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Morphotropic Phase Boundary Perovskites High Strain Piezoelectrics And Dielectric Ceramics
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Book Synopsis Morphotropic Phase Boundary Perovskites, High Strain Piezoelectrics, and Dielectric Ceramics by : Ruyan Guo
Download or read book Morphotropic Phase Boundary Perovskites, High Strain Piezoelectrics, and Dielectric Ceramics written by Ruyan Guo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-11 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the Symposium on Dielectric Materials and Multilayer Electronic Devices and the Symposium on Morphotropic Phase Boundary Phenomena and Perovskite Materials, held April 28 - May 1, 2002, in St. Louis, Missouri, during the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, and the Focused Session on High Strain Piezoelectrics, held April 22-25, 2001, in Indianapolis, Indiana, during the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society.
Book Synopsis Piezoelectric Ceramics by : Bernard Jaffe
Download or read book Piezoelectric Ceramics written by Bernard Jaffe and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Piezoelectric Ceramics focuses on the relationship between piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity as they apply to ceramics, taking into consideration the properties of materials that are being used and possibly be used in the industries. Composed of 12 chapters, the book starts by tracing the history of piezoelectricity and how this affects ceramics. The different measurement techniques are discussed, including dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric measurements. The book proceeds by discussing Perovskite structure and barium titanate. Covered areas include electric field, piezoelectric properties, particle size effect, and dielectric strength. The properties, compositions, and reactions of various perovskites are discussed. Numerical analyses are presented in this regard. The book also offers interpretations of the experiments conducted. The discussions end with the processes involved in the manufacture and applications of piezoelectric ceramics. Concerns in manufacturing include calcination, grinding, mixing, electroding, firing, and quality control. Piezolectric ceramics are applied in air transducers, instrument transducers, delay line transducers, underwater sound ultrasonic power, and wave filters. The book is important for readers interested in doing research on ceramics.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Advanced Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials by : Z-G Ye
Download or read book Handbook of Advanced Dielectric, Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Materials written by Z-G Ye and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-03-20 with total page 1091 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive book covers recent developments in advanced dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials. Dielectric materials such as ceramics are used to manufacture microelectronic devices. Piezoelectric components have been used for many years in radioelectrics, time-keeping and, more recently, in microprocessor-based devices. Ferroelectric materials are widely used in various devices such as piezoelectric/electrostrictive transducers and actuators, pyroelectric infrared detectors, optical integrated circuits, optical data storage and display devices.The book is divided into eight parts under the general headings: High strain high performance piezo- and ferroelectric single crystals; Electric field-induced effects and domain engineering; Morphotropic phase boundary related phenomena; High power piezoelectric and microwave dielectric materials; Nanoscale piezo- and ferroelectrics; Piezo- and ferroelectric films; Novel processing and new materials; Novel properties of ferroelectrics and related materials. Each chapter looks at key recent research on these materials, their properties and potential applications.Advanced dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials is an important reference tool for all those working in the area of electrical and electronic materials in general and dielectrics, piezoelectrics and ferroelectrics in particular. Covers the latest developments in advanced dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials Includes topics such as high strain high performance piezo and ferroelectric single crystals Discusses novel processing and new materials, and novel properties of ferroelectrics and related materials
Book Synopsis Ceramic Materials and Multilayer Electronic Devices by : K. M. Nair
Download or read book Ceramic Materials and Multilayer Electronic Devices written by K. M. Nair and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-11 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains a collection of 40 papers from two symposia: Advanced Dielectric Materials and Multilayer Electronic Devices and High Strain Piezoelectric Materials, Devices and Applications. Topics include fundamental and historical perspectives of dielectric materials; relaxor materials and devices; high strain piezoelectric devices; advanced aspects of powder preparation, characterization, and properties; thin films; materials for low and high frequency applications; processing-structure-property-relationships; and future applications. Proceedings of the symposium held at the 105th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 27-30, 2003, in Nashville, Tennessee; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 150.
