The Reformation of Faith in the Context of Late Medieval Theology and Piety

Download The Reformation of Faith in the Context of Late Medieval Theology and Piety PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9789004131910
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Reformation of Faith in the Context of Late Medieval Theology and Piety by : Berndt Hamm

Download or read book The Reformation of Faith in the Context of Late Medieval Theology and Piety written by Berndt Hamm and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2004 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first major collection of articles by Berndt Hamm in English translation. The articles employ previously neglected sermons, devotional and pastoral treatises to reassess the question of continuity and change between late-medieval and Reformation theology and piety.

Marquard von Lindau and the Challenges of Religious Life in Late Medieval Germany

Download Marquard von Lindau and the Challenges of Religious Life in Late Medieval Germany PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191610321
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marquard von Lindau and the Challenges of Religious Life in Late Medieval Germany by : Stephen Mossman

Download or read book Marquard von Lindau and the Challenges of Religious Life in Late Medieval Germany written by Stephen Mossman and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2010-01-07 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a study of the intellectual history and religious culture of German-speaking Europe in the late Middle Ages. Its focus is the bilingual oeuvre of the Franciscan friar Marquard von Lindau (d. 1392), arguably the most widely-read author in the German language before the Reformation. His most successful works were those in which he considered pragmatic issues of Christian life, aimed at a broad reading public that stretched from monks and nuns living the contemplative life in enclosed convents; to his confreres, novices and students in the mendicant orders; and the literate citizens of the burgeoning mercantile centres. It is three of these pragmatic issues, central to late medieval religious life, around which this book is structured: the Passion of Christ, the sacrament of the Eucharist, and the devotion to the Virgin Mary. The dominant approaches taken towards each of these in the fourteenth-century church represented problematic challenges to Marquard; challenges which he met in a distinctive and influential manner, by no means in accordance with the affectively-charged devotional practices encouraged by many within and without his order, and so often considered normative for late medieval religious culture. The original voice with which Marquard spoke is made clear through the location of his oeuvre within the pan-European context of the debates in which his works participate. The ethos his works projected redetermined the trajectory of intellectual life in Germany into the fifteenth century and beyond.

Between Creativity and Norm-Making

Download Between Creativity and Norm-Making PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004240772
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Between Creativity and Norm-Making by : Sigrid Müller

Download or read book Between Creativity and Norm-Making written by Sigrid Müller and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2012-11-09 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The time of the transition from the Middle Ages to the onset of early modernity (c. 1400-1550) is a very complex one. It brought what on first sight appear to be contradictory developments. Human creativity and freedom became much more important; yet, at the same time, the foundations were laid for systems that allowed control to be exercised over virtually every aspect of human social life. How can we put these two phenomena together? Which tendency is the stronger one? The contributions in this volume focus on the tension between creativity and norm-making from the perspective of different academic disciplines, so as to shed light on this fascinating period in our history.

Frömmigkeit, Theologie, Frömmigkeitstheologie

Download Frömmigkeit, Theologie, Frömmigkeitstheologie PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004143351
Total Pages : 855 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frömmigkeit, Theologie, Frömmigkeitstheologie by : Berndt Hamm

Download or read book Frömmigkeit, Theologie, Frömmigkeitstheologie written by Berndt Hamm and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2005 with total page 855 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of belief, piety, and theology ("Frommigkeitsgeschichte") has long stood in the center of Erlangen church historian Berndt Hamm's research interest. Inspired by his work, scholars from Europe and the U.S. have produced this interdisciplinary volume covering topics from the early Middle Ages to the present and dedicate it to him on his sixtieth birthday. Theologie- und frommigkeitsgeschichtlichen Phanomenen gilt das besondere Forschungsinteresse des Erlanger Kirchenhistorikers Berndt Hamm. Die Impulse aus seinen Forschungen aufnehmend, widmen ihm Forscher/-innen aus Europa und den USA zum 60. Geburtstag diesen interdisziplinar angelegten Sammelband mit Beitragen vom Fruhmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart.

Were We Ever Protestants?

