Paradoxical Effects Of Social Behavior

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Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior

Author : Andreas Diekmann
Publisher : Physica
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior by : Andreas Diekmann

Download or read book Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior written by Andreas Diekmann and published by Physica. This book was released on 1986 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the history of science "paradoxes" are not only amusing puzzles and chal lenges to the human mind but also driving forces of scientific development. The notion of "paradox" is intimately related to the notion of "contradiction". Logi cal paradoxes allow for the derivation of contradictory propositions (e.g. "Rus sell's set of all sets not being members of themselves" or the ancient problem with propositions like "I am lying" 1), normative paradoxes deal with contradic tions among equally well accepted normative postulates (Arrow's "impossibility theorem", Sen's "Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal") and "factual" paradoxes refer to conflicts between conventional opinion based on an accepted empirical theory and contradictory empirical evidence (e.g. the "St. Petersburg paradox" or the "Allais paradox" in decision theory2). Paradoxes, either logical, normative or factual, also contradict our intui tions. The counter-intuitive property which seems to be a common feature of all paradoxes plays an important part in the empirical social sciences, particularly in the old research tradition of scrutinizing the unintended consequences of pur posive actions. Expectations based on naive theories ignoring interdependencies between individual actions are very often in conflict with "surprising" empirical evidence on collective results of social behavior. Examples are numerous reach ing from panic situations, the individual struggle for status gains resulting in collective deprivation, the less than optimal supply of collective goods etc. to global problems of the armament race and mismanagement of common resources.

Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior

Author : A. Diekmann
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642958745
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (429 download)

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Book Synopsis Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior by : A. Diekmann

Download or read book Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior written by A. Diekmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the history of science "paradoxes" are not only amusing puzzles and chal lenges to the human mind but also driving forces of scientific development. The notion of "paradox" is intimately related to the notion of "contradiction". Logi cal paradoxes allow for the derivation of contradictory propositions (e.g. "Rus sell's set of all sets not being members of themselves" or the ancient problem with propositions like "I am lying" 1), normative paradoxes deal with contradic tions among equally well accepted normative postulates (Arrow's "impossibility theorem", Sen's "Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal") and "factual" paradoxes refer to conflicts between conventional opinion based on an accepted empirical theory and contradictory empirical evidence (e.g. the "St. Petersburg paradox" or the "Allais paradox" in decision theory2). Paradoxes, either logical, normative or factual, also contradict our intui tions. The counter-intuitive property which seems to be a common feature of all paradoxes plays an important part in the empirical social sciences, particularly in the old research tradition of scrutinizing the unintended consequences of pur posive actions. Expectations based on naive theories ignoring interdependencies between individual actions are very often in conflict with "surprising" empirical evidence on collective results of social behavior. Examples are numerous reach ing from panic situations, the individual struggle for status gains resulting in collective deprivation, the less than optimal supply of collective goods etc. to global problems of the armament race and mismanagement of common resources.

Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior

Author : A Diekmann
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783642958755
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (587 download)

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Book Synopsis Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior by : A Diekmann

Download or read book Paradoxical Effects of Social Behavior written by A Diekmann and published by . This book was released on 1986-01-01 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Paradox and Society

Author : Louis Schneider
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781412830454
Total Pages : 624 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Paradox and Society by : Louis Schneider

Download or read book Paradox and Society written by Louis Schneider and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The writings of Bernard Mandeville mark an important transition between enlightenment, social philosophy, and modern science. Born in Holland in 1670 and educated as a physician, Mandeville spent the greater part of his working life in England, where he died in 1733. In some respects, Mandeville can be compared to Voltaire--Mandeville's junior by twenty-four years. Mandeville had the knack of making controversies volcanic and of arousing heated debate about any topic on which he chose to comment--and he chose to comment on virtually everything. He was especially1 interested in social evolution, morality and society, prostitution and romantic love, crime and its deterrence, and in social aspects of religion. His views on these and countless other topics cohere in his continual fascination with the consequences of social and economic actions that run counter to anticipations and intentions and in the paradoxical or ironic cast that such outcomes often have. In "Paradox and Society, "Louis Schneider is the first to offer a full consideration of Mandeville as a sociologist. Schneider offers an intellectual and characterological portrait of Mandeville, examining his writings and reactions to him over time. Schneider goes on to review Mandeville's theory of human nature, and explores his hotly contested notion of the paradox of private vices and public benefits--that the arousal of desires is a necessary precondition for the stimulation of social and economic development. Social action outside the marketplace, and Mandeville's problematic theory of social evolution, are next considered. The volume ends with an examination of paradox, irony, and satire in society. In this detailed analysis of one of the world's most controversial social critics, Schneider shows us that Mandeville offers a vision of human society that is of enduring significance. He challenges the reader to consider how that vision might operate in today's world.

Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour

Author : Anatol Rapoport
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401578400
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour by : Anatol Rapoport

Download or read book Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour written by Anatol Rapoport and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the content of a year's course in decision processes for third and fourth year students given at the University of Toronto. A principal theme of the book is the relationship between normative and descriptive decision theory. The distinction between the two approaches is not clear to everyone, yet it is of great importance. Normative decision theory addresses itself to the question of how people ought to make decisions in various types of situations, if they wish to be regarded (or to regard themselves) as 'rational'. Descriptive decision theory purports to describe how people actually make decisions in a variety of situations. Normative decision theory is much more formalized than descriptive theory. Especially in its advanced branches, normative theory makes use of mathematicallanguage, mode of discourse, and concepts. For this reason, the definitions of terms encountered in normative decision theory are precise, and its deductions are rigorous. Like the terms and assertions of other branches of mathematics, those of mathematically formalized decision theory need not refer to anything in the 'real', i. e. the observable, world. The terms and assertions can be interpreted in the context of models of real li fe situations, but the verisimilitude of the models is not important. They are meant to capture only the essentials of adecision situation, which in reallife may be obscured by complex details and ambiguities. It is these details and ambiguities, however, that may be crucial in determining the outcomes of the decisions.

Handbook of Sociological Theory

Author : Jonathan H. Turner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387362746
Total Pages : 731 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Sociological Theory by : Jonathan H. Turner

Download or read book Handbook of Sociological Theory written by Jonathan H. Turner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-11-22 with total page 731 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This wide-ranging handbook presents in-depth discussions on the array of subspecialties that comprise the field of sociological theory. Prominent theorists working in a variety of traditions discuss methodologies and strategies; the cultural turn in sociological theorizing; interaction processes; theorizing from the systemic and macro level; new directions in evolutionary theorizing; power, conflict, and change; and theorizing from assumptions of rationality.

Social Dilemmas

Author : Samuel S Komorita
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429965842
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Dilemmas by : Samuel S Komorita

Download or read book Social Dilemmas written by Samuel S Komorita and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-04-16 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emphasizing real-world examples, Komorita and Parks illustrate both the theoretical and the ecological relevance of social dilemmas, focusing on "exchange theory" to explain how conflicts are resolved. This book is appropriate for students of psychology, political science, and sociology.

Social Agency

Author : Wojciech W. Gasparski
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135129282X
Total Pages : 477 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Agency by : Wojciech W. Gasparski

Download or read book Social Agency written by Wojciech W. Gasparski and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-04-17 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praxiology deals with doing and working from the point of view of effectiveness. It has three components: analysis of concepts involving purposive actions; critique of models of action from the viewpoint of efficiency; and normative advisory aspects in recommendations for increasing human efficiency. This fourth volume of the Praxiology series is devoted to the very special topic of social agency. It focuses on two important praxiological concepts: rationality and preparation as preconditions for human action to be effective and efficient. The question of efficiency was raised by Anatol Rapoport over three decades ago in his lecture to the audience at the Praxiological Seminar in Warsaw in 1961. Social Agency begins with an article written by this same famous scholar on the topic of decision theory, "Social Dilemmas: A Historical Overview." Social dilemmas is the subject of the first part of this volume, a question related to studies on human action guided by two types of rationality: individual and collective rationality. The intersection of the two, in which individuals meet collectives, creates the situation in which social agency emerges, generating dilemmatic circumstances for the actors involved. The articles collected in the second part explore praxiological dimensions of education aimed toward the knowledge society, because of knowledge possessed and produced by educated persons. Chapters and contributors to volume 4 include: "Five Questions on the Research on Social Dilemmas" by Marek K. Mlicki; "Psychological Processes Underlying Cooperation in Social Dilemmas" by Paul A. M. Van Lange and David M. Messick; "Designing a System for Design Learning: Designers and/or Learners?" by Arne Collen; "Creating an Evolutionary Image of New Systems of Learning and Human Development" by Janet A. Khan; and "A Study Program Design in Retrospect" by Stig C. Holmberg. Social Agency continues the trend of original research done in a little-known, but important area. Social scientists, policymakers, and educators will benefit from this work.

