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Nonfarm Income Inequality And Land In Rural Egypt
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Book Synopsis Nonfarm Income, Inequality, and Land in Rural Egypt by : Richard H. Adams
Download or read book Nonfarm Income, Inequality, and Land in Rural Egypt written by Richard H. Adams and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policymakers interested in reducing poverty and improving income distribution in rural Egypt should focus on nonfarm income, which not only accounts for almost 60 percent of total income for the rural poor but also favorably affects income distribution. Nonfarm income is an inequality-reducing source of income in a land-scarce setting such as rural Egypt because inadequate land "pushes" poorer households out of agriculture and into the nonfarm sector.
Book Synopsis Nonfarm Income, Inequality, and Poverty in Rural Egypt and Jordan by : Richard H. Adams
Download or read book Nonfarm Income, Inequality, and Poverty in Rural Egypt and Jordan written by Richard H. Adams and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2001 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nonfarm income has a greater impact on poverty and inequality in Egypt than in Jordan. In rural Egypt the poor receive almost 60 percent of their income from nonfarm sources, while in rural Jordan they receive less than 20 percent. The reason for this difference is land: in rural Egypt, agricultural land is very productive, but access is quite limited, and so the poor are "pushed" into nonfarm work; while in rural Jordan, land is not very productive and access is not highly prized. In both countries the best way to reduce poverty and inequality might be to focus on nonfarm unskilled labor.
Book Synopsis Nonfarm Income, Inequality, and Land in Rural Egypt by : Adams, Jr. (Richard H.)
Download or read book Nonfarm Income, Inequality, and Land in Rural Egypt written by Adams, Jr. (Richard H.) and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policymakers interested in reducing poverty and improving income distribution in rural Egypt should focus on nonfarm income - which not only accounts for almost 60 percent of total income for the rural poor but also favorably affects income distribution. Nonfarm income is an inequality-reducing source of income in a land-scarce setting such as rural Egypt because inadequate land pushes poorer households out of agriculture and into the nonfarm sector.The author uses household-level data from a nationally representative survey to analyze the impact of nonfarm income on income inequality in rural Egypt. After pinpointing the importance of nonfarm income to the rural poor, the author decomposes total rural income among five sources, nonfarm, agricultural, livestock, rental, and transfer.He shows that while nonfarm income represents the most important inequality-reducing source of income, agricultural income represents the most important inequality-increasing source.A 1 percent marginal increase in nonfarm income will cause the Gini coefficient of overall income to fall by 12.8 percent. But a 1 percent marginal increase in agricultural income will cause the Gini coefficient to rise by 15.8 percent. The reason for this difference has to do with land, which is distributed very unevenly in this study.Regression analysis of the determinants of income shows that land ownership is positively and statistically related to the receipt of agricultural income but has no statistical relationship to the receipt of nonfarm income.This leads the author to three conclusions:-If policymakers are interested in reducing poverty and improving income distribution in rural Egypt, they should focus on nonfarm income - which not only accounts for almost 60 percent of total income for the rural poor but also favorably affects income distribution.-Nonfarm income is an inequality-reducing source of income in a land-scarce setting such as rural Egypt because inadequate land pushes poorer households out of agriculture and into the nonfarm sector.-Agricultural income contributes most to rural income inequality because it is highly correlated with land ownership and with total rural income.This paper - a product of the Human Development Sector Group, Middle East and North Africa Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to identify the sources of income for the rural poor. The author may be contacted at [email protected].
Book Synopsis Nonfarm Income, Inequality, and Poverty in Rural Egypt and Jordan by : Adams, Jr. (Richard H.)
Download or read book Nonfarm Income, Inequality, and Poverty in Rural Egypt and Jordan written by Adams, Jr. (Richard H.) and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nonfarm income has a grea ...
