the healthy and emphysematic alveolar sac models showed that the pathlines in health traveled closer to the alveolar walls. Particle deposition by Brownian Diffusion was estimated for particle diameter range of 0.1 [micron] to 0.01 [micron]. For the pathlines that began at the duct entrance, the pathlines came approximately 1.5 times closer to the wall in the healthy case when compared to emphysema. Because the pathline traveled closer to the alveolar walls, the particle diffusion was greater in the healthy than emphysema. In the healthy geometry particles with a diameter less then 0.02 [micron] were estimated to diffuse to all of the alveolar walls within a 5 second time frame, where in emphysema 7 seconds would be needed. It was also determined that if a particle diffuses off of the original streamline, it will remain in the alveolar sac, therefore allowing it to deposit in later breaths."--Abstract.

Aerosol Deposition in Healthy and Emphysematous Rat Lungs

Author : Jessica M. Oakes
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781303194542
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (945 download)

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Book Synopsis Aerosol Deposition in Healthy and Emphysematous Rat Lungs by : Jessica M. Oakes

Download or read book Aerosol Deposition in Healthy and Emphysematous Rat Lungs written by Jessica M. Oakes and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the fate of inhaled aerosol particles in healthy and diseased lungs may help in assessing the toxic health effects of airborne particulate matter or the efficiency of therapeutic drugs delivered through the lung. This dissertation focused on determining aerosol particle deposition patterns in healthy and emphysematous rats lungs by utilizing experimental and numerical methods. In the experimental part of the study, both airway morphometry and deposition patterns were determined by MRI. In the morphometry study, healthy rat lungs were imaged in vivo. Airway geometries were extracted from the MR images and the morphometric dimensions were validated against previous studies. In the aerosol deposition study, healthy and emphysematous rats were exposed by mechanical ventilation to iron-oxide particles with 1.22[mu]m mass mean aerodynamic diameter (MMAD). The lungs were imaged with a MR gradient echo sequence and the signal decay rate, R*2, was calculated from the signal intensity images. Data showed a significantly higher R*2 in the rats exposed to particles than in the control rats (no aerosol exposure) both for the healthy and emphysematous groups. A calibration experiment showed that concentration of deposited particles in tissue samples was linearly related to R*2. Particle concentration and relative dispersion of particle deposition sites in all lung lobes tended to be higher in the emphysematous rats compared to the healthy rats. To further study particle deposition sites in the rat lungs, multi-scale computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed. The global resistance and compliance of the rat lungs were determined by solving a global resistance/compliance (RC) model. This same RC model was then employed as Neumann boundary conditions in the 0D-3D simulations. Deposition and distribution of particles to the rat lobes was determined for particles with the same diameter as those used in the experiments. Simulations were performed representing healthy, homogeneous and localized emphysema. Emphysema location was determined by utilizing findings from the experimental data. Deposition in the 3D model was higher in the emphysematous cases compared to the healthy cases. Additionally, there was an increase in delivery of particle-laden air to the diseased regions of the lung, compared to the healthy regions. Good agreement was found when comparing the simulated normalized delivery of particles to each lobe to the normalized experimental deposition data. This work is the first to compare deposition sites found numerically and experimentally in both healthy and emphysematous lungs. In future studies, the multi-scale CFD models developed here may be advanced to include particle tracking downstream of the 3D model.

Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry Analysis of Healthy and Emphysemic Acinus Models

Author : Emily Jean Berg
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (664 download)

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Book Synopsis Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry Analysis of Healthy and Emphysemic Acinus Models by : Emily Jean Berg

