Operation Neptune Illustrated Edition

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Operation Neptune [Illustrated Edition]

Author : Cmdr. Kenneth Edwards
Publisher : Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1787203298
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (872 download)

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Book Synopsis Operation Neptune [Illustrated Edition] by : Cmdr. Kenneth Edwards

Download or read book Operation Neptune [Illustrated Edition] written by Cmdr. Kenneth Edwards and published by Pickle Partners Publishing. This book was released on 2016-11-11 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ‘Operation Neptune’ was the codename for the naval component of the invasion of France in June 1944. The complete invasion codename was ‘Operation Overlord’, and ‘Neptune’ was phase one of a much bigger plan. Nevertheless, the task of safely landing 160,000 men with all of the supporting equipment was an operation on an unprecedented scale. The operation, planned by a team under Lieutenant-General Frederick Morgan, was the largest amphibious invasion in world history and was executed by land, sea, and air elements under direct British command with over 160,000 troops landing on 6 June 1944. Of these, 73,000 were American troops, 61,715 British and 21,400 Canadian. To achieve the successful landings, 195,700 Allied naval and merchant navy personnel in over 5,000 ships were involved. The invasion required the transport of soldiers and material from England by troop-laden aircraft and ships, the assault landings, air support, naval interdiction of the English Channel and naval fire-support. The landings took place along a 50-mile stretch of the Normandy coast divided into five sectors: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. The planning required for such a mammoth undertaking was vast, and all to be maintained under the strictest secrecy. The fact that the Germans were caught by surprise is incredible, and a great debt of gratitude is owed to the men and women who worked so hard to bring off the greatest sea-borne invasion in history. This book, written only one year after the invasion by a senior British naval officer who was closely involved, provides the detail behind the conception, planning and successful execution of ‘Neptune’. Richly illustrated throughout.

Airborne Operations In World War II, European Theater [Illustrated Edition]

Author : Dr. John C. Warren
Publisher : Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN 13 : 178625297X
Total Pages : 644 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (862 download)

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Book Synopsis Airborne Operations In World War II, European Theater [Illustrated Edition] by : Dr. John C. Warren

Download or read book Airborne Operations In World War II, European Theater [Illustrated Edition] written by Dr. John C. Warren and published by Pickle Partners Publishing. This book was released on 2015-11-06 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes 12 maps, 12 photos and 2 charts. THE seminal study of the Allied large scale airdrops of the Second World War in the European Theater. “The first combat airborne missions in history were flown by the Germans in 1940. Recognizing the possibilities of such operations, the British and Americans followed suit. The first British mission was flown in February 1941, and the first American mission was flown from England to Oran, Algeria, on 8 November 1942 as part of the Anglo-American invasion of North Africa. Other, later missions, principally in the Mediterranean region, provided the American troop carriers with an apprenticeship in airborne warfare. However, until the summer of 1944 no force larger than a reinforced regimental combat team was flown into action in any Allied mission. In World War II the only Allied airborne operations employing more than one division took place in the invasion of Normandy, the unsuccessful attempt to win a bridgehead across the Rhine at Arnhem, and the successful crossing of the Rhine at Wesel. Consequently the study of airborne missions in the European Theater of Operations is of particular importance for the light it throws on the planning and performance of large-scale airborne assaults.”

OMAHA BEACHHEAD - (6 June-13 June 1944) [Illustrated Edition]

Author : Anon
Publisher : Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN 13 : 178289263X
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (828 download)

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Book Synopsis OMAHA BEACHHEAD - (6 June-13 June 1944) [Illustrated Edition] by : Anon