Book Synopsis Processing and Properties of High Coercive Field Textured Piezoelectric Ceramics by : Michael J. Brova
Download or read book Processing and Properties of High Coercive Field Textured Piezoelectric Ceramics written by Michael J. Brova and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current generation of textured piezoelectric ceramics are primarily limited in high power applications by low coercive fields (Ec), low tetragonal to rhombohedral phase transition temperatures (Trt), and low Curie temperatures (TC). Over the past decade, numerous studies have shown that both Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PIN-PZN-PT) and Pb(Yb1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PYN-PMN-PT) ceramics both have higher Ec's and phase transition temperatures. However, random PIN-PZN-PT and PYN-PMN-PT ceramics show comparably low piezoelectricity compared to textured Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbZrO3-PbTiO3 ceramics. To realize high-strain textured piezoelectrics with coercive fields and phase transition temperatures that exceed those of the current generation, this dissertation explores the processing, templated grain growth, and electromechanical properties of random and textured PIN-PZN-PT and PYN-PMN-PT ceramics. A major challenge in the development of textured PIN-PZN-PT ceramics is the synthesis of phase pure perovskite powder. The role of ZnO-doping was investigated in the phase formation of perovskite PIN-PZN-PT powder. ZnO dopant concentrations of 0.04 -- 0.83 mol% increased the rate of perovskite formation and resulted in nearly phase pure powder. ZnO doping promoted perovskite formation by increasing the reactivity of an intermediate Zn-based pyrochlore phase by substituting on Nb5+ sites and forming oxygen vacancies. Because of the associated oxygen control, it is shown that phase pure powder can be achieved during synthesis. The role of ZnO-doping was related to the densification and electromechanical properties of PIN-PZN-PT ceramics. ZnO-doping enhanced the rate and degree of sintering of PIN-PZN-PT due to the formation of oxygen vacancies. Incorporation of Zn2+ into the perovskite lattice increased the tetragonal character of PIN-PZN-PT, resulting in an increased Curie temperature and tetragonal splitting of the 200 peaks. Sintering in flowing oxygen reduced the solubility of Zn2+ into the perovskite lattice and resulted in the formation of rhombohedral PIN-PZN-PT perovskite. Oxygen sintering resulted in ZnO-doped PIN-PZN-PT ceramics with a large piezoelectric coefficient (d33 ~ 550 pC/N), large coercive field (Ec ~ 13 kV/cm), and high rhombohedral to tetragonal phase transition temperature (Trt ~ 165°C). It was determined that PIN-PZN-PT does not nucleate on barium titanate templates and thus texturing by TGG was not successful. High PYN-content PYN-PMN-PT ceramics are challenging to texture due to limited grain growth. A PbO-CuO liquid phase was shown to promote the grain growth of 21PYN-41PMN-38PT ceramics barium titanate platelets, and thus enable templated grain growth of high Ec PYN-PMN-PT ceramics. Texturing increased the strain behavior by 83% compared to random 21PYN-41PMN-38PT ceramics. Textured 21PYN-41PMN-38PT had a high coercive field of 13.9 kV/cm and high TC of 224°C. The composition of textured high coercive field PYN-PMN-PT was related to electromechanical property enhancements. Increasing the rhombohedral character of PYN-PMN-PT increases the degree of intrinsic piezoelectricity, which reduces the strain hysteresis. Texturing the morphotropic phase boundary composition, 20PYN-46PYN-34PT, resulted in an 81% increase in peak strain to 0.18% while texturing tetragonal 20PYN-40PMN-40PT resulted in a 45% increase in peak strain to 0.16%. These results reveal that ceramic composition and stresses associated with residual template particles are critical factors in the resulting electromechanical performance of texture-engineered ceramics.
