Nitric Oxide As A Neurotransmitter In The Autonomic Nervous System

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Autonomic Neurology

Author : Eduardo E. Benarroch
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199920206
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis Autonomic Neurology by : Eduardo E. Benarroch

Download or read book Autonomic Neurology written by Eduardo E. Benarroch and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014-04-03 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book is to present a focused approach to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of the most common autonomic disorders that may present to the clinical neurologist. Autonomic Neurology is divided into 3 sections. The first section includes 5 chapters reviewing the anatomical and biochemical mechanisms of central and peripheral nervous system control of autonomic function, principles of autonomic pharmacology, and a clinical and laboratory approach to the diagnosis of autonomic disorders. The second section focuses on the pathophysiology and management of orthostatic hypotension, postural tachycardia, baroreflex failure; syncope, disorders of sweating, neurogenic bladder and sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysmotility, and autonomic hyperactivity. The final section is devoted to specific autonomic disorders, including central neurodegenerative disorders; common peripheral neuropathies with prominent autonomic failure; painful small fiber neuropathies; autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathies and neuropathies; focal brain disorders; focal spinal cord disorders; and chronic pain disorders with autonomic manifestations. This book is the product of the extensive experience of its contributors in the evaluation and management of the many patients with autonomic symptoms who are referred for neurologic consultation at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Autonomic Neurology focuses on clinical scenarios and presentation of clinical cases and includes several figures showing the results of normal and abnormal autonomic testing in typical conditions. Its abundance of tables summarizing the differential diagnosis, testing, and management of autonomic disorders also help set this book apart from other books focused on the autonomic nervous system.

The Cerebral Circulation

Author : Marilyn J. Cipolla
Publisher : Biota Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1615047239
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cerebral Circulation by : Marilyn J. Cipolla

Download or read book The Cerebral Circulation written by Marilyn J. Cipolla and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. It describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain microcirculation such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death.

Neural Control of Renal Function

Author : Ulla Kopp
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1615042318
Total Pages : 99 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Neural Control of Renal Function by : Ulla Kopp

Download or read book Neural Control of Renal Function written by Ulla Kopp and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The kidney is innervated with efferent sympathetic nerve fibers reaching the renal vasculature, the tubules, the juxtaglomerular granular cells, and the renal pelvic wall. The renal sensory nerves are mainly found in the renal pelvic wall. Increases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity reduce renal blood flow and urinary sodium excretion by activation of α1-adrenoceptors and increase renin secretion rate by activation of β1-adrenoceptors. In response to normal physiological stimulation, changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity contribute importantly to homeostatic regulation of sodium and water balance. The renal mechanosensory nerves are activated by stretch of the renal pelvic tissue produced by increases in renal pelvic tissue of a magnitude that may occur during increased urine flow rate. Activation of the sensory nerves elicits an inhibitory renorenal reflex response consisting of decreases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity leading to natriuresis. Increasing efferent sympathetic nerve activity increases afferent renal nerve activity which, in turn, decreases efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity by activation of the renorenal reflexes. Thus, activation of the afferent renal nerves buffers changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the overall goal of maintaining sodium balance. In pathological conditions of sodium retention, impairment of the inhibitory renorenal reflexes contributes to an inappropriately increased efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the presence of sodium retention. In states of renal disease or injury, there is a shift from inhibitory to excitatory reflexes originating in the kidney. Studies in essential hypertensive patients have shown that renal denervation results in long-term reduction in arterial pressure, suggesting an important role for the efferent and afferent renal nerves in hypertension. Table of Contents: Part I: Efferent Renal Sympathetic Nerves / Introduction / Neuroanatomy / Neural Control of Renal Hemodynamics / Neural Control of Renal Tubular Function / Neural Control of Renin Secretion Rate / Part II: Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Introduction / Neuroanatomy / Renorenal Reflexes / Mechanisms Involved in the Activation of Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Part III: Pathophysiological States / Efferent Renal Sympathetic Nerves / Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Conclusions / References

Discovering the Brain

Author : National Academy of Sciences
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309045290
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Discovering the Brain by : National Academy of Sciences

Download or read book Discovering the Brain written by National Academy of Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1992-01-01 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."