Download or read book OMAHA BEACHHEAD - (6 June-13 June 1944) [Illustrated Edition] written by Anon and published by Pickle Partners Publishing. This book was released on 2014-08-15 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Illustrated with over 40 photos and 15 maps of the engagement. The momentous events of the 6th of June 1944, D-Day, still resonate around the world, almost 200,000 Allied Soldiers were thrown against the Nazi dominated coast of France in a bid to free Western Europe from the Fascist grip that had held it since 1939. The plan was audacious, ambitious and exceptionally dangerous, the Allied Planners had decided to attack across five sectors over the beaches of Normandy, from the British and Canadian forces on the right at the mouth of the river Orne to the American Troops at the base of the Cotentin Peninsula. Without doubt the toughest sector of all was the beach code-named “Omaha” it was vital as it linked the Americans with the British landing to the east; however it was beset with sheer cliffs at either end of the beach, a deep sloping beach, the most advanced defences and the best of the German troops on the coast. As this book recounts in vivid detail, the reality on the beaches was truly hellish, wide beaches swept by artillery, mortar, machine gun and rifle fire filled with casualties as men clung to the beach obstacles for the only cover to be had. As the American troops on the ground struggled forward, errors in navigation led to reinforcements being routed to the wrong beaches and supporting amphibious tanks sank in the rough seas. That any of the men made it off the beaches at all was a miracle based on inspired leadership, hard training and sheer courage in the face of horrendous death dealing fire. As immortalised in the film Saving Private Ryan, this book produced by the American Army Historical Section recounts in superb, often brutal, detail the struggle on Omaha Beach. It is tale never to be forgotten and as the narrative based on the personal interviews with the men and officers of the 1st, 2nd and 29th divisions, along with the official reports and documents it is as engaging as it is authoritative.

Killing Bin Laden

Author : Peter Panzeri
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1472804090
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (728 download)

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Book Synopsis Killing Bin Laden by : Peter Panzeri

Download or read book Killing Bin Laden written by Peter Panzeri and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2014-09-20 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On May 2, 2011 a ten-year manhunt drew to a deadly end as the men of the US Naval Special Warfare Development Group (a.k.a. SEAL Team Six) closed in on their prey, Osama Bin Laden, the mastermind of the World Trade Center attack on September 11, 2001. Flown from Afghanistan by Army Special Operations Command's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) and evading detection by the Pakistani military, two US helicopters flew towards the compound where they believed Bin Laden to be. Forty minutes later one helicopter had crashed and five people were dead, including the al-Qaeda leader. In this book the story of the raid is told, from start to finish, using specially commissioned full-colour artwork, photographs, and maps. The operation, codenamed Neptune Spear, is expertly analyzed and the events are told in a concise and clear account of its build-up, execution, and aftermath, demonstrating the skill and courage of the men who carried it out.

United States Army in WWII - Europe - Cross-Channel Attack

Author : Gordon A. Harrison
Publisher : Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1782894136
Total Pages : 978 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (828 download)

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Book Synopsis United States Army in WWII - Europe - Cross-Channel Attack by : Gordon A. Harrison

Download or read book United States Army in WWII - Europe - Cross-Channel Attack written by Gordon A. Harrison and published by Pickle Partners Publishing. This book was released on 2014-08-15 with total page 978 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: [Includes 4 charts, 31 maps and 62 illustrations] Cross-Channel Attack has been planned and written as the introduction to the history of those campaigns in 1944 and 1945 which led to the destruction of the German armies in the west. It provides necessary background for the study of all the campaigns in the European Theater of Operations. The narrative of operations ends on 1 July 1944, with the Allies firmly established in Normandy. The concluding chapters show the successful fruition of plans and preparations reaching back as far as January 1942; but the seizure of the Norman beaches and the establishment of a lodgment area are only a beginning, a point of departure for the drive to the Elbe and the Baltic. Although Cross Channel Attack includes discussion of certain problems of high command and logistics, a more complete treatment is accorded these subjects in two volumes now under preparation in this series: The Supreme Command and Logistical Support of the Armies. Whether the reader approaches the book with the justified pride that he was a member or supporter of the winning team, or whether he reads to learn, is a matter for him to decide. The victor tends to prepare to win the next war with the same means and methods with which he won the last. He forgets the difficulty of reaching decisions, the planning problems, his faltering, his unpreparedness. The vanquished is wont to search far afield for new and improved methods, means, and equipment. The accomplishments of those who fought in this period were indeed great, as were the sacrifices. But from the national viewpoint it would seem desirable to read this volume with the self-critical eye of the vanquished as well as with the pride of the victor, an approach which the thoughtful reader will not find difficult.