Book Synopsis Distribution of Land, Employment and Income in Rural Egypt by : Iliya F. Harik
Download or read book Distribution of Land, Employment and Income in Rural Egypt written by Iliya F. Harik and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Agrarian Change in Egypt by : Samir Radwan
Download or read book Agrarian Change in Egypt written by Samir Radwan and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-08-30 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1986, Agrarian Change in Egypt based on extensive original research as well as field survey of eighteen villages, analyses and explains the changes in the agricultural sector in Egypt. It shows how various policies and other factors have affected agricultural output and how developments triggered by the ‘open door policy’ such as inflation, migration, and the shift in the pricing system have affected agriculture. The Egyptian experience is fairly typical of agrarian change in many parts of the developing world where government reforms in the 1960s and 1970s tried to combine considerations of efficiency and equity but ended up with stagnation. The Egyptian case therefore provides a good example of the general crisis in agriculture in the developing world. This book is an essential read for scholars and researchers of agricultural economy, development studies and political economy.
Book Synopsis The Impact of Remittances on Rural Poverty and Inequality in China by : Nong Zhu
Download or read book The Impact of Remittances on Rural Poverty and Inequality in China written by Nong Zhu and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Large numbers of agricultural labor moved from the countryside to cities after the economic reforms in China. Migration and remittances play an important role in transforming the structure of rural household income. This paper examines the impact of rural-to-urban migration on rural poverty and inequality in the case of Hubei province using the data of a 2002 household survey. Since remittances are a potential substitute for farm income, the paper presents counterfactual scenarios of what rural income, poverty, and inequality would have been in the absence of migration. The results show that, by providing alternatives to households with lower marginal labor productivity in agriculture, migration leads to an increase in rural income. In contrast to many studies that suggest the increasing share of non-farm income in total income widens inequality, this paper offers support for the hypothesis that migration tends to have egalitarian effects on rural income for three reasons: (i) migration is rational self-selection - farmers with higher agricultural productivities choose to remain in local agricultural production while those with higher expected return in urban non-farm sectors migrate; (ii) poorer households facing binding constraints of land shortage are more likely to migrate; and (iii) the poorest poor benefit disproportionately from remittances.
Book Synopsis Transforming the Rural Nonfarm Economy by : Steven Haggblade
Download or read book Transforming the Rural Nonfarm Economy written by Steven Haggblade and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2007-11-16 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contrary to conventional wisdom that equates rural economies with agriculture, rural residents in developing countries often rely heavily on activities other than farming for their income. Indeed, nonfarm work accounts for between one-third and one-half of rural incomes in the developing world. In recent years, accelerating globalization, increasing competition from large businesses, expanding urban markets for rural goods and services, and greater availability of information and communication technology have combined to expose rural nonfarm businesses to new opportunities as well as new risks. By examining these rapid changes in the rural nonfarm economy, international experts explore how the rural nonfarm economy can contribute to overall economic growth in developing countries and how the poor can participate in this rapidly evolving segment of the economy. The authors review an array of recent studies of the rural nonfarm economy in order to summarize existing empirical evidence, explore policy implications, and identify future research priorities. They examine the varied scale, structure, and composition of the rural nonfarm economy, as well as its relationship with agricultural and urban enterprises. And they address key questions about the role of public intervention in the rural nonfarm economy and how the rural poor can participate in and navigate the rapid transition underway in rural areas. The contributors offer new insights to specialists in rural development and to others interested in overall economic development.