Download or read book Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry Analysis of Healthy and Emphysemic Acinus Models written by Emily Jean Berg and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Inhaled particles reaching the alveolar walls have the potential to cross the blood gas barrier and enter the blood stream. Pulmonary dosimetry, however, is not well understood. Numerical and experimental studies shed some light on the mechanisms of particle transport, but realistic geometries have not been investigated. In order to accurately predict particle deposition, the characteristics that affect deposition need to be understood. This includes, but is not limited to, fluid flow, lung morphology, breathing conditions, and particle concentration. Various geometries have been used for research, but very few are close representations to in vivo geometry. Most studies have used simplified or idealized geometries based on published dimensions, but none replicate actual in vivo geometry; even fewer examine the differences that exist between healthy and diseased lung geometries. The following work analyzes and compares the flow fields that exist in replica healthy and emphysemic lungs by using realistic geometries and breathing conditions. Actual human lung casts for in vivo healthy and emphysemic geometries were obtained, scanned, and used to reconstruct three dimensional replica models. From these geometries, hollow compliant models were created and used to simulate breathing under healthy and diseased conditions. It was shown that major geometric differences exist between the healthy and emphysemic models. Specifically, the emphysemic model alveoli appeared to merge into a single large alveolus with no potential regions of recirculation, as compared to the healthy model, which contained smaller, more distinct alveoli, and an overall model volume 11x smaller than the emphysemic model. Each experimental geometry was examined using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (stereoPIV) techniques. Realistic flow conditions were derived by the application of scaling theory to convert from the in vivo size to the large scale experimental set up. Experimental techniques were validated by comparing to computational fluid dynamic (CFD) results when using a simplified three-dimensional (3D) bulb geometry. Following validation, experimental flow fields were examined, on the large experimental scale, using velocity and streamline plots, for healthy and emphysemic geometries. It was shown that reversible flow was present in both models; even in locations representing a high probability for recirculating or irreversible flow. Each of the experimental flow fields was then scaled to represent in vivo velocity predictions. The emphysemic model (run under normal emphysemic breathing conditions) had a flow rate 8x that of the healthy model with normal breathing. The inlet velocity for the healthy normal breathing model, however, was 1.6x larger than the emphysemic. These flow results are a function of both the model geometry and the applied realistic breathing conditions. The distribution of in vivo velocity magnitude over the flow field was also different between the healthy and emphysemic models. Specifically, the healthy model enters at higher velocities than the emphysemic, and then uniformly slows as the fluid moves towards the walls. The emphysemic model yields a large region of fast flow near the inlet and slows at random locations as it approaches the walls. It was reasoned that even though inhaled particles would likely travel further into the emphysemic model compared to the healthy, the distance to reach the wall would be much greater in emphysema as compared to healthy. This would result in higher deposition efficiencies for healthy models as compared to emphysema, which is consistent with results found in the literature."--Abstract.

Comparison of Particle Deposition for Realistic Adult and Adolescent Upper Airway Geometries Using Unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics

Download Comparison of Particle Deposition for Realistic Adult and Adolescent Upper Airway Geometries Using Unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics PDF Online Free

Author : Jonathan Steffens
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (664 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparison of Particle Deposition for Realistic Adult and Adolescent Upper Airway Geometries Using Unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics by : Jonathan Steffens

Download or read book Comparison of Particle Deposition for Realistic Adult and Adolescent Upper Airway Geometries Using Unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics written by Jonathan Steffens and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Particle deposition in the respiratory tract is studied in order to better understand the negative health effects due to cigarette smoke inhalation. Until recently, idealized models of the respiratory airways based on the original Weibel model have been used to calculate deposition. These models consist of symmetric bifurcating airways and do not take into account variations of airway diameter, and asymmetry in the human respiratory tract. Until recently, little work has been done to accurately recreate the entire upper respiratory tract including the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Technological improvement has changed the way in which researchers approach this problem. With the advent of high resolution scans of the respiratory tract, accurate replica models can be created to better predict cigarette smoke particle (CSP) deposition. These models recreate actual lung geometries found in patients. For this thesis, two realistic geometric models are created. One is based on an adult male and the other on an adolescent male. CSP deposition is determined for both models in order to compare the difference cased by age in smoking. In addition, an unsteady breathing curve, indicative of realistic smoking behavior is utilized to more accurately represent the breathing conditions. Both models consist of the oral cavity, throat, larynx, trachea, and first five to seven generations of the lungs. The adult model is based on a dental cast of the mouth, a CT scan of the throat and larynx, and images based on the National Institute of Health's Visible Human Project for the tracheobronchial tree. The adolescent model is based upon a scaled oral cavity and CT scans of the rest of the reparatory tract. The program 3D Doctor is used to reconstruct the two dimensional CT scan images into a three dimensional model. VPSculpt and SolidWorks are used to combine the different parts of the models and clean up the geometry. The geometry is meshed in Gambit and exported to the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package Fluent to perform the fluid flow and particle deposition analysis. The Fluent Discrete Phase Model (DPM) is used to determine particle trajectories and deposition. It is found that deposition increases with the size of the inhaled particles. Particles tend to deposit towards the back of the throat, the area of the trachea just below the glottis, and at bifurcations in the airways. However, when compared to other studies in literature, deposition tended to be higher with smaller particle sizes, but more comparable with larger particle sizes. Adolescent deposition was found to be lower than adult deposition for all particle sizes."--Abstract.

