Motivating Cooperation And Compliance With Authority

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Motivating Cooperation and Compliance with Authority

Author : Brian H. Bornstein
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319161512
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Motivating Cooperation and Compliance with Authority by : Brian H. Bornstein

Download or read book Motivating Cooperation and Compliance with Authority written by Brian H. Bornstein and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-04-29 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores the various ways in which trust is thought about and studied in contemporary society. In doing so, it aims to advance both theoretical and methodological perspectives on trust. Trust is an important topic in this series because it raises issues of both motivation and emotion. Specifically, notions of trust and fairness motivate individuals to behave in a manner they deem appropriate when responding to governmental authority. On the emotions-related side, individuals have emotional responses to institutions with authority over their lives, such as the city government or the Supreme Court, depending on whether they perceive the institutions as legitimate. The public’s trust and confidence in governmental institutions are frequently claimed as essential to the functioning of democracy), spawning considerable research and commentary. For those in the law and social sciences, the tendency is to focus on the criminal justice system in general and the courts in particular. However, other public institutions also need trust and confidence in order not only to promote democracy but also to assure effective governance, facilitate societal interactions, and optimize organizational productivity. Not surprisingly, therefore, important research and commentary is found in literatures that focus on issues ranging from social sciences to natural resources, from legislatures to executive branch agencies, from brick and mortar businesses to online commerce, from health and medicine to schools, from international development to terrorism, etc. This volume integrates these various approaches to trust from these disciplines, with the goal of fostering a truly interdisciplinary dialogue. By virtue of this interdisciplinary focus, the volume should have broad appeal for researchers and instructors in a variety of disciplines: psychology, sociology, political science, criminal justice, social justice practitioners, economics and other areas.

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Trust

Author : Ellie Shockley
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319222619
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Trust by : Ellie Shockley

Download or read book Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Trust written by Ellie Shockley and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-21 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely collection explores trust research from many angles while ably demonstrating the potential of cross-discipline collaboration to deepen our understanding of institutional trust. Citing, among other things, current breakdowns of trust in prominent institutions, the book presents a multilevel model identifying universal aspects of trust as well as domain- and context-specific variations deserving further study. Contributors analyze similarities and differences in trust across public domains from politics and policing to medicine and science, and across languages and nations. Innovative strategies for measuring and assessing trust also shed new light on this essentially human behavior. Highlights of the coverage: Consensus on conceptualizations and definitions of trust: are we there yet? Differentiating between trust and legitimacy in public attitudes towards legal authority. Examining the relationship between interpersonal and institutional trust in political and health care contexts. Trust as a multilevel phenomenon across contexts. Institutional trust across cultures. The “dark side” of institutional trust. With its stimulating array of concepts and applications, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Trust will attract a varied audience, among them experts in political science, criminal justice, psychology, law, economics, healthcare, sociology, public administration, cross-cultural studies, and business administration.

Why People Cooperate

Author : Tom R. Tyler
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691158002
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis Why People Cooperate by : Tom R. Tyler

Download or read book Why People Cooperate written by Tom R. Tyler and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2013-02-24 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Any organization's success depends upon the voluntary cooperation of its members. But what motivates people to cooperate? In Why People Cooperate, Tom Tyler challenges the decades-old notion that individuals within groups are primarily motivated by their self-interest. Instead, he demonstrates that human behaviors are influenced by shared attitudes, values, and identities that reflect social connections rather than material interests. Tyler examines employee cooperation in work organizations, resident cooperation with legal authorities responsible for social order in neighborhoods, and citizen cooperation with governmental authorities in political communities. He demonstrates that the main factors for achieving cooperation are socially driven, rather than instrumentally based on incentives or sanctions. Because of this, social motivations are critical when authorities attempt to secure voluntary cooperation from group members. Tyler also explains that two related aspects of group practices--the use of fair procedures when exercising authority and the belief by group members that authorities are benevolent and sincere--are crucial to the development of the attitudes, values, and identities that underlie cooperation. With widespread implications for the management of organizations, community regulation, and governance, Why People Cooperate illustrates the vital role that voluntary cooperation plays in the long-standing viability of groups.