Social Psychology, Third Edition

Author : Paul A. M. Van Lange
Publisher : Guilford Publications
ISBN 13 : 146255024X
Total Pages : 658 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Psychology, Third Edition by : Paul A. M. Van Lange

Download or read book Social Psychology, Third Edition written by Paul A. M. Van Lange and published by Guilford Publications. This book was released on 2022-04-21 with total page 658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This definitive work--now extensively revised with virtually all new chapters--has introduced generations of researchers to the psychological processes that underlie social behavior. What sets the book apart is its unique focus on the basic principles that guide theory building and research. Since work in the field increasingly transcends such boundaries as biological versus cultural or cognitive versus motivational systems, the third edition has a new organizational framework. Leading scholars identify and explain the principles that govern intrapersonal, interpersonal, intragroup, and intergroup processes, in chapters that range over multiple levels of analysis. The book's concluding section illustrates how social psychology principles come into play in specific contexts, including politics, organizational life, the legal arena, sports, and negotiation. New to This Edition *Most of the book is entirely new. *Stronger emphasis on the contextual factors that influence how and why the basic principles work as they do. *Incorporates up-to-date findings and promising research programs. *Integrates key advances in such areas as evolutionary theory and neuroscience.

Game Theory and Its Applications in the Social and Biological Sciences

Author : Andrew M. Colman
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 9780750623698
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (236 download)

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Book Synopsis Game Theory and Its Applications in the Social and Biological Sciences by : Andrew M. Colman

Download or read book Game Theory and Its Applications in the Social and Biological Sciences written by Andrew M. Colman and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 1995. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Morality and the Regulation of Social Behavior

Author : Naomi Ellemers
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1317339762
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Morality and the Regulation of Social Behavior by : Naomi Ellemers

Download or read book Morality and the Regulation of Social Behavior written by Naomi Ellemers and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2017-07-14 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Morality indicates what is the ‘right’ and what is the ‘wrong’ way to behave. It is one of the most popular areas of research in contemporary social psychology, driven in part by recent political-economic crises and the behavioral patterns they exposed. In the past, work on morality tended to highlight individual concerns and moral principles, but more recently researchers have started to address the group context of moral behavior. In Morality and the Regulation of Social Behavior: Groups as Moral Anchors, Naomi Ellemers builds on her extensive research experience to draw together a wide range of insights and findings on morality. She offers an essential integrative summary of the social functions of moral phenomena, examines how social groups contribute to moral values, and explains how groups act as ‘moral anchors’. Her analysis suggests that intragroup dynamics and the desire to establish a distinct group identity are highly relevant to understanding the implications of morality for the regulation of individual behavior. Yet, this group-level context has not been systematically taken into account in research on morality, nor is it used as a matter of course to inform attempts to influence moral behavior. Building on social identity and self-categorization principles, this unique book explicitly considers social groups as an important source of moral values, and examines how this impacts on individual decision making as well as collective behaviors and relations between groups in society. Throughout the book, Ellemers presents results from her own research to elucidate how social behavior is affected by moral concerns. In doing this, she highlights how such insights advance our understanding of moral behavior and moral judgments for of people who live together in communities and work together in organizations. Morality and the Regulation of Social Behavior is essential reading for academics and students in social psychology and related disciplines, and is an invaluable resource for practitioners interested in understanding moral behavior.

Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour

Author : A. Rapoport
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230377769
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour by : A. Rapoport

Download or read book Decision Theory and Decision Behaviour written by A. Rapoport and published by Springer. This book was released on 1998-01-27 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book treats two approaches to decision theory: (1) the normative, purporting to determine how a 'perfectly rational' actor ought to choose among available alternatives; (2) the descriptive, based on observations of how people actually choose in real life and in laboratory experiments. The mathematical tools used in the normative approach range from elementary algebra to matrix and differential equations. Sections on different levels can be studied independently. Special emphasis is made on 'offshoots' of both theories to cognitive psychology, theoretical biology, and philosophy.

Rationality in Social Science

Author : Ivar Krumpal
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 365833536X
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (583 download)

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Book Synopsis Rationality in Social Science by : Ivar Krumpal

Download or read book Rationality in Social Science written by Ivar Krumpal and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-02 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of rationality and its significance for theory and empirical research in social science are key topics of scholarly discussion. In the tradition of an analytical as well as empirical approach in social science, this volume assembles novel contributions on methodological foundations and basic assumptions of theories of rational choice. The volume highlights the use of rational choice assumptions for research on fundamental problems in social theory such as the emergence, dynamics, and effects of social norms and the conditions for cooperation and prosociality.

Social Capital, Social Identities

Author : Dieter Thomä
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110292939
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Capital, Social Identities by : Dieter Thomä

Download or read book Social Capital, Social Identities written by Dieter Thomä and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2014-08-19 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current research on social capital tends to focus on an economic reading of social relations. Whereas economists pride themselves on reaching out to social theory at-large, sociologists criticize the economization of the social fabric. The concept of social capital serves as a touchstone for the study of the role of the economy in modern societies. It serves as a breach for expanding the reach of economic categories, yet it also yields the opportunity for questioning and transforming economic premises in the light of social theory and philosophy. Exploring the concept of social capital in the context of related terms like embeddedness, trust, sociability, and cooperation is particularly instructive. This collection of papers from various disciplines (philosophy, sociology, economics, religious studies) combines conceptual studies and empirical findings. It is a plea for re-embedding economic thought in a broader theoretical framework. By exploring the varieties of social identities implied in the theories of social capital, the authors argue for a social (or more sociable) conception of man.