Download or read book Industrial Ceramics written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Advanced Piezoelectric Materials by : Kenji Uchino
Download or read book Advanced Piezoelectric Materials written by Kenji Uchino and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-09-27 with total page 697 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Piezoelectric materials produce electric charges on their surfaces as a consequence of applying mechanical stress. They are used in the fabrication of a growing range of devices such as transducers (used, for example, in ultrasound scanning), actuators (deployed in such areas as vibration suppression in optical and microelectronic engineering), pressure sensor devices (such as gyroscopes) and increasingly as a way of producing energy. Their versatility has led to a wealth of research to broaden the range of piezoelectric materials and their potential uses. Advanced piezoelectric materials: science and technology provides a comprehensive review of these new materials, their properties, methods of manufacture and applications. After an introductory overview of the development of piezoelectric materials, Part one reviews the various types of piezoelectric material, ranging from lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezo-ceramics, relaxor ferroelectric ceramics, lead-free piezo-ceramics, quartz-based piezoelectric materials, the use of lithium niobate and lithium in piezoelectrics, single crystal piezoelectric materials, electroactive polymers (EAP) and piezoelectric composite materials. Part two discusses how to design and fabricate piezo-materials with chapters on piezo-ceramics, single crystal preparation techniques, thin film technologies, aerosol techniques and manufacturing technologies for piezoelectric transducers. The final part of the book looks at applications such as high-power piezoelectric materials and actuators as well as the performance of piezoelectric materials under stress. With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors Advanced piezoelectric materials: science and technology is a standard reference for all those researching piezoelectric materials and using them to develop new devices in such areas as microelectronics, optical, sound, structural and biomedical engineering. Provides a comprehensive review of the new materials, their properties and methods of manufacture and application Explores the development of piezoelectric materials from the historical background to the present status Features an overview of manufacturing methods for piezoelectric ceramic materials including design considerations
Book Synopsis Synthesis, Structure and Properties of High Piezo-and Ferroelectric Complex Perovskite Systems by : Yonghong Bing
Download or read book Synthesis, Structure and Properties of High Piezo-and Ferroelectric Complex Perovskite Systems written by Yonghong Bing and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complex morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) behaviour of the relaxor ferroelectric-based (1-x)Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3 - xPbTi03 (PSN-PT) solid solution system has been investigated systematically by experiments with both ceramics and single crystals. The study of PSN-PT ceramics with compositions within the MPB region by means of dielectric spectroscopy has revealed two phase tãnsitions. A new phase with monoclinic symmetry has been found by X-ray phase analysis. A new phase diagram of PSN-PT solid solution with the MPB region and a curved upper boundary has been established. Single crystals of Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3 (PSN) and PSN-PT with compositions near or within MPB region have successfully been grown by an improved high temperature solution method using the mixtures of PbO and B203 as flux. The effects of the chemical compositions, such as the ratios of PSN-PT vs. flux and PbO vs. B2O3, on the morphology and quality of grown crystals have been studied. The optimum chemical compositions were proposed, which have led to the growth of high quality crystals. The PSN-PT single crystals of the MPB composition show two phase transitions and complex structure symmetry, typical of the MPB behaviour. The spontaneous phase transitions from the paraelectric to a relaxor, then to a normal ferroelectric state upon cooling have been disclosed in the disordered Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3 single crystals, with the existence of macro domain state with a possible rhombohedra1 symmetry at room temperature. In comparison, the structural phase transitions and the dielectric properties of Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PZN) single crystals were also investigated. The electric field induced phase transition from relaxor to ferroelectric state has been revealed and discussed in terms of the kinetics of phase transition in relaxors. In our search for new materials with high piezoelectric performance, we have investigated the solid solution of (1-x)PbSnO3 - xPbTiO3 (PbSnTi) system. Single crystals of PbSnTi with composition x [=] 0.60, close to the MPB have been successfully grown for the first time from high temperature solution. The grown crystals exhibit good dielectric, piezo- and ferroelectric properties, which make them a new family of piezocrystals with relatively high Curie temperature (Tc [==] 206 C̆), potentially promising for electromechanical transducer applications.