Mathematical Modelling of Particle Transport and Deposition in the Acinar Region of the Lung

Author : Pierre-Antoine Muller
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Mathematical Modelling of Particle Transport and Deposition in the Acinar Region of the Lung by : Pierre-Antoine Muller

Download or read book Mathematical Modelling of Particle Transport and Deposition in the Acinar Region of the Lung written by Pierre-Antoine Muller and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The context of this thesis is the modelling of particle deposition in the human lung in order to optimise the administration of inhaled drugs. As the alveolar region plays a crucial role both physiologically and functionally, especially for systemic delivery, the objective of this work is to set-up a particle deposition model specific to the acinar region which could be integrated in whole lung deposition model. The first two chapters concentrate on the anatomical and functional aspects of the lung and on the physical principles involved in the flow and particle transport mechanisms in the lung. Then a computational fluid dynamics model was setup in a simplified alveolar geometry. Aerosol bolus transport was studied through an Eulerian approach, for one or several breathing cycles. The impact of flow irreversibilities on bolus dispersion was quantified. The last chapter deals with the integration of the previous results in an analytical model of particle deposition in the whole lung. The results generated by this model are then compared to experimental data from the literature or obtained from an ongoing clinical trial. The results of the new theoretical model show an increase of particle deposition in the acinar region which improves correlation of theory with experimental data. This model could favourably help designing therapies targeting the alveolar region of the lung.

Determination of 3-dimensional Deformations of the Alveolar Sac During Simulated Breathing

Author : Joseph M. Ferrara
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (435 download)

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Book Synopsis Determination of 3-dimensional Deformations of the Alveolar Sac During Simulated Breathing by : Joseph M. Ferrara

Download or read book Determination of 3-dimensional Deformations of the Alveolar Sac During Simulated Breathing written by Joseph M. Ferrara and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Mechanical properties of the parenchyma of the lung are currently unknown and difficult to quantify. Creating a computer model with valid property values will allow researchers to further investigate particle mixing in the lung during inhalation and exhalation. One challenge with modeling the material of the lung is the intricate geometry of the alveolar sac. Researchers are currently trying to model particle deposition within the lung using computational fluid dynamics. However, the mechanical properties of alveolar sac structure are currently undetermined. Due to the complexity of the physical structure of an alveolar sac, it has been a challenge to model fluid-structural interactions during breathing. To assist in quantifying these interactions, computer aided finite element models are a necessity. These models will allow for calculation of the deflections and deformations of the physical structures of fluid containing membranes. The focal point of the project was to determine mechanical properties of a series of materials. There is currently no process for determining these properties and this was a major accomplishment of this research. The process of finding these properties can be applied to other materials in the future, even on a micro-scale, such as real alveolar tissue materials. These properties were applied to a series of finite element models, predicting deflection. Mechanical properties were determined by using different test specimens to collect data and fit to a Mooney Rivlin model. the results were then applied to a series of finite element models, one for each test specimen and one for a spherical boiling flask. The boiling flask tests showed promising outcome for future research, with a determined material model nearly 40% increase in accuracy from prior research. The tests were able to be replicated for a second surrogate material, showing that the process works for more than just a single material and allowing the process to be used with a new material in the future."--Abstract.

Patterns of Air Flow and Particle Deposition in the Diseased Human Lung

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (656 download)

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Book Synopsis Patterns of Air Flow and Particle Deposition in the Diseased Human Lung by :

Download or read book Patterns of Air Flow and Particle Deposition in the Diseased Human Lung written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this work, we investigate particle deposition and air flow in thehuman lung. In particular we are interested in how the motion ofparticulate matter and air is affected by the presence of lungdisease. Patients with compromised lung function are more sensitiveto air pollution; understanding the extent of that sensitivity canlead to more effective air quality standards. Also, understanding ofair flow andparticle trajectories could lead to the development of better aerosoldrugs to treat the lung diseases. We focus our efforts on twodiseases: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchialtumors. Because COPD affects the majority of airways in a patientwith the disease, we are able to take a more global approach toanalyzing the effects of the disease. Using a FORTRAN codewhich computes total deposition in the lung over the course of onebreath, we modified the pre-existing code to account forthe difference between healthy subjects and patients with COPD. Usingthe model, itwas possible to isolate the different disease components of COPD andsimulate their effects separately. It was determined thatthe chronic bronchitis component of COPD was responsible for the increaseddeposition seen in COPD patients. While COPD affects the whole lung, tumors tend to belocalized to one or several airways. This led us to investigate theeffects of bronchial tumors in detail within these individualairways. Using a computational fluid dynamics package, FIDAP, wedefined a Weibel type branching network of airways. In particular, we modeled theairways of a four-year-old child. In the work with the tumors, we ran numerous simulations with variousinitial velocities and tumor locations. It was determined that tumorslocated on the carinal ridge had the dominant effect on the flow. Athigher initial velocities, areas of circulation developed downstream from the tumors. Extensive simulations were run with a 2-D model. Theresults from the 2-D model were then compared with some initial 3-Dsimula.