The Routledge Handbook of Trust and Philosophy

Author : Judith Simon
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134881673
Total Pages : 454 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (348 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Trust and Philosophy by : Judith Simon

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Trust and Philosophy written by Judith Simon and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-06-08 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trust is pervasive in our lives. Both our simplest actions – like buying a coffee, or crossing the street – as well as the functions of large collective institutions – like those of corporations and nation states – would not be possible without it. Yet only in the last several decades has trust started to receive focused attention from philosophers as a specific topic of investigation. The Routledge Handbook of Trust and Philosophy brings together 31 never-before published chapters, accessible for both students and researchers, created to cover the most salient topics in the various theories of trust. The Handbook is broken up into three sections: I. What is Trust? II. Whom to Trust? III. Trust in Knowledge, Science, and Technology The Handbook is preceded by a foreword by Maria Baghramian, an introduction by volume editor Judith Simon, and each chapter includes a bibliography and cross-references to other entries in the volume.

Social Institutions

Author : Karl-Dieter Opp
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351328794
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Institutions by : Karl-Dieter Opp

Download or read book Social Institutions written by Karl-Dieter Opp and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-04-27 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book to present a synthesis of rational choice theory and sociological perspectives for the analysis of social institutions.The origin of social institutions is an old concern in social theory. Currently it has re-emerged as one of the most intensely debated issues in social science. Among economists and rational choice theorists, there is growing awareness that most, if not all, of the social outcomes that are of interest to explain are at least partly a function of institutional constraints. Yet the role of institutions is negligible both in general equilibrium theory and in most neoclassical economic models. There is a burgeoning substantive interest in institutions ranging from social movements, to formal organizations, to states, and even international regimes.Rational choice theorists have made great strides in elucidating the effects of institutions on a variety of social outcomes, but they have paid insufficient attention to the social dynamics that lead to the emergence of these institutions. Typically, these institutions have been assumed to be a given, rather than considered as outcomes requiring explanation in their own right. Sociological theorists, in contrast, have long appreciated the role of social structural constraints in the determination of outcomes but have neglected the role of individual agents.Michael Hechter is professor emeritus in the department of Sociology at the University of Washington. He is the author of numerous books. He became an Elected Fellow to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2004 and has been featured in Who's Who. He is also currently on editorial boards for a numerous amount of journals.Karl-Dieter Opp is professor of sociology at Univesitat Leipzig. He has been a Fellow of the European Academy of Sociology since 1999 and has been member of the Council and Treasurer since 2000. He is also current on the advisory board for the magazine Mind and Society.Reinhard Wippler is professor of theoretical sociology at the University of Utrecht and scientific director of the Interuniversity Center for Sociological Theory and Methodology.

The Paradox of Choice

Author : Barry Schwartz
Publisher : Harper Collins
ISBN 13 : 0061748994
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (617 download)

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Book Synopsis The Paradox of Choice by : Barry Schwartz

Download or read book The Paradox of Choice written by Barry Schwartz and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2009-10-13 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whether we're buying a pair of jeans, ordering a cup of coffee, selecting a long-distance carrier, applying to college, choosing a doctor, or setting up a 401(k), everyday decisions—both big and small—have become increasingly complex due to the overwhelming abundance of choice with which we are presented. As Americans, we assume that more choice means better options and greater satisfaction. But beware of excessive choice: choice overload can make you question the decisions you make before you even make them, it can set you up for unrealistically high expectations, and it can make you blame yourself for any and all failures. In the long run, this can lead to decision-making paralysis, anxiety, and perpetual stress. And, in a culture that tells us that there is no excuse for falling short of perfection when your options are limitless, too much choice can lead to clinical depression. In The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz explains at what point choice—the hallmark of individual freedom and self-determination that we so cherish—becomes detrimental to our psychological and emotional well-being. In accessible, engaging, and anecdotal prose, Schwartz shows how the dramatic explosion in choice—from the mundane to the profound challenges of balancing career, family, and individual needs—has paradoxically become a problem instead of a solution. Schwartz also shows how our obsession with choice encourages us to seek that which makes us feel worse. By synthesizing current research in the social sciences, Schwartz makes the counter intuitive case that eliminating choices can greatly reduce the stress, anxiety, and busyness of our lives. He offers eleven practical steps on how to limit choices to a manageable number, have the discipline to focus on those that are important and ignore the rest, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices you have to make.