Neuropeptide Receptors in the Amygdala

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (317 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuropeptide Receptors in the Amygdala by : Katherine L. Eaton

Download or read book Neuropeptide Receptors in the Amygdala written by Katherine L. Eaton and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stress is a known factor in psychiatric illness. Understanding the mechanisms by which stress precipitates these illnesses are of paramount concern. Since anxiety disorder are highly comorbid with mood disorders, understanding the common symptoms of these illnesses could indicate functional changes that elicit these symptoms. Also, alterations in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the system involved in maintaining homeostasis, are observed in many mood and anxiety disorders. The amygdala has been shown to modulate anxiety behavior and HPA axis function. The amygdala receives inputs from many sensory cortices and has projections reaching the hypothalamus and mid- and hindbrain regions. These connections allow integration of sensory signal and can produce the necessary signaling to induce responses to maintain homeostasis following stress. This signaling occurs through various neurotransmitters. The longest lasting and farthest reaching of these are neuropeptides. Two neuropeptides, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), have been shown to alter anxiety behavior and HPA axis function. These changes are mediated through multiple receptors. This dissertation endeavors to understand how certain CRH and NPY receptors are regulated by glucocorticoid and chronic stress. The receptors to be investigated in this thesis include the CRH type 2 receptor (CRH-R2), NPY type 1 receptor (NPY-Y1) and the glucocorticoid induced receptor (GIR). In vitro analysis was used to investigate changes in the expression of CRH-R2, NPY-Y1 and GIR following glucocorticoid exposure. CRH-R2 and GIR could be down regulated by glucocorticoids and NPY-Y1 was up regulated. Possible mechanisms for these dexamethasone-mediated changes are discussed. In vivo studies determined the regulation of CRH-R2, NPY-Y1 and GIR expression by chronic stress in the central and medial amygdala, both known to mediate anxiety behavior and HPA axis function. The Chronic Variable Stress (CVS) paradigm used is known to elicit changes similar to those observed in depression, such as altered HPA axis function, increased anxiety and anhedonia. Alteration in neuropeptide receptor expression could contribute to these changes. In the central amygdala, CRH-R2 is down regulated following 14 days of CVS, while NPY-Y1 and GIR had no effect. In the medial amygdala, GIR is up regulated while CRH-R2 and NPY-Y1 are unchanged.

Neuropeptides and Stress

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461235146
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (612 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuropeptides and Stress by : Yvette Tache

Download or read book Neuropeptides and Stress written by Yvette Tache and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuropeptides and Stress presents a comprehensive survey by leading pioneers in the field of the knowledge and concepts implicating neuropeptides in the regulations of responses to stress. Topics covered include: recent advances on the regulation and modulation of the behavioral, endocrine, autonomic, gastrointestinal, immune and analgesic responses to stress by neuropeptides. Neuroanatomical and biological data are considered. Special emphasis is given to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and opioid peptides.

Peptide Receptors

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Publisher : Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0444505407
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)

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Book Synopsis Peptide Receptors by : Remi Quirion

Download or read book Peptide Receptors written by Remi Quirion and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peptide Receptors Part I was published in 2000 (as volume 16 of the Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy series). This volume summarized current knowledge on the discrete anatomical distribution of ten families of neuropeptide receptors expressed in the mammalian CNS. Part II is its natural complement with chapters covering six additional families of neuropeptide receptors for ligands ranging from well known peptides such as the opioids and neurotensin to recently isolated ones like the orexins. As in the case of Part I, this volume integrates photomontages and maps of quantitative receptor autoradiography, in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry. Data derived from transgenic and knock-out animals are also summarized, helping to decipher the possible physiological and Pathophysiological role(s) of a given peptide family. Some chapters also review current knowledge on the profile of internalization of the neuropeptide-receptor complex, an area of intense research activities that should help to better understand mechanisms involved in desensitization and tachyphylaxis.