Inhaled Medicines

Author : Stavros Kassinos
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128149752
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Inhaled Medicines by : Stavros Kassinos

Download or read book Inhaled Medicines written by Stavros Kassinos and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-01-20 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inhaled medicines are widely used to treat pulmonary and systemic diseases. The efficacy and safety of these medicines can be influenced by the deposited fraction, the regional deposition pattern within the lungs and by post-depositional events such as drug dissolution, absorption and clearance from the lungs. Optimizing performance of treatments thus requires that we understand and are able to quantify these product and drug attributes. Inhaled Medicines: Optimizing Development through Integration of In Silico, In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches explores the current state of the art with respect to inhalation drug delivery, technologies available to assess product performance, and novel in silico methods now available to link in vitro product performance to clinical performance. Recent developments in the latter field, especially the prospect of integration of three-dimensional Computational Fluid Particle Methods (3D-CFPD) with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK models), unlocks the potential for in silico population studies that can help inform and optimize treatment and product development strategies. In this highly multidisciplinary field, where progress occurs at the intersection of several disciplines of engineering and science, this work aims to integrate current knowledge and understanding and to articulate a clear vision for future developments. Considers the healthcare needs driving the field, and where inhaled drugs could have the maximum impact Gives a concise account of the state of the art in key areas and technologies such as device and formulation technologies, clinically relevant in vitro performance assessment, medical imaging, as well as in silico modelling and simulation Articulates how the combination of in vitro product performance data, medical imaging and simulations technologies in the framework of large scale in silico pre-clinical trials could revolutionize the field Provides systematic and thorough referencing to sources offering a more-in-depth analysis of technical issues

Morphometry of the Human Lung

Author : Ewald R. Weibel
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 1483225798
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis Morphometry of the Human Lung by : Ewald R. Weibel

Download or read book Morphometry of the Human Lung written by Ewald R. Weibel and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Morphometry of the Human Lung considers the developments in understanding the quantitative anatomy of the lung, and in the correlation of anatomy with physiology. This book is composed of 11 chapters, and begins with an overview of a systematic approach to a quantitative morphologic analysis of the architecture of the human lung, followed by a presentation of general problems of methodology and the derivation of reliable dimensional models of this organ. The subsequent chapters describe the methods of preparation of tissues, methods of random sampling, and adaptation of methodologies from other fields of science. These topics are followed by discussions the mathematical formulations for the translation of the data into the desired geometric forms and a technique of counting. The final chapters look into the mode of distribution and geometric forms that should eventually facilitate mathematical and physical considerations regarding the function of the lungs. These chapters also consider the application of these quantitative methods to the study of pathologic specimens, providing a most timely renovation of morphologic pathology. This book will be of value to pulmonologists, physiologists, and researchers who are interested in lung morphometry.

Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309171180
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter by : National Research Council

Download or read book Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-06-13 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regulatory standards are already on the books at the the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to address health risks posed by inhaling tiny particles from smoke, vehicle exhaust, and other sources. At the same time, Congress and EPA have initiated a multimillion dollar research effort to better understand the sources of these airborne particles, the levels of exposure to people, and the ways that these particles cause damage. To provide independent guidance to the EPA, Congress asked the National Research Council to study the relevant issues. The result is a series of four reports on the particulate-matter research program. The first two books offered a conceptual framework for a national research program, identified the 10 most critical research needs, and described the recommended timing and estimated costs of such research. This, the third volume, begins the task of assessing the progress made in implementing the research program. The National Research Council ultimately concludes that the ongoing program is appropriately addressing many of the key uncertainties. However, it also identifies a number of critical specific subjects that should be given greater attention. Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter focuses on the most current and planned research projects with an eye toward the fourth and final report, which will contain an updated assessment.