Trust and Trustworthiness across Cultures

Author : Catherine T. Kwantes
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030567184
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Trust and Trustworthiness across Cultures by : Catherine T. Kwantes

Download or read book Trust and Trustworthiness across Cultures written by Catherine T. Kwantes and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-31 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates trust in seven different cultural contexts, exploring how societal culture can influence our expectations regarding what may be considered trustworthy within a cultural context. Although the definition of trustworthiness is clear, how it is operationalized and applied in various cultural contexts can vary greatly. While certain components of trustworthiness may be universal, what a given society expects from individuals, and the extent to which they fulfill those expectations, plays a role in whether or not those individuals may be trusted. Each chapter discusses literature related to trust and trustworthiness within a specific cultural context, addresses both etic and emic aspects of decisions to trust another, and provides practical implications, with a focus on how trustworthiness can be seen in organizational contexts. With contributions from international scholars and a diverse range of cross-cultural perspectives, this unique volume will be of interest to work psychologists, HR and management professionals, and researchers in organizational behavior.

Black and Blue

Author : James L. Gibson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190865245
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Black and Blue by : James L. Gibson

Download or read book Black and Blue written by James L. Gibson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-25 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The American legal system is experiencing a period of extreme stress, if not crisis, as it seems to be losing its legitimacy with at least some segments of its constituency. Nowhere is this legitimacy deficit more apparent than in a portion of the African American community in the U.S., as incidents of police killing black suspects - whether legally justified or not - have become almost routine. However, this legitimacy deficit has largely been documented through anecdotal evidence and a steady drumbeat of journalistic reports, not rigorous scientific research. This book offers an all-inclusive account of how and why African Americans differ in their willingness to ascribe legitimacy to legal institutions, as well as in their willingness to accept the policy decisions those institutions promulgate. Based on two nationally-representative samples of African Americans, this book ties together four dominant theories of public opinion: Legitimacy Theory, Social Identity Theory, theories of adulthood political socialization and learning through experience, and information processing theories. The findings reveal a gaping chasm in legal legitimacy between black and white Americans. More importantly, black people themselves differ in their perceptions of legal legitimacy. Group identities and experiences with legal authorities play a crucial role in shaping whether and how black people extend legitimacy to the legal institutions that so much affect them. This book is one of the most comprehensive analyses produced to date of legal legitimacy within the American black community, with many surprising and counter-intuitive results.

Ethics and Accountability on the US Supreme Court

Author : Robert J. Hume
Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 1438466986
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Ethics and Accountability on the US Supreme Court by : Robert J. Hume

Download or read book Ethics and Accountability on the US Supreme Court written by Robert J. Hume and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2017-11-21 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the causes and consequences of recusal behavior on the US Supreme Court. Do US Supreme Court justices withdraw from cases when they are supposed to? What happens when the Court is down a member? In Ethics and Accountability on the US Supreme Court, Robert J. Hume provides the first comprehensive examination of the causes and consequences of recusal behavior on the Supreme Court. Using original data, and with rich attention to historical detail including media commentary about recusals, he systematically analyzes the factors that influence Supreme Court recusal, a process which has so far been shrouded in secrecy. It is revealed that justices do not strictly follow the recusal guidelines set by Congress, but at the same time they do not ignore these rules. Overall, justices are selective in their compliance with the recusal statute, balancing ethical considerations against other institutional and policy goals, such as the duty to sit. However, the book also concludes that the impact of recusals on policymaking is more limited than commentators have claimed, raising questions about whether ethics reform is really needed at this time. Robert J. Hume is Professor of Political Science at Fordham University. He is the author of Courthouse Democracy and Minority Rights: Same-Sex Marriage in the States and How Courts Impact Federal Administrative Behavior.

Routledge Handbook of Judicial Behavior

Author : Robert M. Howard
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317430387
Total Pages : 518 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Judicial Behavior by : Robert M. Howard

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Judicial Behavior written by Robert M. Howard and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-10-02 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in social science and empirical analyses of law, courts and specifically the politics of judges has never been higher or more salient. Consequently, there is a strong need for theoretical work on the research that focuses on courts, judges and the judicial process. The Routledge Handbook of Judicial Behavior provides the most up to date examination of scholarship across the entire spectrum of judicial politics and behavior, written by a combination of currently prominent scholars and the emergent next generation of researchers. Unlike almost all other volumes, this Handbook examines judicial behavior from both an American and Comparative perspective. Part 1 provides a broad overview of the dominant Theoretical and Methodological perspectives used to examine and understand judicial behavior, Part 2 offers an in-depth analysis of the various current scholarly areas examining the U.S. Supreme Court, Part 3 moves from the Supreme Court to examining other U.S. federal and state courts, and Part 4 presents a comprehensive overview of Comparative Judicial Politics and Transnational Courts. Each author in this volume provides perspectives on the most current methodological and substantive approaches in their respective areas, along with suggestions for future research. The chapters contained within will generate additional scholarly and public interest by focusing on topics most salient to the academic, legal and policy communities.