Neuropeptide Receptors

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Publisher : Biota Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1615044698
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuropeptide Receptors by : Ivone Gomes

Download or read book Neuropeptide Receptors written by Ivone Gomes and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2013-04-01 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuropeptides mediate their effects by binding and activating receptors that are responsible for converting these extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses. Most neuropeptides interact with G protein-coupled receptors that transduce the signal by activating heterotrimeric G proteins leading to alterations in second messenger systems to amplify the signal and elicit the intracellular response. In this review, we describe the general structure of G protein-coupled receptors including the information obtained from crystal structure determination that has given an insight into the activation mechanism of these receptors. In addition, we summarize the components of the signal transduction system (including G proteins, effectors and second messengers generally activated by the neuropeptide receptors). Using select examples of neuropeptide-receptor systems, we highlight the neuropeptides and corresponding receptors involved in modulation of pain and analgesia, body weight regulation, and hormonal regulation. Finally, we discuss the enzyme-linked tyrosine kinase receptors activated by growth factors and discuss the emerging concepts in targeting neuropeptide receptors for the identification of novel therapeutics targeting these systems. Table of Contents: Abbreviations / Overview of Neuropeptide Receptors / G Protein-Coupled Receptors: General Structure & Function / G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling / Neuropeptide Processing and Regulation / Neuropeptide Receptors / Perspectives / References

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527609075
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

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Book Synopsis Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators by : Oliver von Bohlen und Halbach

Download or read book Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators written by Oliver von Bohlen und Halbach and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-12-13 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complete update of the highly acclaimed handbook with data on all neurotransmitters and the majority of neuromodulators. The coverage is now even more comprehensive, with 15% more entries on neuropeptides, "classic" neurotransmitters and related substances in a clear, alphabetical format. The methodological section has been expanded by 50% and now includes color figures, plus new chapters on genomics, proteomics, databases, microarrays, MALDI-TOF, neutrophins, FGF, endocannabinoids and neuroimaging. The text provides clearly structured information on the biosynthesis and degradation, localization, receptors, signal transduction pathways, and biological effects in the central nervous system, with all substances uniformly treated for an easy comparison of data. Furthermore, introductory chapters on receptors, transporters, and the blood-brain barrier make this an indispensable tool for researchers, teachers, and advanced students, as well as a must-have for every neuroscientist.

Peptide Receptors, Part II

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080538576
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Peptide Receptors, Part II by : A. Bjorklund

Download or read book Peptide Receptors, Part II written by A. Bjorklund and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2002-12-13 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Peptide Receptors Part I was published in 2000 (as volume 16 of the Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy series). This volume summarized current knowledge on the discrete anatomical distribution of ten families of neuropeptide receptors expressed in the mammalian CNS. Part II is its natural complement with chapters covering six additional families of neuropeptide receptors for ligands ranging from well known peptides such as the opioids and neurotensin to recently isolated ones like the orexins. As in the case of Part I, this volume integrates photomontages and maps of quantitative receptor autoradiography, in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry. Data derived from transgenic and knock-out animals are also summarized, helping to decipher the possible physiological and Pathophysiological role(s) of a given peptide family. Some chapters also review current knowledge on the profile of internalization of the neuropeptide-receptor complex, an area of intense research activities that should help to better understand mechanisms involved in desensitization and tachyphylaxis.

Neuropeptide Receptors in the CNS

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Publisher : Elsevier Science & Technology
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuropeptide Receptors in the CNS by : Anders Björklund

Download or read book Neuropeptide Receptors in the CNS written by Anders Björklund and published by Elsevier Science & Technology. This book was released on 1992 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hardbound. This volume is complementary to two earlier volumes in the series, Volumes 4 and 9.An excellent group of authors, each expert in their respective areas, address the diversity of neuropeptides and their receptors and have produced an excellent and well-illustrated state-of-the-art report.The number of putative transmitters in the central nervous system has increased dramatically during the last two decades. Extensive mapping studies on these compounds have been carried out in adult brain, especially in the rat. This present volume gives a detailed description of various stages, and comprehensive overviews of the development/ontogenetic profiles of many of these compounds.These well-organized chapters will help utilize and deal with the abundant knowledge on this topic as well as to incorporate this knowledge for future advances.