No Easy Day

Author : Mark Owen
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0525953728
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (259 download)

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Book Synopsis No Easy Day by : Mark Owen

Download or read book No Easy Day written by Mark Owen and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2012 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mark Owen is a pseudonym for Matt Bissonnette.

Neptune's Inferno

Author : James D. Hornfischer
Publisher : Bantam
ISBN 13 : 0553385127
Total Pages : 578 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (533 download)

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Book Synopsis Neptune's Inferno by : James D. Hornfischer

Download or read book Neptune's Inferno written by James D. Hornfischer and published by Bantam. This book was released on 2012-03-06 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A literary tour de force that is destined to become one of the . . . definitive works about the battle for Guadalcanal . . . [James D.] Hornfischer deftly captures the essence of the most pivotal naval campaign of the Pacific war.”—San Antonio Express-News The Battle of Guadalcanal has long been heralded as a Marine victory. Now, with his powerful portrait of the Navy’s sacrifice, James D. Hornfischer tells for the first time the full story of the men who fought in destroyers, cruisers, and battleships in the narrow, deadly waters of “Ironbottom Sound.” Here, in stunning cinematic detail, are the seven major naval actions that began in August 1942, a time when the war seemed unwinnable and America fought on a shoestring, with the outcome always in doubt. Working from new interviews with survivors, unpublished eyewitness accounts, and newly available documents, Hornfischer paints a vivid picture of the officers and enlisted men who opposed the Japanese in America’s hour of need. The first major work on this subject in almost two decades, Neptune’s Inferno does what all great battle narratives do: It tells the gripping human stories behind the momentous events and critical decisions that altered the course of history and shaped so many lives. Praise for Neptune’s Inferno “Vivid and engaging . . . extremely readable, comprehensive and thoroughly researched.”—Ronald Spector, The Wall Street Journal “Superlative storytelling . . . the masterwork on the long-neglected topic of World War II’s surface ship combat.”—Richard B. Frank, World War II “The author’s two previous World War II books . . . thrust him into the major leagues of American military history writers. Neptune’s Inferno is solid proof he deserves to be there.”—The Dallas Morning News “Outstanding . . . The author’s narrative gifts and excellent choice of detail give an almost Homeric quality to the men who met on the sea in steel titans.”—Booklist (starred review) “Brilliant . . . a compelling narrative of naval combat . . . simply superb.”—The Washington Times

Takur Ghar

Author : Leigh Neville
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1780962002
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Takur Ghar by : Leigh Neville

Download or read book Takur Ghar written by Leigh Neville and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2013-03-20 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On March 4, 2002, a team of SEALs was choppered onto a hostile Afghan mountain peak as part of Operation Anaconda. The largest operation by US forces since Vietnam, it was intended to bring to battle foreign al-Qaeda fighters who had fled after the overthrow of the Taliban and the battle of Tora Bora. But when their special ops Chinook was hit by RPGs, it marked the beginning of the SEALs' epic day-long battle for survival, which involved Coalition special forces, gunships and Predators in a 17-hour firefight against the al-Qaeda guerrillas.