Download or read book Handbook of Advanced Ceramics written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-04-11 with total page 1258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new handbook will be an essential resource for ceramicists. It includes contributions from leading researchers around the world and includes sections on Basic Science of Advanced Ceramics, Functional Ceramics (electro-ceramics and optoelectro-ceramics) and engineering ceramics. Contributions from more than 50 leading researchers from around the world Covers basic science of advanced ceramics, functional ceramics (electro-ceramics and optoelectro-ceramics), and engineering ceramics Approximately 750 illustrations
Book Synopsis Advances in Ceramics by : Costas Sikalidis
Download or read book Advances in Ceramics written by Costas Sikalidis and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-09-06 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current book consists of twenty-four chapters divided into three sections. Section I includes fourteen chapters in electric and magnetic ceramics which deal with modern specific research on dielectrics and their applications, on nanodielectrics, on piezoceramics, on glass ceramics with para-, anti- or ferro-electric active phases, of varistors ceramics and magnetic ceramics. Section II includes seven chapters in bioceramics which include review information and research results/data on biocompatibility, on medical applications of alumina, zirconia, silicon nitride, ZrO2, bioglass, apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic and b-tri-calcium phosphate. Section III includes three chapters in applications of ceramics in environmental improvement and protection, in water cleaning, in metal bearing wastes stabilization and in utilization of wastes from ceramic industry in concrete and concrete products.
Book Synopsis Design of Na-based Perovskites Based Dielectric and Piezoelectric Ceramics by : Lisheng Gao
Download or read book Design of Na-based Perovskites Based Dielectric and Piezoelectric Ceramics written by Lisheng Gao and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lead-based ceramics have been widely used in piezoelectric and capacitor applications, such as sensors, actuators, acoustic transducers, and multilayer capacitors. In addition, high voltage switching antiferroelectric dielectrics are typically based on PbZrO3-based ceramics. Despite the extraordinary performance of lead-based piezoelectric and high voltage capacitive ceramics, concerns exist owing to the toxicity of lead in electronic devices, particularly in the European Union, which has pushed research and development to seek high-performance, lead-free alternatives. Fundamental studies have investigated structure-property processing relations. Methodologies such as the use of Rayleigh studies were performed on (Na, K)NbO3 (NKN) ceramics, sintered under different temperatures and low oxygen partial pressure (pO2). It was found that the extrinsic contribution from domain wall motions partly contributed to high-field dielectric and piezoelectric responses. By raising the sintering temperature, both reversible and irreversible coefficients increase. However, the sintering atmosphere has relatively limited impact on performance. An effective electrostrictive coefficient Q^* was introduced to couple the dielectric and piezoelectric properties in these polycrystalline ceramics. It was found that the Q^* value was invariant in samples processed under different conditions. Furthermore, in contrasting dielectric loss with electromechanical loss, the ratio of 180 domain wall motion contributions in NKN can be estimated. The percentage of non-180 domain wall motion contribution was independent from the processing of the materials.Another strategy to enhance piezoelectric performance of the NKN was by aligning the grains along a preferred crystallographic orientation, via a process known as texturing. The NKN was found to be easily textured along 001PC (PC: pseudocubic) in the low pO2 atmosphere, within a range compatible for base metal cofiring, such as Cu. The d_33^*was enhanced up to 680 pm/V. It was considered that there were two factors behind the enhancement of piezoelectric properties; (1) the ceramic was well textured along 001PC direction, and (2) the dissolution of NaNbO3 templates resulted in a polymorphic phase boundary shift to room temperature. A device engineering strategy was to fabricate multilayer structures with integrated interdigitated base-metal electrodes. A polypropylene carbonate (PPC) polymer binder system was used and formulated for these Na-based piezoelectrics and dielectrics. Many of the traditional binders such as (PVB) polyvinyl butrayl had issues of residual carbon in low oxygen partial pressure processing and could limit dielectric performance. PPC enabled clean burnout under a low pO2 environment at low temperatures. In a prototype demonstration, a (Na, K)NbO3 multilayer actuator with Cu inner electrodes was then fabricated in low pO2 atmosphere. The prototype multilayer devices showed reasonable piezoelectric properties with normalized strain coefficient (d_33^*) of 220 pm/V. The value was lower than that of the bulk ceramic, due to mechanical clamping from the interdigitating structure. There was no residual carbon, interdiffusion, alloy