Neuropeptides

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Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262194075
Total Pages : 678 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuropeptides by : Fleur L. Strand

Download or read book Neuropeptides written by Fleur L. Strand and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 678 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook is the first to bring together and synthesize the neuropeptide research of the past decade in such a comprehensive, scholarly manner. In recent years there has been increasing interest and, subsequently, active research in neuropeptides. These neuroactive molecules coordinate, integrate, and regulate physiological processes in all organisms, throughout all phases of development. Acting as neurohormones, neurotransmitters, and/or neuromodulators, they maintain physiological homeostasis and influence important behavioral patterns. This textbook is the first to bring together and synthesize the neuropeptide research of the past decade in such a comprehensive, scholarly manner. The book is divided into two parts. In Part I the author defines the basic principles of neuropeptide action, including their biosynthesis, processing, transport, distribution, and interactions with receptors and second messenger systems. Strand also discusses the intimate interaction between the neuropeptides, stress, and the immune system. In Part II she discusses the regulatory functions of the families of neuropeptide in sufficient detail to provide both the advanced student and senior investigator with a thorough understanding of the most important neuropeptides. The text also contains a complete and up-to-date reference/reading list.

Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387303480
Total Pages : 691 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology by : Ramon Lim

Download or read book Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology written by Ramon Lim and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-09-18 with total page 691 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Handbook is intended to be a service to the neuroscience community, to help in finding available and useful information, to point out gaps in our knowledge, and to encourage continued studies. It represents the valuable contributions of the many authors of the chapters and the guidance of the editors and most important, it represents support for research in this discipline. Based on the rapid advances in the years since the second edition."--Publisher's website.

Neuropeptides in Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439830630
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuropeptides in Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration by : Fred Nyberg

Download or read book Neuropeptides in Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration written by Fred Nyberg and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-06-19 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although the genomic era is no longer in its infancy, the life sciences are still facing questions about the role of endogenous proteins and peptides in homeostasis and pathologies. Delving into one of the most current fields of interest in biology and medicine, Neuropeptides in Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration describes the impact of neuropep

Neuropeptides and Behaviour: From Motivation to Psychopathology

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889453073
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuropeptides and Behaviour: From Motivation to Psychopathology by : Deborah Suchecki

Download or read book Neuropeptides and Behaviour: From Motivation to Psychopathology written by Deborah Suchecki and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-10-12 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discovery of the involvement of neuropeptides with behaviours other than regulatory motivated ones took place in the midst of 1960’s with David de Wied’s first report on the influence of pituitary peptides on memory. This major scientific breakthrough opened a new frontier of studies in Endocrinology and its related fields, Neuroendocrinology and Psychoneuroendocrinology. Neuropeptides were initially thought to be involved in homeostatic regulation and secreted only from neurons located in the hypothalamus; they are now recognized neurotransmitters, produced in and secreted from distinct brain areas, associated with a myriad of, not only, motivated, but also psychopathological behaviours. Motivated behaviours are determinant for individual and species survival, but their expression in a large spectrum and deviations from average may give rise to a number of psychiatric conditions.

Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Novel Neuropeptides

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540783512
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Novel Neuropeptides by : Olivier Civelli

Download or read book Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Novel Neuropeptides written by Olivier Civelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-05-15 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade it has been shown that orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be used as targets to discover novel neuropeptides. A dozen neuropeptides have been identified through this approach. Each of these neuropeptides has opened new doors for our understanding of fundamental physiological or behavioral responses. For example the orexins, MCH and ghrelin carry fundamental roles in regulating food intake while neuropeptide S, neuromedin S, the prokineticins and the orexins are major players in modulating sleep and circadian rhythms. The chapters of this book review the latest research in the field, most of them are written by the original discoverers of the respective novel neuropeptide. Emphasis is set not only on their discovery but also on their functional significance. Since many of these neuropeptides are part of drug discovery programs, this book impacts academic as well as pharmaceutical research.