Torpedo

Author : Katherine C. Epstein
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674727401
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis Torpedo by : Katherine C. Epstein

Download or read book Torpedo written by Katherine C. Epstein and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2014-01-02 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When President Eisenhower referred to the “military–industrial complex” in his 1961 Farewell Address, he summed up in a phrase the merger of government and industry that dominated the Cold War United States. In this bold reappraisal, Katherine Epstein uncovers the origins of the military–industrial complex in the decades preceding World War I, as the United States and Great Britain struggled to perfect a crucial new weapon: the self-propelled torpedo. Torpedoes epitomized the intersection of geopolitics, globalization, and industrialization at the turn of the twentieth century. They threatened to revolutionize naval warfare by upending the delicate balance among the world’s naval powers. They were bought and sold in a global marketplace, and they were cutting-edge industrial technologies. Building them, however, required substantial capital investments and close collaboration among scientists, engineers, businessmen, and naval officers. To address these formidable challenges, the U.S. and British navies created a new procurement paradigm: instead of buying finished armaments from the private sector or developing them from scratch at public expense, they began to invest in private-sector research and development. The inventions emerging from torpedo R&D sparked legal battles over intellectual property rights that reshaped national security law. Blending military, legal, and business history with the history of science and technology, Torpedo recasts the role of naval power in the run-up to World War I and exposes how national security can clash with property rights in the modern era.

Operation KE

Author : Dennis R Letourneau
Publisher : Naval Institute Press
ISBN 13 : 1612511791
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Operation KE by : Dennis R Letourneau

Download or read book Operation KE written by Dennis R Letourneau and published by Naval Institute Press. This book was released on 2012-11-15 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Operation KE explores the air combat that attended the Japanese evacuation of Guadalcanal in early 1943 —a topic which has hitherto received very little attention. Operation KE was successful largely because Japanese strategic planning and tactical execution was basically sound. The traditional view holds that the Japanese got away with the initiative largely because the Americans let them; the US Pacific high command felt it was not worth the effort to try and stop them. Letourneau contends that this was not entirely the case. He argues that the Cactus Air Force and Guadalcanal-based naval units did their best to disrupt the evacuation, still believing that the Tokyo Express was bringing reinforcements and supplies to the 17th Army. Other US forces in the South Pacific did make a half-hearted and questionably-executed attempt to stop the Japanese, but were bluffed into adopting a ""wait-and-see"" posture. Operation KE focuses on the air war fought between the Cactus and US 13th Air Forces on the one hand and the Japanese Navy and Army Air Forces on the other, from mid-December, 1942 to mid-February, 1943. The book scrutinizes the US air strikes against the six KE-related Tokyo Express destroyer runs, plus related air strikes against the Japanese merchant marine, as well as air and naval base-suppression missions undertaken by both sides, to determine what actually happened in order to analyze why the Japanese evacuation succeeded and why Cactus failed to stop it. Background chapters attempt to assess the respective states of readiness of the Japanese and US air arms in the South Pacific to support on the one hand and counter on the other the execution of Operation KE. The central portion of the book narrates in some detail what actually occurred in the air and at sea -—including air strikes, fighter sweeps, base suppression missions, and naval sorties -—during the crucial prelude to and the actual playing out of the interrelated events that comprised the evacuation operation. Concluding chapters analyze, on both strategic and tactical levels, the Japanese planning and execution of Operation KE, and Cactus' initiatives to interdict KE's successful prosecution. The authors conclude that both the Japanese and the American states of readiness on the eve of Operation KE suffered in such matters as optimizing both resources and operating procedures, and combating a hostile environment. Consequently, both combatants were somewhat handicapped in their abilities respectively to carry out and contest Operation KE. The author contends that the Japanese developed a reasonably sound strategy that exploited those methods and tools of war then in use in the South Pacific; to achieve success, they maximized their own strengths while taking advantage of their adversary's limitations. Contrary to the traditional view, the authors are of the opinion that Japanese utilization of their newly-built airstrip at Munda in the Central Solomons played an important role in the success of Operation KE, which was in keeping with the long-range intention of developing Munda and Vila airstrips as major forward airbases to defend against any Allied push toward Rabaul through the Solomons. The U.S., on the other hand, by consistently misreading Japanese intent regarding Operation KE and pursuing a cautious offensive strategy, blunted the tactical impact of their initiatives to counter the evacuation. Several imprudent tactical decisions and a misallocation of resources further diluted the strength of US efforts."