Nitric Oxide as a Neurotransmitter in the Autonomic Nervous System

Author : Ainan Xu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Nitric Oxide as a Neurotransmitter in the Autonomic Nervous System by : Ainan Xu

Download or read book Nitric Oxide as a Neurotransmitter in the Autonomic Nervous System written by Ainan Xu and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Magnesium in the Central Nervous System

Author : Robert Vink
Publisher : University of Adelaide Press
ISBN 13 : 0987073052
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis Magnesium in the Central Nervous System by : Robert Vink

Download or read book Magnesium in the Central Nervous System written by Robert Vink and published by University of Adelaide Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain is the most complex organ in our body. Indeed, it is perhaps the most complex structure we have ever encountered in nature. Both structurally and functionally, there are many peculiarities that differentiate the brain from all other organs. The brain is our connection to the world around us and by governing nervous system and higher function, any disturbance induces severe neurological and psychiatric disorders that can have a devastating effect on quality of life. Our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the brain has improved dramatically in the last two decades. In particular, the critical role of cations, including magnesium, has become evident, even if incompletely understood at a mechanistic level. The exact role and regulation of magnesium, in particular, remains elusive, largely because intracellular levels are so difficult to routinely quantify. Nonetheless, the importance of magnesium to normal central nervous system activity is self-evident given the complicated homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the concentration of this cation within strict limits essential for normal physiology and metabolism. There is also considerable accumulating evidence to suggest alterations to some brain functions in both normal and pathological conditions may be linked to alterations in local magnesium concentration. This book, containing chapters written by some of the foremost experts in the field of magnesium research, brings together the latest in experimental and clinical magnesium research as it relates to the central nervous system. It offers a complete and updated view of magnesiums involvement in central nervous system function and in so doing, brings together two main pillars of contemporary neuroscience research, namely providing an explanation for the molecular mechanisms involved in brain function, and emphasizing the connections between the molecular changes and behavior. It is the untiring efforts of those magnesium researchers who have dedicated their lives to unraveling the mysteries of magnesiums role in biological systems that has inspired the collation of this volume of work.

Textbook of Aging Skin

Author : Miranda A. Farage
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540896554
Total Pages : 1255 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis Textbook of Aging Skin by : Miranda A. Farage

Download or read book Textbook of Aging Skin written by Miranda A. Farage and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-02 with total page 1255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive ‘Major Reference Book’ compiles all current and latest information on aging skin in a two-volume set. Highly structured with a reader-friendly format, it covers a wide range of areas such as basic sciences, the different diseases and conditions which occur with aging (from malignant to non-malignant), the latest techniques and methods being used such as bioengineering methods and biometrics as well as toxicological and safety considerations for the elderly population. It also illustrates the global consumers’ sociological and psychological implications, ethnicity and gender differences and includes marketing considerations for this elderly group. This unique and comprehensive guide will become the main reference textbook on this topic.

Nitric Oxide Synthase

Author : Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 953513163X
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Nitric Oxide Synthase by : Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi

Download or read book Nitric Oxide Synthase written by Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-05-17 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitric Oxide Synthase - Simple Enzyme-Complex Roles provides information on nitric oxide synthase, a biomolecule of key importance for the different biological systems, including central and peripheral nervous, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems. With recent links to the role of nitric oxide in the reactions that can impact cell signaling, and discoveries surrounding the complex role of nitric oxide synthase that have increased research attention across the fields of cell and molecular biology, physiology, pharmacology, toxicology, neuroscience, cardiology, urology, and endocrinology, this book tries to provide a comprehensive overview of biology/pathobiology of nitric oxide synthases and a perspective from possible therapeutic indication of the enzyme inhibitors.

Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System

Author : David Robertson
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0125897626
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (258 download)

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Book Synopsis Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System by : David Robertson

Download or read book Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System written by David Robertson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2004-05-05 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ppresents, in a readable and accessible format, key information about how the autonomic nervous system controls the body, particularly in response to stress. Especially suitable for students, scientists and physicians seeking key information about all aspects of autonomic physiology and pathology in one convenient source, this bood provides up-to-date knowledge about basic and clinical autonomic neuroscience in a format designed to make learning easy

Colonic Motility

Author : Sushil K. Sarna
Publisher : Biota Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1615041516
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Colonic Motility by : Sushil K. Sarna

Download or read book Colonic Motility written by Sushil K. Sarna and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2010-11-01 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three distinct types of contractions perform colonic motility functions. Rhythmic phasic contractions (RPCs) cause slow net distal propulsion with extensive mixing/turning over. Infrequently occurring giant migrating contractions (GMCs) produce mass movements. Tonic contractions aid RPCs in their motor function. The spatiotemporal patterns of these contractions differ markedly. The amplitude and distance of propagation of a GMC are several-fold larger than those of an RPC. The enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells are the core regulators of all three types of contractions. The regulation of contractions by these mechanisms is modifiable by extrinsic factors: CNS, autonomic neurons, hormones, inflammatory mediators, and stress mediators. Only the GMCs produce descending inhibition, which accommodates the large bolus being propelled without increasing muscle tone. The strong compression of the colon wall generates afferent signals that are below nociceptive threshold in healthy subjects. However, these signals become nociceptive; if the amplitudes of GMCs increase, afferent nerves become hypersensitive, or descending inhibition is impaired. The GMCs also provide the force for rapid propulsion of feces and descending inhibition to relax the internal anal sphincter during defecation. The dysregulation of GMCs is a major factor in colonic motility disorders: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and diverticular disease (DD). Frequent mass movements by GMCs cause diarrhea in diarrhea predominant IBS, IBD, and DD, while a decrease in the frequency of GMCs causes constipation. The GMCs generate the afferent signals for intermittent short-lived episodes of abdominal cramping in these disorders. Epigenetic dysregulation due to adverse events in early life is one of the major factors in generating the symptoms of IBS in adulthood.