Book Synopsis Rural Non-farm Employment in the Lower Himalayas of Eastern India by : Dil Bahadur Rahut
Download or read book Rural Non-farm Employment in the Lower Himalayas of Eastern India written by Dil Bahadur Rahut and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2006 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Inside Inequality in the Arab Republic of Egypt by : Paolo Verme
Download or read book Inside Inequality in the Arab Republic of Egypt written by Paolo Verme and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2014-04-16 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book joins four papers prepared in the framework of the Egypt inequality study financed by the World Bank. The first paper prepared by Sherine Al-Shawarby reviews the studies on inequality in Egypt since the 1950s with the double objective of illustrating the importance attributed to inequality through time and of presenting and compare the main published statistics on inequality. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such a comprehensive review is carried. The second paper prepared by Branko Milanovic turns to the global and spatial dimensions of inequality. The objective here is to put Egypt inequality in the global context and better understand the origin and size of spatial inequalities within Egypt using different forms of measurement across regions and urban and rural areas. The Egyptian society remains deeply divided across space and in terms of welfare and this study unveils some of the hidden features of this inequality. The third paper prepared by Paolo Verme studies facts and perceptions of inequality during the period 2000-2009, the period that preceded the Egyptian revolution. The objective of this part is to provide some initial elements that could explain the apparent mismatch between inequality measured with household surveys and inequality aversion measured by values surveys. No such study has been carried out before in the Middle-East and North-Africa (MENA) region and this seemed a particular important and timely topic to address in the light of the unfolding developments in the Arab region. The fourth paper prepared by Sahar El Tawila, May Gadallah and Enas Ali A. El-Majeed assesses the state of poverty and inequality among the poorest villages of Egypt. The paper attempts to explain the level of inequality in an effort to disentangle those factors that derive from household abilities from those factors that derive from local opportunities. This is the first time that such study is conducted in Egypt. The book should be of interest to any observer of the political and economic evolution of the Arab region in the past few years and to poverty and inequality specialists that wish to have a deeper understanding of the distribution of incomes in Egypt and other countries in the MENA region.
Book Synopsis Institutional Constraints to Small Farmer Development in Southern Africa by : Ajuruchukwu Obi
Download or read book Institutional Constraints to Small Farmer Development in Southern Africa written by Ajuruchukwu Obi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-04-27 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Southern Africa region has experienced more than its fair share of problems in recent years. Just when it seemed that the hardships wrought by the devastating cycle of droughts and floods of 2000 to 2002 were a thing of the past, other problems emerged. At one level, there have been the weak and often erratic governance mechanisms and political crises in some countries of the region, leading to severe disruptions in agricultural production to the point that supplies and markets have virtually disappeared. At another level, socio-cultural rigidities have often militated against the adoption of efficient farming practices, resulting in sub-optimal choices that lock smallholders into a low equilibrium trap. In the face of the disappearing supplies and missing markets, these have engendered hyper-inflationary trends of a magnitude unknown anywhere else in the world. But in the midst of all this apparent dreariness, cases are emerging from which immense lessons can be drawn. This book assembles a collection of research papers based on studies completed in 2008 and 2009 in Southern Africa that examine various dimensions of the institutional constraints small farmers are facing in the region and how they are going about dealing with them. The papers draw from these diverse and polar experiences and present some theoretical and practical insights that should form the basis for more in-depth, country-level, sector-specific analyses, focusing mainly on citrus, horticultures, cotton and livestock. The thematic issues of income inequality, land reform, natural resource management and value chain governance and chain choice, are covered in this book and are expected to be of interest for a wide constituency, including researchers, development practitioners, rural animators, and policy makers.
Book Synopsis Changing Contours of Indian Agriculture by : Seema Bathla
Download or read book Changing Contours of Indian Agriculture written by Seema Bathla and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-25 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an extensive study on India’s agricultural and nonfarm sectors, examining prices, investments and policies, and suggesting various essential technological changes. It offers appropriate financial, institutional, and policy frameworks that can help to sustain agricultural growth and augment farmers’ incomes across geographical locations. Further, it addresses agricultural growth and rural poverty reduction through multiple pathways that also tackle varied geographical locations, making it a highly useful guide to understanding the changing contours in agriculture and rural areas across the country and among rural households with various social and economic backgrounds.