The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Law

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197649157
Total Pages : 825 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (976 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Law by :

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Law written by and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-02-28 with total page 825 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of psychology-law is extremely broad, encompassing a strikingly large range of topic areas in both applied psychology and experimental psychology. Importantly, both applied and experimental psychologists have made meaningful contributions to the psychology-law field, and each of these domains includes a range of well-developed topic areas with robust empirical support. Despite the continued and rapid growth of the field, there is no current and comprehensive resource that provides coverage of the major topic areas in the psychology-law field. The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Law fills this gap and offers an up-to-date, scholarly, and broad overview of psychology-law topics. David DeMatteo and Kyle C. Scherr have brought together a diverse group of highly esteemed applied and experimental researchers and scholars to discuss key topics in the field from both national and international perspectives. The volume is broadly divided into three sections: foundational psychology-law, applied psychology-law, and experimental-psychology-law. The Foundational Psychology-Law section includes chapters that are relevant to both applied psychology and experimental psychology, making a unique contribution that ties together the applied and experimental aspects of the field. The Applied Psychology-Law section provides coverage of topics related to the provision of forensic services (broadly defined) in criminal and civil legal contexts. Lastly, the Experimental Psychology-Law section covers empirically examined legal system issues and outcomes related to victims, offenders, witnesses, attorneys, and triers of fact. With comprehensive coverage of both applied and experimental topic areas and chapters written by a diverse group of well-established psychology-law scholars and emerging future leaders, this Handbook presents emerging, cutting-edge topics in psychology-law that will continue to grow and meaningfully shape future research programs and policy reform.

Curbing the Court

Author : Brandon L. Bartels
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107188415
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Curbing the Court by : Brandon L. Bartels

Download or read book Curbing the Court written by Brandon L. Bartels and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains when, why, and how citizens try to limit the Supreme Court's independence and power-- and why it matters.

Why Children Follow Rules

Author : Tom R. Tyler
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019064415X
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Why Children Follow Rules by : Tom R. Tyler

Download or read book Why Children Follow Rules written by Tom R. Tyler and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-12-15 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legal socialization is the process by which children and adolescents acquire their law related values, attitudes, and reasoning capacities. Such values and attitudes, in particular legitimacy, underlie the ability and willingness to consent to laws and defer to legal authorities that make legitimacy based legal systems possible. By age eighteen a person's orientation toward law is largely established, yet legal scholarship has largely ignored this process in favor of studying adults and their relationship to the law. Why Children Follow Rules focuses upon legal socialization outlining what is known about the process across three related, but distinct, contexts: the family, the school, and the juvenile justice system. Throughout, Tom Tyler and Rick Trinkner emphasize the degree to which individuals develop their orientations toward law and legal authority upon values connected to responsibility and obligation as opposed to fear of punishment. They argue that authorities can act in ways that internalize legal values and promote supportive attitudes. In particular, consensual legal authority is linked to three issues: how authorities make decisions, how they treat people, and whether they recognize the boundaries of their authority. When individuals experience authority that is fair, respectful, and aware of the limits of power, they are more likely to consent and follow directives. Despite clear evidence showing the benefits of consensual authority, strong pressures and popular support for the exercise of authority based on dominance and force persist in America's families, schools, and within the juvenile justice system. As the currently low levels of public trust and confidence in the police, the courts, and the law undermine the effectiveness of our legal system, Tom Tyler and Rick Trinkner point to alternative way to foster the popular legitimacy of the law in an era of mistrust.