Respiratory Drug Delivery (1989)

Author : Peter R. Byron
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351358014
Total Pages : 571 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Respiratory Drug Delivery (1989) by : Peter R. Byron

Download or read book Respiratory Drug Delivery (1989) written by Peter R. Byron and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-04-20 with total page 571 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The focus of this book is on subjects related to drug delivery to the lung. The text spans topics from aerosol deposition through pharmaceutical chemistry and formulation to the final clinical evaluation of pharmaceutical products. Utilizing a multi-disciplinary approach, the chapters consider toxicology from the point of view of drugs and pharmaceutical excipients used in aerosols.

Smoking and Health

Author : United States. Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Smoking and Health by : United States. Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health

Download or read book Smoking and Health written by United States. Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Toxicological Profile for Asbestos (Update)

Author : G. Douglas Hanley
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437930719
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)

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Book Synopsis Toxicological Profile for Asbestos (Update) by : G. Douglas Hanley

Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Asbestos (Update) written by G. Douglas Hanley and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. Asbestos is a group of 6 different fibrous minerals that occur naturally in the environment. All forms of asbestos are hazardous, and all can cause cancer. This profile includes: (1) The exam¿n. and interpretation of toxicologic info. and epidemiological eval¿s. on asbestos to ascertain the levels of human exposure for the substance and its health effects; (2) A determination of whether adequate info. on the health effects of asbestos is available or in the process of development to determine levels of exposure that present a significant risk to human health; and (3) Where appropriate, identification of toxicologic testing needed to identify the types or levels of exposure that may present significant risk of adverse health effects in humans. Charts and tables.

The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Medicine

Author : Martin Brüne
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192506781
Total Pages : 967 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Medicine by : Martin Brüne

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Medicine written by Martin Brüne and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-31 with total page 967 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medicine is grounded in the natural sciences, where biology stands out with regard to our understanding of human physiology and the conditions that cause dysfunction. Ironically though, evolutionary biology is a relatively disregarded field. One reason for this omission is that evolution is deemed a slow process. Indeed, the macroanatomical features of our species have changed very little in the last 300,000 years. A more detailed look, however, reveals that novel ecological contingencies, partly in relation to cultural evolution, have brought about subtle changes pertaining to metabolism and immunology, including adaptations to dietary innovations, as well as adaptations to the exposure to novel pathogens. Rapid pathogen evolution and evolution of cancer cells cause major problems for the immune system. Moreover, many adaptations to past ecologies have actually turned into risk factors for somatic disease and psychological disorder in our modern worlds (i.e. mismatch), among which epidemics of autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and obesity, as well as several forms of cancer stand out. One could add depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric conditions to the list. The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Medicine is a compilation of up-to-date insights into the evolutionary history of ourselves as a species, exploring how and why our evolved design may convey vulnerability to disease. Written in a classic textbook style emphasising physiology and pathophysiology of all major organ systems, the Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Medicine is valuable reading for students as well as scholars in the fields of medicine, biology, anthropology and psychology.

Airway Remodeling

Author : Peter Howarth
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780429132582
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Airway Remodeling by : Peter Howarth

Download or read book Airway Remodeling written by Peter Howarth and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This landmark volume discusses the characteristics and impact of the remodeling process on airway function and clinical disease expression within the airway in asthma, covering pharmacological therapies and possible future targets relevant to regulating the remodeling process. Emphasizes the importance of treating underlying airway inflammation and the relevance of structural alterations to the airway wall, including glandular increases, enhanced collagen deposition within the submucosa, increased vasculature, smooth hypertrophy, and hyperplasias! Tracing the development and maintenance of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, decline in lung function, and loss of reversibility evident in chronic asthma, Airway Remodelingdescribes the contribution of inflammatory cells in the development of airway structural changes examines how pharmaceutical agents act and whether existing treatments modify or prevent remodeling in chronically inflamed asthmatic airways considers whether neural pathways initiate as well as contribute to the airway inflammatory cascade that leads to remodeling reviews the action of cytokines and growth factors on ASM signaling outlines novel approaches to regulating smooth muscle growth clarifies whether permanent ventilatory incapacity in asthma is caused by the uncoupling of the airway and the role of the lung parenchyma details high-resolution computerized tomography scan to measure the internal size of the airway at baseline, during challenge, or after bronchodilatation and more!Improving lung function and quality of life by reducing the need for emergency care, hospital admissions, and systemic steroid administration, Airway Remodeling is a superb reference for pulmonologists and respiratory system specialists; physiologists; pneumologists; allergists; pharmacologists; molecular, cellular, and lung biologists; and graduate and medical school students in these disciplines.