Manhunt

Author : Peter L. Bergen
Publisher : Crown
ISBN 13 : 0307955583
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (79 download)

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Book Synopsis Manhunt by : Peter L. Bergen

Download or read book Manhunt written by Peter L. Bergen and published by Crown. This book was released on 2012-05-01 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The gripping account of the decade-long hunt for the world's most wanted man. It was only a week before 9/11 that Peter Bergen turned in the manuscript of Holy War, Inc., the story of Osama bin Laden--whom Bergen had once interviewed in a mud hut in Afghanistan--and his declaration of war on America. The book became a New York Times bestseller and the essential portrait of the most formidable terrorist enterprise of our time. Now, in Manhunt, Bergen picks up the thread with this taut yet panoramic account of the pursuit and killing of bin Laden. Here are riveting new details of bin Laden’s flight after the crushing defeat of the Taliban to Tora Bora, where American forces came startlingly close to capturing him, and of the fugitive leader’s attempts to find a secure hiding place. As the only journalist to gain access to bin Laden’s Abbottabad compound before the Pakistani government demolished it, Bergen paints a vivid picture of bin Laden’s grim, Spartan life in hiding and his struggle to maintain control of al-Qaeda even as American drones systematically picked off his key lieutenants. Half a world away, CIA analysts haunted by the intelligence failures that led to 9/11 and the WMD fiasco pored over the tiniest of clues before homing in on the man they called "the Kuwaiti"--who led them to a peculiar building with twelve-foot-high walls and security cameras less than a mile from a Pakistani military academy. This was the courier who would unwittingly steer them to bin Laden, now a prisoner of his own making but still plotting to devastate the United States. Bergen takes us inside the Situation Room, where President Obama considers the COAs (courses of action) presented by his war council and receives conflicting advice from his top advisors before deciding to risk the raid that would change history--and then inside the Joint Special Operations Command, whose "secret warriors," the SEALs, would execute Operation Neptune Spear. From the moment two Black Hawks take off from Afghanistan until bin Laden utters his last words, Manhunt reads like a thriller. Based on exhaustive research and unprecedented access to White House officials, CIA analysts, Pakistani intelligence, and the military, this is the definitive account of ten years in pursuit of bin Laden and of the twilight of al-Qaeda.

The Canadian Army At War - Canada's Battle In Normandy

Author : Colonel C.P. Stacey O.B.E.
Publisher : Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1782893504
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (828 download)

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Book Synopsis The Canadian Army At War - Canada's Battle In Normandy by : Colonel C.P. Stacey O.B.E.

Download or read book The Canadian Army At War - Canada's Battle In Normandy written by Colonel C.P. Stacey O.B.E. and published by Pickle Partners Publishing. This book was released on 2014-08-15 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains 5 maps and 41 Illustrations. “The decisive battle in North-West France in the summer of 1944 was fought and won by gallant men from many nations. Britain, the United States, and Canada contributed the largest components; but Poland provided a fine division, the French Forces of the Interior and subsequently French regular forces played essential roles, and Belgium, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia all did their part. The victory won by the selfless cooperation of the men who made up these international forces is the property of no one nation; it is the monument of brave soldiers who died in different uniforms for one cause. “If this was a joint triumph of many nations, it was also a victory shared by the three fighting services. Sea, land, and air, they worked together for the defeat of the enemy so unselfishly and unceasingly that it would be difficult to say where the credit due to one element ended and that due to another began. All were courageous, all were skilful, all were bold; and together they achieved one of the greatest victories in the history of warfare and left all civilization their debtors. “In this campaign to which so many races and services contributed, the Canadian Army played a part of some significance. It is of that particular part that these pages tell.