Download Were We Ever Protestants? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110599015
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Were We Ever Protestants? by : Sivert Angel

Download or read book Were We Ever Protestants? written by Sivert Angel and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-09-23 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This anthology discusses different aspects of Protestantism, past and present. Professor Tarald Rasmussen has written both on medieval and modern theologians, but his primary interest has remained the reformation and 16th century church history. In stead of a traditional «Festschrift» honouring the different fields of research he has contributed to, this will be a focused anthology treating a specific theme related to Rasmussen’s research profile. One of Professor Rasmussen's most recent publications, a little popularized book in Norwegian titled «What is Protestantism?», reveals a central aspect research interest, namely the Weberian interest for Protestantism’s cultural significance. Despite difficulties, he finds the concept useful as a Weberian «Idealtypus» enabling research on a phenomenon combining theological, historical and sociological dimensions. Thus he employs the Protestantism as an integrative concept to trace the makeup of today’s secular societies. This profiled approach is a point of departure for this anthology discussing important aspects of historiography in reformation history: Continuity and breaks surrounding the reformation, contemporary significance of reformation history research, traces of the reformation in today’s society. The book relates to current discussions on Protestantism and is relevant to everyone who want to keep up to date with the latest research in the field.

Between Lay Piety and Academic Theology

Download Between Lay Piety and Academic Theology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004193545
Total Pages : 564 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Between Lay Piety and Academic Theology by :

Download or read book Between Lay Piety and Academic Theology written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2013-02-06 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contributions reflect a broad range of interdisciplinary research interests in the field of lay piety and learned theology in the Middle Ages, Reformation, and Later Times as well as their representation through certain media such as book printing.

Meditating Death in Medieval and Early Modern Devotional Writing

Download Meditating Death in Medieval and Early Modern Devotional Writing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0198861982
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Meditating Death in Medieval and Early Modern Devotional Writing by : Mark Chinca

Download or read book Meditating Death in Medieval and Early Modern Devotional Writing written by Mark Chinca and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020-06-10 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The monograph series Oxford Studies in Medieval Literature and Culture showcases the plurilingual and multicultural quality of medieval literature and actively seeks to promote research that not only focuses on the array of subjects medievalists now pursue - in literature, theology, and philosophy, in social, political, jurisprudential, and intellectual history, the history of art, and the history of science - but also that combines these subjects productively. It offers innovative studies on topics that may include, but are not limited to, manuscript and book history; languages and literatures of the global Middle Ages; race and the post-colonial; the digital humanities, media and performance; music; medicine; the history of affect and the emotions; the literature and practices of devotion; the theory and history of gender and sexuality, ecocriticism and the environment; theories of aesthetics; medievalism. Meditating about death and the afterlife was one of the most important techniques that Christian societies in medieval and early modern Europe had at their disposal for developing a sense of individual selfhood. Believers who regularly and systematically reflected on the inevitability of death and the certainty of eternal punishment in hell or reward in heaven would acquire an understanding of themselves as a unique persons defined by their moral actions; they would also learn to discipline themselves by feeling remorse for their sins, doing penance, and cultivating a permanent vigilance over their future thoughts and deeds. This book covers a crucial period in the formation and transformation of the technique of meditating on death: from the thirteenth century, when a practice that had mainly been the preserve of a monastic elite began to be more widely disseminated among all segments of Christian society, to the sixteenth, when the Protestant Reformation transformed the technique of spiritual exercise into a bible-based mindfulness that avoided the stigma of works piety. It discusses the textual instructions for meditation as well as the theories and beliefs and doctrines that lay behind them; the sources are Latin and vernacular and enjoyed widespread circulation in Roman Christian and Protestant Europe during the period under consideration.