formation, or oxidation in the vicinity of metal-ceramic interfaces. Such results demonstrate potential application in using Cu in the inner electrodes for lead-free piezoelectrics, providing a route to high strain actuators. The low pO2 sintered ceramics underwent a re-oxidation process to compensate the oxygen vacancies, to improve reliability and dielectric losses. Therefore, it is essential to understand the kinetics of the re-oxidation process to retain the ceramics. To investigate the re-oxidation of NKN, an in -situ impedance spectroscopy was used on a model system with one active layer. Effective conductivities were extrapolated from the impedance spectra for samples annealed between 500C and 700C. The increasing impedance (improved resistance) of NKN during the re-oxidation process demonstrated that the incorporated atmospheric oxygen diffused into the ceramics, backfilling the oxygen vacancies generated in the higher-temperature sintering process. The effective ionic diffusion coefficient D was obtained using the conductivity relaxation technique, with the assumption of a two-dimensional diffusion model. Diffusivity was found on the scale of 10-6 cm2 s-1 between 500C and 700C. The re-oxidation times for devices of differing sizes at higher temperatures were predicted, and it was found that larger-size devices will require exceptionally long annealing time to compensate the oxygen vacancies. In addition, the end member NaNbO3 itself is also of interest for capacitive applications as an antiferroelectric dielectric. NaNbO3 solid solutions were explored and investigated to achieve stabilized antiferroelectric (AFE) P (with space group Pbma) phase over the ferroelectric (FE) Q (with space group P21ma) phase. It turns out that doping and considering trends of the crystal chemical Goldschmidt tolerance factor of the material can stabilize the antiferroelectric P phase in NaNbO3. Two unique modification strategies by adding A2+B4+O3 type CaHfO3 and A3+B3+O3 type BiScO3 into the solid solution were demonstrated. After being modified, it was found that the AFE P phase was stabilized by lowering the tolerance factor. Such stabilization was verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with only {010} type superlattice diffraction patterns and electric field induced double P-E hysteresis loops.
Book Synopsis Fabrication of Long-Length and Bulk High-Temperature Superconductors by : Ruling Meng
Download or read book Fabrication of Long-Length and Bulk High-Temperature Superconductors written by Ruling Meng and published by Wiley-American Ceramic Society. This book was released on 2004 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive volume is a good summary of the latest developments in high-temperature superconductor (HTS) research and an excellent resource for researchers and managers working in this field. The book is divided into three chapters: coated conductors; BSCCO-based conductors, MgB2 , and other HTS materials; and control of microstructure. Papers include topics such as long-length flexible wires and tapes, melt-textured YBCO materials, processing of HTS materials, the current status and potential for YBCO-based coated conductors, BSCCO-based conductors, and MgB2 based wires. Proceedings of the symposium held at the 105th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society, April 27-30, in Nashville, Tennessee; Ceramic Transactions, Volume 149.
Book Synopsis Lead-Free Piezoelectrics by : Shashank Priya
Download or read book Lead-Free Piezoelectrics written by Shashank Priya and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-19 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecological restrictions in many parts of the world are demanding the elimination of Pb from all consumer items. At this moment in the piezoelectric ceramics industry, there is no issue of more importance than the transition to lead-free materials. The goal of Lead-Free Piezoelectrics is to provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals and developments in the field of lead-free materials and products to leading researchers in the world. The text presents chapters on demonstrated applications of the lead-free materials, which will allow readers to conceptualize the present possibilities and will be useful for both students and professionals conducting research on ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics, smart materials, lead-free materials, and a variety of applications including sensors, actuators, ultrasonic transducers and energy harvesters.
Book Synopsis Piezoelectric and Acoustic Materials for Transducer Applications by : Ahmad Safari
Download or read book Piezoelectric and Acoustic Materials for Transducer Applications written by Ahmad Safari and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-09-11 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book discusses the underlying physical principles of piezoelectric materials, important properties of ferroelectric/piezoelectric materials used in today’s transducer technology, and the principles used in transducer design. It provides examples of a wide range of applications of such materials along with the appertaining rationales. With contributions from distinguished researchers, this is a comprehensive reference on all the pertinent aspects of piezoelectric materials.
