Moralia Et Ascetica Armeniaca

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Publisher : CUA Press
ISBN 13 : 0813234794
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Moralia Et Ascetica Armeniaca by :

Download or read book Moralia Et Ascetica Armeniaca written by and published by CUA Press. This book was released on 2021-12-17 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The twenty-three discourses presented in this volume have a long textual history that ascribes them to St. Gregory the Illuminator of Armenia (d. 328), a prevalent view that lasted through the nineteenth century. Armenian scholarship through the last century has tended to ascribe them to St. Mashtots‘, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet (d. 440). In his critical introduction to this first-ever English translation of the discourses, Terian presents them as an ascetic text by an anonymous abbot writing near the end of the sixth century. The very title in Armenian, Yačaxapatum Čaŕk‘, literally, “Oft-Repeated Discourses,” further validates their ascetic environment, where they were repeatedly related to novices. For want of answers to introductory questions regarding authorship and date, and because of the pervasive grammatical difficulties of the text, the document has remained largely unknown in scholarship. The discourses include many of the Eastern Fathers’ favorite theological themes. They are heavily punctuated with biblical quotations and laced with recurring biblical images and phraseology; the doctrinal and functional centrality of the Scriptures is emphasized throughout. They are replete with traditional Christian moral teachings that have acquired elements of moral philosophy transmitted through Late Antiquity. Echoes of St. Basil’s thought are heard in several of them, and some evidence of the author’s dependence on the Armenian version of the saint’s Rules, translated around the turn of the sixth century, is apparent. On the whole they show how Christians were driven by the Johannine love-command and the Pauline Spirit-guided practice of virtuous living, ever maturing in the ethos of an in-group solidarity culminating in monasticism.

The Life of Mashtots' by His Disciple Koriwn

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192847414
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)

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Book Synopsis The Life of Mashtots' by His Disciple Koriwn by : Abraham Terian

Download or read book The Life of Mashtots' by His Disciple Koriwn written by Abraham Terian and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-02-28 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Life of Mashtots' is mostly praise for the inventor of the Armenian alphabet--the only inventor of an ancient alphabet known by name--and progenitor of Armenian literacy that began with the translation of the Bible. Written three years after his death, by an early disciple named Koriwn, it narrates the master's endeavors in search for letters, the establishment of schools, and the ensuing literary activity that yielded countless translations of religious texts known in the Early Church of the East. As an encomium from Late Antiquity, The Life of Mashtots' exhibits all the literary features of the genre to which it belongs, delineated through rhetorical analysis by Abraham Terian, who comments on the entire document almost phrase by phrase. Translated from the latest Armenian edition of the text (2003), this edition of The Life of Mashtots' includes a facing English translation and commentary. The extraordinary narrative parades historical characters including the Patriarch of the Armenian Church, Catholicos Sahak (d. 439), the Arsacid King of Armenia, Vramshapuh (r. 401-417), and the Roman Emperor of the East, Theodosius II (r. 408-450). Koriwn is an eminently inspiring rhetorical writer and one of the first four authors known to write in the newly invented script. The marked influence of The Life of Mashtots' is discernible in subsequent Armenian writings of the fifth century, dubbed 'The Golden Era'.

From the Depths of the Heart

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Publisher : Liturgical Press
ISBN 13 : 0814684890
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (146 download)

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Book Synopsis From the Depths of the Heart by : Abraham Terian

Download or read book From the Depths of the Heart written by Abraham Terian and published by Liturgical Press. This book was released on 2022-01-03 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2022 Catholic Media Association honorable mention in prayer: collections of prayers St. Gregory of Narek (ca. 945–1003), Armenian mystic poet and theologian, was named Doctor of the Church by Pope Francis on April 12, 2015. Not so well known in the West, the saint holds a distinctive place in the Armenian Church by virtue of his prayer book and hymnic odes—among other works. His writings are equally prized as literary masterpieces, with the prayer book as the magnum opus. With this meticulous translation of the prayers, St. Gregory of Narek enters another millennium of wonderment, now in a wider circle. The prayers resound from their author’s heart—albeit in a different language, rendered by a renowned translator of early Armenian texts and a theologian.