Luther and Calvinism

Download Luther and Calvinism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
ISBN 13 : 3647552623
Total Pages : 549 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (475 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Luther and Calvinism by : Herman J. Selderhuis

Download or read book Luther and Calvinism written by Herman J. Selderhuis and published by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Die Wirkung Martin Luthers auf den Calvinismus war enorm. In diesem Band dokumentieren namhafte Autoren auf dem Gebiet der Lutherforschung und der reformierten Theologie die internationale Forschung zur Rezeption Martin Luthers im Calvinismus. Umfassend analysieren sie das Bild Luthers in unterschiedlichen calvinistischen Kontexten. Als Experten gelingt es ihnen, die zentralen Zusammenhänge zwischen lutherischem und calvinistischem Denken nachvollziehbar und präzise aufzuzeigen. Mit ihrem nachdrücklichen Hinweis auf die immense Wirkung Luthers auf den Calvinismus leisten sie insgesamt einen Meilenstein auf dem Weg zur Erforschung der Bedeutung Martin Luthers für die Geistesgeschichte Europas.

The Early Luther

Download The Early Luther PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Fortress Press
ISBN 13 : 1506427227
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Early Luther by : Berndt Hamm

Download or read book The Early Luther written by Berndt Hamm and published by Fortress Press. This book was released on 2017-01-01 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of Martin Luther's thought has commanded much scholarly attention because of the Reformation and its remarkable effects on the history of Christianity in the West. But much of that scholarship has been so enthralled by certain later debates that it has practically ignored and even distorted the context in and against which Luther's thought developed. In The Early Luther Berndt Hamm, armed with expertise both in late-medieval intellectual life and in Luther, presents new perspectives that leave old debates behind. A master Luther scholar, Hamm provides fresh insights into the development of Luther's theology from his entry into the monastery through his early lectures on the Bible to his writing of the 95 Theses in 1517 and The Freedom of a Christian in 1520. Rather than looking for a single breakthrough, Hamm carefully outlines a series of significant shifts in Luther's late-medieval theological worldview over the course of his early career. The result is a more accurate, nuanced portrait of Reformation giant Martin Luther.

Luther's Theology of the Cross

Download Luther's Theology of the Cross PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119995973
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Luther's Theology of the Cross by : Alister E. McGrath

Download or read book Luther's Theology of the Cross written by Alister E. McGrath and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-03-21 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Luther's Theology of the Cross represents a fully revised and updated edition of the classic 1985 text that expands on the author's ongoing research and reflects 25 years of Luther scholarship. Rewritten and expanded edition of a highly-acclaimed classic text Incorporates primary and secondary sources that have become available since the publication of the first edition Draws on advances in our understanding of the late medieval intellectual, cultural, and religious background of Luther's early development, and the nature of Luther's doctrine of justification (including the so-called 'Finnish' school), many of which have not yet been incorporated into Luther scholarship Luther's 'theological breakthrough' continues to be of central importance to Reformation Studies and the development of Protestantism Written by one of the world's leading Protestant theologians, who is an authority on the development of the doctrine of justification. His classic work Iustitia Dei: A History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification is now in its third edition (2005)

Evangelien-harmonien des Mittelalters

Download Evangelien-harmonien des Mittelalters PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004494812
Total Pages : 171 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evangelien-harmonien des Mittelalters by : August den Hollander