Book Synopsis Efficiency, Equity and Well-Being in Selected African Countries by : Pia Nilsson
Download or read book Efficiency, Equity and Well-Being in Selected African Countries written by Pia Nilsson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-24 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses poverty and well-being, equity, and efficiency in selected African countries. The chapters focus on three main topics: studies in the measurement and analysis of well-being and vulnerability to poverty, women's empowerment, and the dynamics and determinants of income and efficiency among smallholders. The chapters in the first section examine poverty, well-being, and vulnerability to poverty, as well as social exclusion, with a focus on households in Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Tanzania. They highlight the need to consider multidimensional measures of well-being and vulnerability to poverty, the need to address the distribution of vulnerability across different segments of the population, as well as the importance of developing public policies aimed at poverty reduction and promoting the well-being of the poor. The next section deals with issues related to women’s empowerment, including a multidimensional case study of women’s empowerment in Ghana and women’s access to microfinance services in Ethiopia. The final section focuses on dynamics and determinants of income and efficiency among farm households in Ethiopia and Uganda. Using a variety of methodologies, this volume provides a multifaceted approach to studying poverty and well-being in a diverse range of locations. As such, it of use to undergraduate and graduate students studying African economics or economics of poverty and well-being, and will be appealing to public policymakers and international aid agencies.
Book Synopsis Gender, Poverty, and Nonfarm Employment in Ghana and Uganda by : Constance Newman
Download or read book Gender, Poverty, and Nonfarm Employment in Ghana and Uganda written by Constance Newman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2000 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For women in Ghana and Uganda, nonfarm activities play an important role in yielding the lowest - and the most rapidly declining - rural poverty rates. In both countries rural poverty declined fastest for female heads of household engaged in nonfarm work (which tended to be a secondary activity). But patterns vary between the two countires.
Book Synopsis Non-farm Activity and Rural Income Inequality by : Nong Zhu
Download or read book Non-farm Activity and Rural Income Inequality written by Nong Zhu and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nonfarm activity plays an increasingly important role in rural household income. Based on data from the Living Standards Measurement Study in the provinces of Hebei and Liaoning, the authors study the distribution of nonfarm income in rural China. First, they assume nonfarm income as an exogenous transfer to total income to decompose the Gini index. Second, they assume nonfarm income as a potential substitute for farm income to take household choices into account and simulate household income. The results show that nonfarm activity reduces rural income inequality by raising the income of poor households to a larger extent than that of rich households. Improving rural infrastructure and implementing universal basic education are critical to build up the capacity of households (in particular, poor households) to participate in nonfarm activity. Strengthening the links between farm activity and nonfarm activity is essential to optimize the contribution of nonfarm activity to pro-poor rural economic development.
Book Synopsis Egypt in the Twenty First Century by : M. Riad El-Ghonemy
Download or read book Egypt in the Twenty First Century written by M. Riad El-Ghonemy and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2003-07-03 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book focuses on three main themes:*overpopulation associated with low productivity, unemployment, persistent poverty and weak savings and investment capacity*the post-1950 development strategies and their outcomes*the institutional structures that are constraining economic and political progress. Egypt in the Twenty First Century is a much need
Book Synopsis New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture by : Peter B. R. Hazell
Download or read book New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture written by Peter B. R. Hazell and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2014-03-06 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The majority of the poor and hungry people in the world live on small farms and struggle to subsist on too little land with low input - low yield technologies. At the same time, many other smallholders are successfully intensifying and succeeding as farm businesses, often in combination with diversification into off-farm sources of income. This book examines the growing divergence between subsistence and business oriented small farms, and discusses how this divergence has been impacted by population growth, trends in farm size distribution, urbanization, off-farm income diversification, and the globalization of agricultural value chains. It finds that policy makers need to differentiate more sharply between different types of small farms than they did in the past, both in terms of their potential contributions towards achieving national economic growth, poverty alleviation, and food security goals, and the types of assistance they need. The book distinguishes between smallholders that are business oriented, subsistence oriented, and at various stages of transition to the non-farm economy, and discusses strategies appropriate for assisting each type. The book draws on a wealth of recent experience at IFAD and elsewhere to help identify best practice approaches.