The Metaphysics and Theology of the Eucharist

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031402502
Total Pages : 469 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

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Book Synopsis The Metaphysics and Theology of the Eucharist by : Gyula Klima

Download or read book The Metaphysics and Theology of the Eucharist written by Gyula Klima and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-01 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is about the most mind-boggling sacrament of the Christian faith, also referred to as the Sacrament of the Altar, the Eucharist: in its Roman Catholic interpretation, the conversion of the substance of the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ for Holy Communion. The challenge of providing a rational interpretation of this doctrine of faith proved to be one of the most contentious issues in the Western history of ideas, apparently going against self-evident metaphysical principles (requiring accidents existing without a substance, and a body in several places at the same time, etc.), and dividing schools of thought, indeed, eventually, warring religious factions. The volume addresses both the metaphysical, theoretical issues involved in this challenge and the historical, theological developments of how meeting this challenge played out first in the schools and even later in religious schisms, leading to the paradigmatic shift from medieval to modern forms of thought. The essays of the volume derive from the lectures of an eponymous international conference held in Budapest, Hungary, which was also the occasion of founding the Society for the History of European Ideas (SEHI); accordingly, the book is the first volume of the annual Proceedings of the SEHI. This book is aimed just as much at laymen and religious scholars seeking a better understanding of their faith as at anyone seeking this understanding with a non-religious attitude.

Songs for the Fast and Pascha

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Publisher : CUA Press
ISBN 13 : 0813235731
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Songs for the Fast and Pascha by : St Ephrem St Ephrem The Syrian

Download or read book Songs for the Fast and Pascha written by St Ephrem St Ephrem The Syrian and published by CUA Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among the writers of the Syriac Christian tradition, none is as renowned as St. Ephrem of Nisibis (ca. 307?373), known to much of the later Christian world simply as "the Syrian." The great majority of Ephrem's works are poetry, with the madr??? ("teaching songs") especially prominent. This volume presents English translations of four complete madr??? cycles of Ephrem: On the Fast, On the Unleavened Bread, On the Crucifixion, and On the Resurrection. These collections include some of the most liturgically oriented songs in Ephrem's corpus, and, as such, provide a window into the celebration of Lent and Easter in the Syriac-speaking churches of northern Mesopotamia in the fourth century. Even more significantly, they represent some of the oldest surviving poetry composed for these liturgical seasons in the entire Christian tradition. Not only are the liturgical occasions of the springtime months a source of colorful imagery in these texts, but Ephrem also employs traditional motifs of warm weather, spring rainstorms, and revived vegetation, which likely reflect Hellenistic literary influences. Like all of Ephrem's poetry, these songs express early Christian theology in language that is symbolic, terse, and vibrant. They are rich with biblical allusions and references, especially to the Exodus and Passion narratives. They also reveal a contested religious environment in which Ephrem strove to promote the Christian Pascha and Christian interpretations of Scripture over and against those of Jewish communities in the region, thus maintaining firm boundaries around the identity and practices of the churches.

Homilies on Psalms, 36-38

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Publisher : CUA Press
ISBN 13 : 0813236495
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Homilies on Psalms, 36-38 by : Origen

Download or read book Homilies on Psalms, 36-38 written by Origen and published by CUA Press. This book was released on 2023-05-19 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides the first English translation of the nine extant homilies on Psalms 36[37]–38[39] preached by Origen (d. 253/4) to his congregation at Caesarea as arranged and translated for Latin readers by his admirer, Rufinus of Aquileia (d. 411). These homilies are among the earliest extant examples of patristic preaching on the Psalter. The interpretation offered throughout these homilies, which is almost wholly moral, reflects Origen’s understanding of the “soul” of the scriptural text. These homilies provide a glimpse of Origen’s account of scriptural meaning, outlined in De principiis 4, in pastoral practice. In his preaching, Origen offers a vision of the Christian life as centered on the soul’s continuing conversion, growth, and progress, with particular reference to and within the context of the Church. The life of the believer is one of combat and struggle with powers opposed to Christ. It is Christ, as the divine Physician, who offers healing to the one who is wounded and ailing from sin, and it is Christ, as Wisdom and Word of God, who instructs and educates the believer in the life of the Spirit. These homilies reveal the substantial coherence of Origen’s thought, as expressed in the more speculative De principiis and as revealed in the more elaborate, nuptial theology found in his Commentary on the Canticle. This volume includes a robust introduction and complements the work of Joseph Trigg, whose translation from the original Greek of the cache of homilies discovered in Codex Monacensis 314 has recently appeared in this series.