Book Synopsis Progress In Advanced Dielectrics by : Li Jin
Download or read book Progress In Advanced Dielectrics written by Li Jin and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2020-03-20 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dielectrics is becoming increasingly important due to the rapid developments in electronics, optoelectronics, photonics and nanotechnology. In the past two decades, research on advanced dielectric materials and related applications has undergone an accelerated growth, due in larger part to the discovery of the superior piezoelectric properties in relaxor single crystals, the development of the lead-free piezoelectric/ferroelectric materials and the renaissance of the multiferroics.This book contains 9 feature articles which, together, provide a comprehensive account on the current state of advanced dielectrics and related phenomena. The first two articles present fundamental knowledge related to the characterization of ferroelectric hysteresis, which is the most widely used method to learn the ferroelectricity experimentally. The latest research progress in relaxor ferroelectric is given in the next two articles. The last five articles are dedicated to the multi-functionality of advanced dielectrics, with emphasis on multiferroic magnetoelectric composites, lead-free piezoceramics, pyroelectric/electrocaloric materials, polymer-based dielectrics, and flexible nanodielectrics.
Book Synopsis Maximizing Strain Behavior and Minimizing Losses in Textured PIN-PMN-PT Piezoelectric Ceramics by : Beecher Watson
Download or read book Maximizing Strain Behavior and Minimizing Losses in Textured PIN-PMN-PT Piezoelectric Ceramics written by Beecher Watson and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PbTiO3-based perovskite ceramics represent a premier class of state-of-the-art materials used for piezoelectric applications such as actuators, high-power transducers, resonators, and ultrasonic motors. The high strain behavior and dielectric tunability of these materials also makes them highly competitive for sensor and hydrophone applications as well. The chemistries of next-generation materials are complex and their properties are highly sensitive to changes in processing which makes fabrication difficult. The greatest challenges to date are designing and processing materials that have high strain behavior as well as low dielectric and mechanical losses. In this document, new approaches to simplifying the manufacturing process, strategies for tailoring chemistry to reduce losses, and crystallographic texturing of ceramics for enhancing strain behavior are explored and discussed in detail. Finally, the intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to piezoelectricity of high-strain behavior textured ceramics are explored, setting the stage for a discussion of the development of the next-generation of high-performance piezoelectric ceramics. The effects of CuO-doping on perovskite phase formation and reactive sintering of 28Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-40Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-32PbTiO3 ceramics were investigated, and the densification kinetics were compared with conventionally sintered ceramics. CuO-doping was observed by in situ x-ray diffraction to accelerate perovskite and suppress pyrochlore formation. The 0.5 mol% CuO-doped PIN-PMN-PT ceramics sintered to >=95% density at temperatures as low as 790 °C. Comparable densification kinetics were observed with both conventional and reactive sintering. In the final stage of sintering, reactive sintering reduced the activation energy from 616 kJ/mol to 382 kJ/mol due to formation of a uniform 26-33 nm crystallite size microstructure that formed in situ at the onset of densification. Annealed reactively sintered ceramics also demonstrated equivalent ferroelectric behavior to conventionally sintered ceramics. The results demonstrate that reactive sintering is a novel approach to minimize material volatility during ceramic processing, an avenue for exploring co-firing with electrodes, as well as improved manufacturability through elimination of the perovskite powder synthesis step. Relationships between sintering temperature and annealing atmosphere on microstructure and dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of reactively sintered CuO-doped Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) ceramics were investigated. Uniform 2-3 [mu]m grain size, dense CuO-doped PIN-PMN-PT ceramics were obtained when oxygen sintered versus a bimodal grain size microstructure when sintered in air. Oxygen sintered ceramics have excellent properties including piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of 300-315 pC/N, coercive field (EC) of 7.7--8 kV/cm, and dielectric loss (tan [delta]) 1.5%. The MPB region was mapped for ternary compositions doped with 0.5 mol% CuO and sintered in O2. MPB 25PIN-40PMN-35PT demonstrated the maximum piezoelectric properties with d33 of 565+/-23 pC/N and kp of 0.64+/-0.01. Sintering from 1050 °C to 1200 °C increased EC from 