The Publishers Weekly

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 692 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Publishers Weekly by :

Download or read book The Publishers Weekly written by and published by . This book was released on 1882 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Neptunus Rex

Author : Edward F. Prados
Publisher : Presidio Press
ISBN 13 : 9780891416487
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (164 download)

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Book Synopsis Neptunus Rex by : Edward F. Prados

Download or read book Neptunus Rex written by Edward F. Prados and published by Presidio Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Augments the many accounts of the beach and inland fighting on D Day with over 50 stories about the naval dimension of the operation, which involved the largest armada ever assembled, some 5,000 ships, landing craft, and other vessels. Sailors recall their experiences on the decks of battleships and tiny landing craft and inland with the little known Naval Beach Battalions. Photographs are included of many contributors and of scenes of the invasion, along with maps and contemporary drawings. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Catalog

Author : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Library. Rare Book Room
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Catalog by : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Library. Rare Book Room

Download or read book Catalog written by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Library. Rare Book Room and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Special Forces in the War on Terror

Author : Leigh Neville
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1472813510
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (728 download)

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Book Synopsis Special Forces in the War on Terror by : Leigh Neville

Download or read book Special Forces in the War on Terror written by Leigh Neville and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2015-05-20 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fascinating insight into US and Coalition Special Forces operating in Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia and Mali. Within weeks of 9/11, United States Special Operations Forces were dropping into Afghanistan to lead the war against Al Qaeda and the Taliban. For over a decade, special forces have been fighting a hidden war in Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, Somalia, Mali and Afghanistan, facing off against a range of insurgents from organisations like al Qaeda, al Shabaab, Boko Haram and the Taliban. Leigh Neville draws on recently declassified material and first-hand-accounts from his SOF contacts to lift the veil of secrecy from these operations, giving an unprecedented blow-by-blow description of major Special Forces operations, culminating in SEAL Team 6's Operation Neptune Spear and the killing of Osama bin Laden. Detailing the special equipment, tactics, machinery and training that these Special Operatives received and used this impressive volume shows how the world's elite soldiers fought against overwhelming odds around the world.

Force Mulberry:

Author : Cdr. Alfred Stanford
Publisher : Pickle Partners Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1786258757
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (862 download)

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Book Synopsis Force Mulberry: by : Cdr. Alfred Stanford

Download or read book Force Mulberry: written by Cdr. Alfred Stanford and published by Pickle Partners Publishing. This book was released on 2016-03-28 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edition contains numerous illustrations and maps. “In this book Commander Stanford has made a very important contribution to the history of World War II, and in the writing of it he has recaptured the tense excitement, almost desperation, of planning and executing the landings in Normandy. The “Mulberries,” the two artificial harbors established immediately after the initial landings, were absolutely essential for the success of Operation Overlord. For, as we found out in World War II, the most difficult thing in an amphibious operation is not to establish the initial beachhead—that can almost always be done if sufficient force is employed and tactical surprise is obtained—but to sustain and reinforce the ground troops against the beachhead, and attain the objective. “Massive as was the Anglo-American assault on the Normandy beaches, it had to be followed up immediately by even greater increments of men, armor, vehicles and supplies to make it succeed. There was no possibility of getting all this ashore over wave-lashed beaches where spring tides rose twenty-one feet. One or more ports were essential to maintain an even flow of men and matériel. But all the French ports, notably the nearest ones at Cherbourg and Le Havre, were so strongly held by the enemy that the capture of one would employ forces badly needed elsewhere for at least six weeks, during which the Germans would be unexpectedly weak or very stupid if they did not succeed in rubbing out the initial beachhead. “The only possible way out of this dilemma was the apparently impossible task of providing sheltered water off the beaches within a matter of three days. Since speed was of the essence, all elements of the artificial harbors would have to be constructed in England, towed across the Channel under danger of wind, weather and enemy air attack, and sited under fire...”—Rear Admiral Samuel E. Morison