Nitric Oxide in Health and Disease

Author : Jill Lincoln
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521559775
Total Pages : 60 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (597 download)

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Book Synopsis Nitric Oxide in Health and Disease by : Jill Lincoln

Download or read book Nitric Oxide in Health and Disease written by Jill Lincoln and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1997-08-28 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitric oxide has a tantalizing role in health and disease: while many of its wide-ranging effects are well known, there remains much more to explore and to learn about the interactions of this fascinating molecule in physiological and pathophysiological processes. The volume reviews the myriad effects of nitric oxide as a chemical messenger in the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, immune system and cardiovascular system. Furthermore, it provides a very practical introduction to the procedures and experimental protocols necessary to work with and study nitric oxide and its synthesizing enzyme, nitric oxide synthase, in the laboratory. In this respect the volume is unique, providing as it does a complete single-volume review of the role of nitric oxide in health and disease, and a very practical introduction to the methods and protocols involved in this intriguing and active area of biomedical research.

Topics in Autonomic Nervous System

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 183768345X
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (376 download)

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Book Synopsis Topics in Autonomic Nervous System by :

Download or read book Topics in Autonomic Nervous System written by and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2023-11-02 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nervous system is an essential component of the human body and is divided into two main systems: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord and acts as the command center of the organism. The PNS is a network of nerves that extends from the spinal cord throughout the body and regulates both voluntary and involuntary movements, such as digestion, heart rate, breathing, and body temperature. Within the PNS, there are two subdivisions: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic system controls voluntary movements, while the autonomic system operates automatically and regulates essential involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion. It is further divided into two branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which work together to maintain homeostasis. Alterations in the autonomic nervous system can lead to various diseases, as these two branches play a crucial role in regulating the organs and systems of the body. For example, an imbalance in the sympathetic system can result in excessive heart rate and blood pressure, while a dysfunction in the parasympathetic system can lead to digestive problems. Therefore, understanding its divisions and functions is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by autonomic nervous system dysfunction. This book provides a comprehensive overview of this system and its functions.

Nitric Oxide in the Nervous System

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080537553
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Nitric Oxide in the Nervous System by :

Download or read book Nitric Oxide in the Nervous System written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1995-04-07 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The gas nitric oxide (NO) has burst upon neuroscience only recently, and yet it has permeated into almost every avenue of current research. The unique properties of this novel messenger have revolutionized our way ofthinking about neurotransmission. These special properties have also lead neuroscientists to invoke NO to explain many previously unexplained phenomena in neurobiology. Fortunately, the development of numerous pharmacological agents is now allowing thesehypotheses to be tested.This volume will provide a synopsis of what is now known about NO. How and where NO is produced, how it acts at the molecular level to activate the synthesis of cGMP, and the possible targets of cGMP in the nervous system are reviewed. The roles of theNO/cGMP signal transduction pathway in the central and peripheral nervous systems, in glial cells, and in neuropathology are then explored. Together, these reviews will lead to further work explaining the varied functions of NO.Key Features* Describes how and why NO is produced in the nervous system* Examines all that is known of NOs role as a neurotransmitter* Explores cellular actions and physiological roles in the brain and peripheral nervous systemCovers NOs molecular synthesis to its role in neuropathology

Motor Function of the Pharynx, Esophagus, and Its Sphincters

Author : Ravinder Mittal
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1615043330
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Motor Function of the Pharynx, Esophagus, and Its Sphincters by : Ravinder Mittal