Neuropeptide Y and Drug Development

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080537456
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuropeptide Y and Drug Development by : Lars Grundemar

Download or read book Neuropeptide Y and Drug Development written by Lars Grundemar and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1996-11-15 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a ubiquitous and important messenger in the nervous system, with a wide range of physiological roles. It is involved in the body energy balance and is one of the most potent stimuli of food intake known. NPY also acts to regulate central and peripheral autonomic functions. This book, written by academic and industrial experts in the field, links the most recent basic experimental knowledge about NPY and its receptors with areas of clinical importance. This book will be of interest to those working in all areas of research affected by NPY, such as food intake and energy homeostasis, cardiovascular regulation and G-protein-coupled receptors, as well as those interested in the development of drugs as NPY targets. The hypothalamic role of NPY and its relationship with eating disorders and diabetes The sympathetic nervous system role of NPY and its involvement in cardiovascular disorders Characterization of NPY receptor types and their brain distribution, molecular biology and pharmacology Development of peptide and non-peptide receptor antagonists

Modulators, Mediators, and Specifiers in Brain Function

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1468435035
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (684 download)

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Book Synopsis Modulators, Mediators, and Specifiers in Brain Function by : Y. H. Erlich

Download or read book Modulators, Mediators, and Specifiers in Brain Function written by Y. H. Erlich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While neuroanatomy and neurophysiology were defining the unique features of the synapse as a site for cell to cell signaling in the late fifties, neurochemistry was establishing the identity and studying the biosynthetic pathways of monoamine neurotransmitters. Meanwhile, neuropsychiatry was keeping a vigilant eye on the outcome of this concerted effort with the untold hope that a genetic defect in neurotransmitter metabolism would ac count for the pathogenesis of certain psychiatric ill nesses. Thus, when neurochemists in the early sixties began to study the feasibility of measuring the metabolism of brain neurotransmitters in vivo, clinical biochemists eagerly adopted these methods to their needs and sought to verify whether inborn errors of transmitter biogenesis were a cause for at least certain forms of depression, mania and schizophrenia. Undoubtedly, it is still too early to evaluate the outcome of these studies. However, current opinion holds that gross inborn errors in transmitter metabolism do not anpear to be operative as a primary cause of psychia tric disorders. Though monoamine metabolism appears to be defective in certain groups of psychiatric disorders, the cause of these changes can at best be associated with changes in patterns of neuronal firing. It is generally believed that these persistent changes are determined by a number of unknown factors operative in various psychia tric illnesses. In the attempt to identify the molecular nature of these unknown factors, the focus of current research is directed toward transmitter receptors.

Brain Functions of Neuropeptides: A Current View

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781850704539
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Brain Functions of Neuropeptides: A Current View by : J.P.H. Burbach

Download or read book Brain Functions of Neuropeptides: A Current View written by J.P.H. Burbach and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1993-05-15 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brain Functions of Neuropeptides contains capita selecta on neuropeptides by leading scientists in the neurosciences. As a guide through the wealth of neuropeptide research, the authors here present current and personal views on the roles that neuropeptide functions have in the nervous ystem, and their mode of action. The authors address an audience that includes readers at the undergraduate level in life sciences, but also experts who are intersted in timely issues.

Neuropeptide Receptors as Treatment Targets in Alcohol Use Disorders

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Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9176854841
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (768 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuropeptide Receptors as Treatment Targets in Alcohol Use Disorders by : Abdul Maruf Asif Aziz