Political Behavior of the American Electorate

Author : Elizabeth A. Theiss-Morse
Publisher : CQ Press
ISBN 13 : 1506367747
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (63 download)

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Book Synopsis Political Behavior of the American Electorate by : Elizabeth A. Theiss-Morse

Download or read book Political Behavior of the American Electorate written by Elizabeth A. Theiss-Morse and published by CQ Press. This book was released on 2018-01-30 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2016 elections took place under intense political polarization and uncertain economic conditions, to widely unexpected results. How did Trump pull off his victory? Political Behavior of the American Electorate, Fourteenth Edition, attempts to answer this question by interpreting data from the most recent American National Election Study to provide a thorough analysis of the 2016 elections and the current American political behavior. Authors Elizabeth Theiss-Morse and Michael Wagner continue the tradition of Flanigan and Zingale to illustrate and document trends in American political behavior with the best longitudinal data available. The authors also put these trends in context by focusing on the major concepts and characteristics that shape Americans’ responses to politics. In the completely revised Fourteenth Edition, readers will explore get-out-the-vote efforts and the reasons people voted the way they did, as well as the nature and impact of partisanship, news media coverage, and other issues in 2016—all with an eye toward understanding the trends that led up to the historic decision.

The Rights Paradox

Author : Michael A. Zilis
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 110893434X
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rights Paradox by : Michael A. Zilis

Download or read book The Rights Paradox written by Michael A. Zilis and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-15 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The US Supreme Court is the chief institution responsible for guarding minority rights and equality under the law, yet, in order to function authoritatively, the Court depends on a majority of Americans to accept its legitimacy and on policymakers to enforce its rulings. The Rights Paradox confronts this tension, offering a careful conceptualization and theory of judicial legitimacy that emphasizes its connection to social groups. Zilis demonstrates that attitudes toward minorities and other groups are pivotal for shaping popular support for the Court, with the Court losing support when it rules in favor of unpopular groups. Moreover, justices are aware of these dynamics and strategically moderate their decisions when concerned about the Court's legitimacy. Drawing on survey and experimental evidence, as well as analysis of Court decision-making across many recent high-profile cases, Zilis examines the implications for 'equal justice under the law' in an era of heightened polarization and conflict.

Trust and Communication

Author : Bernd Blöbaum
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030729451
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Trust and Communication by : Bernd Blöbaum

Download or read book Trust and Communication written by Bernd Blöbaum and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-02 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trust is a fundamental concept in modern society. This book provides current findings of trust research from various disciplines: communication studies, information systems, educational and organizational psychology, sports psychology and economics. The volume analyses how trust relationships have changed and are still changing under the influence of digitalization. In addition to presenting the current state of research, the implications for trust relationships in the digital world are examined. The book brings together empirical findings with the implications for media, business, sports and science. It is of value to interdisciplinary researchers and graduate students.

Congress in Reverse

Author : Jordan M. Ragusa
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022671750X
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Congress in Reverse by : Jordan M. Ragusa

Download or read book Congress in Reverse written by Jordan M. Ragusa and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2020-08-10 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After years of divided government, countless Republicans campaigned on a promise to repeal the Affordable Care Act, better known as Obamacare. Yet when they took control of both chambers of Congress and the White House in 2017—after six years that included more than fifty symbolic votes and innumerable pledges—they failed to repeal the bulk of the law. Pundits were shocked, and observers and political scientists alike were stuck looking for an explanation. What made Obamacare so hard to repeal? And in a larger sense: What explains why some laws are repealed, and yet others endure in spite of considerable efforts? Are repeals different from law-making or do they mirror one another? Why are repeals more likely at some times than others? What theories of legislative behavior and policymaking explain when repeals happen? Congress in Reverse is the first book to attempt to answer these questions. Jordan M. Ragusa and Nathaniel A. Birkhead examine when and why existing statutes are successfully “undone,” arguing that repeals are most common when the parties are united on the issue—which was not the case when it came to Obamacare for the Republican Party—and the majority party wins control of Congress after a long stint in the minority. By shifting focus from the making of laws to their un-making, Congress in Reverse opens up a new arena for studying legislative activity in Congress.