Download or read book Evangelien-harmonien des Mittelalters written by August den Hollander and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-10-11 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Theology and Religion (STAR) - 9 Evangelienharmonien sind in Westeuropa zumindest vom sechsten Jahrhundert an nachweisbar, wurden aber im Hoch- und Spätmittelalter verstärkt tradiert, bearbeitet oder auch neu verfaßt. Diese Texte bieten zumeist Zusammenstellungen des Stoffes der vier neutestamentlichen Evangelien, die alle darin erzählten Inhalte in einenfortlaufenden Erzählzusammenhang bringen. Auf diese Weise geben sie dem Leser oder Hörer Gelegenheit, die ganze Fülle der Aussagen der Evangelisten in einer einzigen Darstellung zur Kenntnis zu nehmen, und nehmen den Anstoß weg, daß in dem einen Evangelium diese, im anderen jene Reihenfolge gewählt wird, daß im einen Evangelium diese Erzählung fehlt, im anderen jene. Leser oder Hörer können sich dadurch ganz auf Leben, Leiden und Auferweckung des Erlösers konzentrieren. Die Geschichte der Gattung der Evangelienharmonien ist bisher ebenso wenig erforscht worden wie ihre Rezeptionsweisen und ihre Funktionen in den wechselnden Kontexten dieser jahrhundertelangen Geschichte. Der vorliegende Sammelband will auf einige Aspekte der Geschichte von Evangelienharmonien im Mittelalter und auf ihre Einordnung in Kontexte aufmerksam machen. Neben Harmonien aller vier Evangelien werden auch eine Passionsharmonie und ein Evangelienkommentar vorgestellt, um auf diese Weise die verwandten Gattungen in den Blick zu bekommen. Evangelien-harmonien des Mittelalters I – MITTELALTERLICHE EVANGELIENHARMONIEN Evangelienharmonien des Mittelalters: Forschungsgeschichtliche und systematische Aspekte Ulrich Schmid Lateinische Evangelienharmonien – Die Konturen der abendländischen Harmonietradition Ulrich Schmid Zur Funktion des Monotessaron des Johannes Gerson Marc Vial Liturgie, Leben-Jesu-Darstellungen und Evangelienharmonien als wesentliche Bestandteile der spätmittelalterlichen Frömmigkeit: Erforschung und Vergleich Charles Caspers Mittelniederländische Evangelienharmonien – Form und Funktion: Eine erste Orientierung August den Hollander II – MITTELALTERLICHE EVANGELIENKOMMENTARE UND PASSIONSHARMONIEN Die Harmonisierungstendenzen im Evangelienkommentar des Simon Fidati von Cascia OESA (ca. 1295–1348) Willigis Eckermann Die Passionsharmonie des Augustiner-Eremiten Johannes von Paltz (ca. 1445-1511) Christoph Burger 3 vi Evangelienharmonien des Mittelalters Verzeichnis der genannten Literatur Verzeichnis der zitierten Handschriften Register der Bibelstellen Personenregister

Social Imagery in Middle Low German

Download Social Imagery in Middle Low German PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004204954
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Imagery in Middle Low German by : Cordelia Hess

Download or read book Social Imagery in Middle Low German written by Cordelia Hess and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2013-06-20 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social imagery during the Late Middle Ages was typically considered to be dominated by the three orders oratores, bellatores, laboratores as the most common way of describing social order, along with body metaphors and comprehensive lists of professions as known from the Danse macabre tradition. None of these actually dominates within the vast genre of lay didactical literature. This book comprises the first systematic investigation of social imagery from a specific late medieval linguistic context. It methodically catalogues images of the social that were used in a particular cultural/literary sphere, and it separates late medieval efforts at catechization in print from the social and religious ruptures that are conventionally thought to have occurred after 1517. The investigation thus compliments recent scholarship on late medieval vernacular literature in Germany, most of which has concentrated on southern urban centres of production. The author fills a major lacuna in this field by concentrating for the first time on the entire extant corpus of vernacular print production in the northern region dominated by the Hanseatic cities and the Middle Low German dialect.

The Reformation of Suffering

Download The Reformation of Suffering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199795088
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Reformation of Suffering by : Ronald K. Rittgers

Download or read book The Reformation of Suffering written by Ronald K. Rittgers and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-06-28 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protestant reformers sought to effect a radical change in the way their contemporaries understood and coped with the suffering of body and soul that were so prominent in the early modern period. This book examines the genesis of Protestant doctrines of suffering among the leading reformers and then traces the transmission of these doctrines from the reformers to the common clergy. It also examines the reception of these ideas by lay people.

Social Control in Europe

Download Social Control in Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ohio State University Press
ISBN 13 : 0814209688
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (142 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Control in Europe by : Herman Roodenburg

Download or read book Social Control in Europe written by Herman Roodenburg and published by Ohio State University Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first volume of a two-volume collection of essays provides a comprehensive examination of the idea of social control in the history of Europe. The uniqueness of these volumes lies in two main areas. First, the contributors compare methods of social control on many levels, from police to shaming, church to guilds. Second, they look at these formal and informal institutions as two-way processes. Unlike many studies of social control in the past, the scholars here examine how individuals and groups that are being controlled necessarily participate in and shape the manner in which they are regulated. Hardly passive victims of discipline and control, these folks instead claimed agency in that process, accepting and resisting -- and thus molding -- the controls under which they functioned. The essays in this volume focus on the interplay of ecclesiastical institutions and the emerging states, examining discipline from a bottom-up perspective. Book jacket.