Download or read book Motor Function of the Pharynx, Esophagus, and Its Sphincters written by Ravinder Mittal and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deglutition or a swallow begins as a voluntary act in the oral cavity but proceeds autonomously in the pharynx and esophagus. Bilateral sequenced activation and inhibition of more than 25 pairs of muscles of mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus is required during a swallow. A single swallow elicits peristalsis in the pharynx and esophagus along with relaxation of upper and lower esophageal sphincters. Multiple swallows, at closely spaced time intervals, demonstrate deglutitive inhibition; sphincters remain relaxed during the entire period, but only the last swallow elicits peristalsis. Laryngeal inlet closure or airway protection is very important during swallow. Upper part of the esophagus that includes upper esophageal sphincter is composed of skeletal muscles, middle esophagus is composed of a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscles, and lower esophagus, including lower esophageal sphincter, is composed of smooth muscles. Peristalsis progresses in seamless fashion, despite separate control mechanism, from the skeletal to smooth muscle esophagus. The esophagus's circular and longitudinal muscle layers contract synchronously during peristalsis. Sphincters maintain continuous tone; neuromuscular mechanisms for tonic closure in the upper and lower esophageal sphincters are different. Lower esophageal sphincter transient relaxation, belching mechanism, regurgitation, vomiting, and reflux are mediated via the brain stem. Table of Contents: Introduction / Central Program Generator and Brain Stem / Pharynx-Anatomy, Neural Innervation, and Motor Pattern / Upper Esophageal Sphincter / Neuromuscular Anatomy of Esophagus and Lower Esophageal Sphincter / Extrinsic Innervation: Parasympathetic and Sympathetic / Interstitial Cells of Cajal / Recording Techniques / Motor Patterns of the Esophagus-Aboral and Oral Transport / Deglutitive Inhibition and Muscle Refractoriness / Peristalsis in the Circular and Longitudinal Muscles of the Esophagus / Neural and Myogenic Mechanism of Peristalsis / Central Mechanism of Peristalsis-Cortical and Brain Stem Control / Peripheral Mechanisms of Peristalsis / Central Versus Peripheral Mechanism of Deglutitive Inhibition / Neural Control of Longitudinal Muscle Contraction / Modulation of Primary and Secondary Peristalsis / Neural Control of Lower Esophageal Sphincter and Crural Diaphragm / Lower Esophageal Sphincter / Swallow-Induced LES Relaxation / Crural Diaphragm Contribution to EGJ and Neural Control / Transient LES Relaxation and Pharmacological Inhibition / Compliance of the EGJ / References

Autonomic Failure

Author : C. J. Mathias
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 9780192628510
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (285 download)

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Book Synopsis Autonomic Failure by : C. J. Mathias

Download or read book Autonomic Failure written by C. J. Mathias and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1999 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fourth edition of Autonomic Failure (now available in paperback) covers the many recent advances made in our understanding of the autonomic nervous system. There are 20 new chapters and extensive revisions of all other contributions. Autonomic failure, fourth edition makes diagnosis increasingly precise by fully evaluating the underlying anatomical and functional deficits, thereby allowing more effective treatment. This new edition continues to provide practitioners from a variety of fields, including neurology, cardiology, geriatric medicine, diabetology, and internal medicine, with a rational guide to aid in the recognition and management of autonomic disorders. The book starts with an updated classification of autonomic disorders and a history of the autonomic nervous system. The first two sections of the book deal with the fundamental aspects of autonomic structure, function, and integration. There are new chapters dealing with neurobiology, nerve growth factors, genetic mutations, neural and hormonal control of the cerebral circulation, innervation of the lung, and pathophysiological mechanisms causing nausea and vomiting. Advances in the clinical management of autonomic disorders are critically dependent on the bridge made between the basic and applied sciences.

The Enteric Nervous System

Author : John Barton Furness
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Enteric Nervous System by : John Barton Furness

Download or read book The Enteric Nervous System written by John Barton Furness and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements

Author : Leslie A. Pray
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780309297493
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (974 download)

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Book Synopsis Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements by : Leslie A. Pray

Download or read book Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements written by Leslie A. Pray and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Caffeine in Food and Dietary Supplements is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine in August 2013 to review the available science on safe levels of caffeine consumption in foods, beverages, and dietary supplements and to identify data gaps. Scientists with expertise in food safety, nutrition, pharmacology, psychology, toxicology, and related disciplines; medical professionals with pediatric and adult patient experience in cardiology, neurology, and psychiatry; public health professionals; food industry representatives; regulatory experts; and consumer advocates discussed the safety of caffeine in food and dietary supplements, including, but not limited to, caffeinated beverage products, and identified data gaps. Caffeine, a central nervous stimulant, is arguably the most frequently ingested pharmacologically active substance in the world. Occurring naturally in more than 60 plants, including coffee beans, tea leaves, cola nuts and cocoa pods, caffeine has been part of innumerable cultures for centuries. But the caffeine-in-food landscape is changing. There are an array of new caffeine-containing energy products, from waffles to sunflower seeds, jelly beans to syrup, even bottled water, entering the marketplace. Years of scientific research have shown that moderate consumption by healthy adults of products containing naturally-occurring caffeine is not associated with adverse health effects. The changing caffeine landscape raises concerns about safety and whether any of these new products might be targeting populations not normally associated with caffeine consumption, namely children and adolescents, and whether caffeine poses a greater health risk to those populations than it does for healthy adults. This report delineates vulnerable populations who may be at risk from caffeine exposure; describes caffeine exposure and risk of cardiovascular and other health effects on vulnerable populations, including additive effects with other ingredients and effects related to pre-existing conditions; explores safe caffeine exposure levels for general and vulnerable populations; and identifies data gaps on caffeine stimulant effects.