8.5 to 11.5 kV/cm and reduced tan [delta] from 1.8% to 0.8% by facilitating diffusion of CuO into the lattice and creating domain wall pinning defect dipoles as evidenced by an increase in the internal field bias of P-E loops. The effects of acceptor-doping with manganese as either MnO2 or MnNb2O6 with CuO on the dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of PIN-PMN-PT ceramics were investigated. The 2% MnNb2O6-doped PIN-PMN-PT (6Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3-25Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-34Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-35PbTiO3) ceramics possessed hard properties such as high coercive field (EC) of 11.7 kV/cm, low dielectric loss (tan [delta]) of 0.7%, and high electromechanical quality factor (QM) of 1011. These properties were diminished in MnO2-doped ceramics because of lower oxygen vacancy defect concentration, and exaggerated grain growth resulted in 20 micron grain size. Co-doping with 2 mol% MnNb2O6 and 0.5 mol% CuO retained hardened properties such as high EC of 9.6 kV/cm, low tan [delta] of 0.6%, and high QM of 1029. MnNb2O6-doped and MnNb2O6+Cu co-doped ceramics display excellent figures of merit for resonance and off-resonance applications as well as high energy conversion efficiencies which make them promising candidates for high-power transducer elements. Mn-doped PIN-PMN-PT ceramics with 90% [001]C texture were textured by reactive templated grain growth (RTGG) with 5 vol% high aspect ratio BaTiO3 microplatelets. The 2 mol% Mn-doped textured ceramics possess hardened properties such as high coercive field (EC) of 14 kV/cm, low dielectric loss (tan [delta]) of 0.37-0.66%, and high QM of 496. Texturing suppressed permittivity variation near the TR-T transition, and Mn-doping increased the TC of textured PIN-PMN-PT from 212 °C to 219 °C relative to undoped PIN-PMN-PT. Textured Mn-doped ceramics have two times greater strain and low-field d33* of 846 pm/V than random ceramic. Rayleigh analysis of textured PIN-PMN-PT ceramics shows that Mn-doping reduces the extrinsic contribution of the piezoelectric response to the strain behavior from 38% to 18% (at 4 kV/cm) by reducing irreversible domain wall motion. Reduced irreversible domain wall motion is attributed to the formation of Mn_Nb^'-V_O^( ) defect dipoles that pin ferroelectric domains. Under low field conditions, domain pinning significantly reduced strain hysteresis from 29% to 9%. Mn-doping reduced the overall strain response of PIN-PMN-PT, but crystallographic texturing increased the intrinsic piezoelectric response of the lattice as evidenced by the increase in d33 (Berlincourt) from 283 pC/N in random ceramics to 341 pC/N in textured ceramics. These results indicate textured Mn-doped PIN-PMN-PT ceramics are promising candidates for low loss, high frequency, and high-power transducer applications.
Book Synopsis Advanced Ceramics for Energy Conversion and Storage by : Olivier Guillon
Download or read book Advanced Ceramics for Energy Conversion and Storage written by Olivier Guillon and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-11-20 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to enable an affordable, sustainable, fossil-free future energy supply, research activities on relevant materials and related technologies have been intensified in recent years, Advanced Ceramics for Energy Conversion and Storage describes the current state-of-the-art concerning materials, properties, processes, and specific applications. Academic and industrial researchers, materials scientists, and engineers will be able to get a broad overview of the use of ceramics in energy applications, while at the same time become acquainted with the most recent developments in the field. With chapters written by recognized experts working in their respective fields the book is a valuable reference source covering the following application areas: ceramic materials and coatings for gas turbines; heat storage and exchange materials for solar thermal energy; ceramics for nuclear energy; ceramics for energy harvesting (thermoelectrics, piezoelectrics, and sunlight conversion); ceramic gas separation membranes; solid oxide fuel cells and electrolysers; and electrochemical storage in battery cells. Advanced Ceramics for Energy Conversion and Storage offers a sound base for understanding the complex requirements related to the technological fields and the ceramic materials that make them possible. The book is also suitable for people with a solid base in materials science and engineering that want to specialize in ceramics. Presents an extensive overview of ceramic materials involved in energy conversion and storage Updates on the tremendous progress that has been achieved in recent years Showcases authors at the forefront of their fields, including results from the huge amount of published data Provides a list of requirements for the materials used for each energy technology Includes an evaluation and comparison of materials available, including their structure, properties and performance