Normative Zentrierung

Download Normative Zentrierung PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Peter Lang Gmbh, Internationaler Verlag Der Wissenschaften
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Normative Zentrierung by : Rudolf Suntrup

Download or read book Normative Zentrierung written by Rudolf Suntrup and published by Peter Lang Gmbh, Internationaler Verlag Der Wissenschaften. This book was released on 2002 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Für die Beschreibung vereinheitlichender Zentrierungsbemühungen im religiös-kirchlichen, staatlichen und gesellschaftlichen Leben während des Übergangs vom Spätmittelalter zur Frühen Neuzeit hat sich das Konzept der «normativen Zentrierung» weit über die reformationsgeschichtliche Forschung hinaus als außerordentlich fruchtbar erwiesen. Die in diesem Sammelband vereinten Tagungsbeiträge behandeln das Thema in theoretischer Exposition sowie in Studien zu den Erscheinungsformen der Normierung im religiösen Leben, auf dem Gebiet der Kommunikationsmedien sowie im Umfeld des Hofes und der Stadt. The religious, social and political life of the late-medieval and early modern period was marked in increasing measure by a general cultural tendency to converge upon central norms. This concept of normative centering does much more than merely accommodate the traditional historiography of the period which included the Reformation; it touches, rather, on a variety of topics, including lay piety, urban culture, book production, court life, and foreign policies. The essays collected in this volume explore both the theoretical and practical ramifications of this innovative concept.

Protestantism and Protestantization

Download Protestantism and Protestantization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
ISBN 13 : 3647568724
Total Pages : 139 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (475 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Protestantism and Protestantization by : Tarald Rasmussen

Download or read book Protestantism and Protestantization written by Tarald Rasmussen and published by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. This book was released on 2023-01-23 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors presented in this volume deal with important cases of Protestantization of religion or of debates on religion. One chapter deals with Protestant formatting of contemporary Islam, another discusses how Pentecostal Protestantism has an important role in formatting religion outside Europe today. Two of the authors analyse contemporary debates on circumcision and investigate how Protestant preconceptions influence these debates. Finally, several authors deal with the complex question of how Protestant religion is related to modern Secularity: either as a point of departure for "non-religion", or as a point of departure for a Protestant understanding of secularity.

Teaching the Reformation

Download Teaching the Reformation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780198041658
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (416 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Teaching the Reformation by : Amy Nelson Burnett

Download or read book Teaching the Reformation written by Amy Nelson Burnett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2006-10-12 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Though the Reformation was sparked by the actions of Martn Luther, it was not a decisive break from the Church in Rome but rather a gradual process of religious and social change. As the men responsible for religious instruction and moral oversight at the village level, parish pastors played a key role in the implementation of the Reformation and the gradual development of a Protestant religious culture, but their ministry has seldom been examined in the light of how they were prepared for the pastorate. Teaching the Reformation examines the four generations of Reformed pastors who served the church of Basel in the century after the Reformation, focusing on the evolution of pastoral training and Reformed theology, the theory and practice of preaching, and the performance of pastoral care in both urban and rural parishes. It looks at how these pastors were educated and what they learned, examining not only the study of theology but also the general education in languages, rhetoric and dialectic that future pastors received at the citys Latin school and in the arts faculty of the university. It points to significant changes over time in the content of that education, which in turn separated Basels pastors into distinct generations. The study also looks more specifically at preaching in Basel, demonstrating how the evolution of dialectic and rhetoric instruction, and particularly the spread of Ramism, led to changes in both exegetical method and homiletics. These developments, combined with the gradual elaboration of Reformed theology, resulted in a distinctive style of Reformed Orthodox preaching in Basel. The development of pastoral education also had a direct impact on how Basels clergy carried out their other dutiescatechization, administering the sacraments, counseling the dying and consoling the bereaved, and overseeing the moral conduct of their parishioners. The growing professionalization of the clergy, the result of more intensive education and more stringent supervision, contributed to the gradual implantation of a Reformed religious culture in Basel.