Democracy's Destruction? The 2020 Election, Trump's Insurrection, and the Strength of America's Political Institutions

Author : James L. Gibson
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 1610449274
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Democracy's Destruction? The 2020 Election, Trump's Insurrection, and the Strength of America's Political Institutions by : James L. Gibson

Download or read book Democracy's Destruction? The 2020 Election, Trump's Insurrection, and the Strength of America's Political Institutions written by James L. Gibson and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2024-09-06 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On January 6, 2021, an angry mob stormed the U.S. Capitol in an attempt to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election. This assault on America’s democratic system was orchestrated by then President Donald Trump, abetted by his political party, and supported by a vocal minority of the American people. Did denial of the election results and the subsequent insurrection inflict damage on American political institutions? While most pundits and many scholars say yes, they have offered little rigorous evidence for this assertion. In Democracy’s Destruction? political scientist James L. Gibson uses surveys from representative samples of the American population to provide a more informed answer to the question. Focusing on the U.S. Supreme Court, the presidency, and the U.S. Senate, Gibson reveals that how people assessed the election, the insurrection, and even the second Trump impeachment has little connection to their willingness to view American political institutions as legitimate. Instead, legitimacy is grounded in more general commitments to democratic values and support for the rule of law. On most issues of institutional legitimacy, those who denied the election results and supported the insurrection were not more likely to be alienated from political institutions and to consider them illegitimate. Gibson also investigates whether Black people might have responded differently to the events of the 2020 election and its aftermath. He finds that in comparison to the White majority, Black Americans were less supportive of America’s democratic institutions and of democratic values, such as reverence for the rule of law, because they often have directly experienced unfair treatment by legal authorities. But he emphasizes that the actions of Trump and his followers are not the cause of those weaker commitments. Democracy’s Destruction? offers rigorous analysis of the effect of the Trump insurrection on the state of U.S. democracy today. While cautioning that Trump and many Republicans may be devising schemes to subvert the next presidential election more effectively, the book attests to the remarkable endurance of American political institutions.

The Handbook of Measurement Issues in Criminology and Criminal Justice

Author : Beth M. Huebner
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118868641
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

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Book Synopsis The Handbook of Measurement Issues in Criminology and Criminal Justice by : Beth M. Huebner

Download or read book The Handbook of Measurement Issues in Criminology and Criminal Justice written by Beth M. Huebner and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-04-13 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of the series was designed to provide a comprehensive primer on the existing best practices and emerging developments in the study and design research on crime and criminology. The work as a whole includes chapters on the measurement of criminal typologies, the offenders, offending and victimization, criminal justice organizations, and specialized measurement techniques. Each chapter is written by experts in the field and they provide an excellent survey of the literature in the relevant area. More importantly, each chapter provides a description of the various methodological and substantive challenges presented in conducting research on these issues and denotes possible solutions to these dilemmas. An emphasis was placed on research that has been conducted outside of the United States and was designed to give the reader a broader more global understanding of the social context of research. The goal of this volume is to provide a definitive reference for professionals in the field, researchers, and students. This volume in the Handbooks in Criminology and Criminal Justice series identifies the principal topical areas of research in this field and summarizes the various methodological and substantive challenges presented in conducting research on these issues. In each chapter, authors provide a summary of the prominent data collection efforts in the topical area, provide an overview of the current methodological work, discuss the challenges in the measurement of central concepts in the subject area, and identify new horizons emerging in data collection and measurement. We encouraged authors to discuss work conducted in an international context and to incorporate discussion of qualitative methodologies when appropriate.

Democracy's Meanings

Author : Nicholas T. Davis
Publisher : University of Michigan Press
ISBN 13 : 0472220381
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (722 download)

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Book Synopsis Democracy's Meanings by : Nicholas T. Davis

Download or read book Democracy's Meanings written by Nicholas T. Davis and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2022-08-30 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Democracy’s Meanings challenges conventional wisdom regarding how the public thinks about and evaluates democracy. Mining both political theory and more than 75 years of public opinion data, the book argues that Americans think about democracy in ways that go beyond voting or elected representation. Instead, citizens have rich and substantive views about the material conditions that democracy should produce, which draw from their beliefs about equality, fairness, and justice. The authors construct a typology of views about democracy. Procedural views of democracy take a minimalistic quality. While voting and fair treatment are important to this vision of democracy, ideas about equality are mostly limited to civil liberties. In contrast, social views of democracy incorporate both civil and economic equality; according to people with these views, democracy ought to meet the basic social and material needs of citizens. Complementing these two groups are moderate and indifferent views about democracy. While moderate views sit somewhere in between procedural and social perspectives regarding the role of democracy in producing social and economic equality, indifferent views of democracy involve disaffection toward it. For a small group of apathetic citizens, democracy is an ambiguous and ill-defined concept.