Download or read book Neuropeptide Receptors as Treatment Targets in Alcohol Use Disorders written by Abdul Maruf Asif Aziz and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2017-08-21 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex disorder with multiple pathophysiological processes contributing to the initiation, progression and development of the disease state. AUD is a chronic relapsing disease with escalation of alcohol-intake over time in repeated cycles of tolerance, abstinence and relapse and hence, it is very difficult to treat. There are only a few currently available treatments with narrow efficacy and variable patient response. Thus it is important to find new, more effective medications to increase the number of patients who can benefit from pharmacological treatment of AUD. The research presented in this thesis work focuses on the critical involvement of central neuropeptides in alcohol-related behaviors. The overall aim was to evaluate the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP) receptor, the neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptor and the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor 1 as novel and potential pharmacological treatment targets for AUD by testing the NOP receptor agonist SR-8993, the NPY-Y2 receptor antagonist CYM-9840 and the MCH1 receptor antagonist GW803430 in established animal models. In the first study (Paper I), the novel and selective NOP agonist SR-8993 was assessed in rat models of motivation to obtain alcohol and relapse to alcohol seeking behavior using the operant self-administration (SA) paradigm. Firstly, treatment with SR-8993 (1 mg/kg) showed a mildly anxiolytic effect and reversed acute alcohol withdrawal-induced “hangover” anxiety in the elevated plus-maze (EPM). Next, it potently attenuated alcohol SA and motivation to obtain alcohol in the progressive ratio responding (PRR) and reduced both alcohol cue-induced and yohimbine stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking, without affecting the pharmacology and metabolism of alcohol nor other control behaviors. To extend these findings, SR-8993 was evaluated in escalated alcohol-intake in rats. Treatment with SR-8993 significantly suppressed alcohol-intake and preference in rats that were trained to consume high amounts of alcohol in the two-bottle free choice intermittent access (IA) paradigm. SR-8993 also blocked operant SA of alcohol in rats that showed robust escalation in operant alcohol SA following chronic IA exposure to alcohol. In the second study (Paper II), SR-8993 was further evaluated in a model for escalated alcohol-intake induced by long-term IA exposure to alcohol. The effect of previous experience on operant alcohol SA on two-bottle free choice preference drinking was evaluated and sensitivity to treatment with SR-8993 was tested in rats selected for escalated and non-escalated alcohol seeking behavior. We found that rats exposed to the combined SA-IA paradigm showed greater sensitivity to SR-8993 treatment. In addition, acute escalation of alcohol SA after a three-week period of abstinence was completely abolished by pretreatment with SR-8993. In the third study (Paper III), the effects of the novel, small molecule NPY-Y2 antagonist CYM-9840 were tested in operant alcohol SA, PRR which is a model for motivation to work for alcohol and reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior. Treatment with CYM-9840 (10 mg/kg) potently attenuated alcohol SA, progressive ratio responding and stress-induced reinstatement using yohimbine as the stressor, while alcohol cue-induced reinstatement was unaffected. Moreover, a range of control behaviors including taste sensitivity, locomotor and pharmacological sensitivity to the sedative effects of alcohol remained unaffected by CYM-9840 pretreatment, indicating that its effects are specific to the rewarding and motivational aspects of alcohol-intake and related behaviors. CYM-9840 also reversed acute alcohol withdrawal-induced “hangover” anxiety measured in the EPM and reduced alcohol-intake in the 4 hour limited access two-bottle free choice preference drinking model. Finally, in the fourth study (Paper IV), the selective MCH1-R antagonist GW803430 was tested in rat models of escalated alcohol-intake. Pretreatment with GW803430 (effective at 10 & 30 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced alcohol and food-intake in rats that consumed high amounts of alcohol during IA, while it only decreased food-intake in rats that consumed low amounts of alcohol during IA, likely due to a floor effect. Upon protracted abstinence following IA, GW803430 significantly reduced operant alcohol SA and this was associated with adaptations in MCH and MCH1-R gene-expression. In contrast, GW803430 did not affect escalated alcohol SA induced by chronic alcohol vapor exposure and this was accompanied by no change in MCH or MCH1-R gene expression. Overall, these results suggest that the MCH1-R antagonist affects alcohol-intake through regulation of both motivation for caloric-intake and the rewarding properties of alcohol. In conclusion, our results suggest critical roles for these central neuropeptides in the regulation of anxiety and of alcohol reward, making them potential pharmacological targets in the treatment of AUD.

Brain Peptides

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Author :
Publisher : Wiley-Interscience
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1054 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Brain Peptides by : Dorothy T. Krieger

Download or read book Brain Peptides written by Dorothy T. Krieger and published by Wiley-Interscience. This book was released on 1983-11-14 with total page 1054 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first major comprehensive overview of the anatomical, physiological, evolutionary, and embryological aspects of brain peptides, focusing on peptides described in the past decade. Examines the role of peptides in affecting major homeostatic systems. Presents the methodologies applicable to the study of brain peptides. Summarizes current knowledge of individual peptides.