Exegetical Epistles, Volume 2

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Publisher : CUA Press
ISBN 13 : 0813238277
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Exegetical Epistles, Volume 2 by : St Jerome

Download or read book Exegetical Epistles, Volume 2 written by St Jerome and published by CUA Press. This book was released on 2024-05 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second of a two-volume set that includes Thomas Scheck's new translations of several of St. Jerome's previously untranslated exegetical letters. Epistle 85 to St. Paulinus of Nola contains Jerome's answers to two questions: how Exodus 7.13 and Romans 9.16 can be reconciled with free will, and what 1 Corinthians 7.14 means. Epistle 106 to Sunnias and Fretela, which deals with textual criticism of the Septuagint, consists of a meticulous defense of Jerome's new translation of the Latin Psalter. Epistle 112 is a response to three letters from St. Augustine: Ep. 56 (contained in the previous volume), Ep. 67, and Ep 104. In the face of Augustine's criticisms, Jerome defends his own endeavor to translate the Old Testament directly from the Hebrew text. He also vindicates his own ecclesiastical interpretation of Galatians 2.4-11, as he had set this forth in his Commentary on Galatians, and along the way he accuses Augustine of advocating the heresy of Judaizing. Epistle 119 to Minervius and Alexander contains Jerome's answers to some eschatological questions regarding the interpretation of 1 Corinthians 15.51 and 1 Thessalonians 4.17. In Epistle 120 to Hedibia, Jerome tackles twelve exegetical questions that focus on reconciling the discrepant Resurrection accounts in the Gospels, as well as questions about Romans 9.14-29, 2 Corinthians 2.16, and 1 Thessalonians 5.23. In Epistle 121 to Algasia, Jerome clarifies eleven exegetical questions dealing with passages in the Gospels and Paul's letters (Romans 5.7; 7.7-25; 9.3-5; Colossians 2.18-19; 2 Thessalonians 2.3). This letter also contains an exposition of the parable of the unjust steward (Luke 16.1-10), in which Jerome translates material from a commentary attributed to Theophilus of Antioch. In Epistle 129 to Dardanus, Jerome interprets "the promised land" and discusses the alleged crimes of the Jews. Epistle 130 to Demetrias is not an exegetical letter but an exhortation to the newly consecrated virgin on how to live out her vocation. In this letter Jerome reflects on Origenism and Pelagianism. Finally, in Epistle 140 to Cyprian the presbyter, Jerome expounds Psalm 90.

Writings on the Apocalypse

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Publisher : CUA Press
ISBN 13 : 0813234913
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Writings on the Apocalypse by :

Download or read book Writings on the Apocalypse written by and published by CUA Press. This book was released on 2022-04-15 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Apocalypse or Book of Revelation is one of the most frequently discussed books of the biblical canon and arguably one of the most difficult to interpret. This volume contains three texts as examples of late ancient Christian interpretation of its intriguing visions. It also includes a comprehensive introduction to each text by its respective translator. Brief Explanations of the Apocalypse by Cassiodorus (c. 580), translated by Francis X. Gumerlock from Latin and published in English for the first time in this volume, served as an introduction to the Book of Revelation for Cassiodorus’s students at the Vivarium, a monastery in southern Italy. Cassiodorus divided the Apocalypse into 33 sections, corresponding to the age of Jesus at his Passion, and expressed his belief that John’s visions were revelations of the end of the world, including the Second Coming of Christ for judgment, the defeat of the Antichrist, the general resurrection, and the arrival of the heavenly Kingdom. Testimonies of Gregory the Great on the Apocalypse, translated from Latin by Mark DelCogliano and also published here for the first time in English, is a collection of 55 excerpts on the Apocalypse from the writings of St. Gregory the Great (d. 604) compiled by an anonymous author. Drawn mainly from Gregory’s Moralia, but also from his Book on Pastoral Care and homilies, the excerpts, which are arranged from Revelation 1.4 to 22.17, illustrate Gregory’s grammatical exegesis of the Apocalypse, his interpretation of various figures in the Apocalypse, and his attempt to reconcile certain passages in the Apocalypse with seemingly contradictory texts from other parts of Scripture. The anonymous Greek Scholia on the Apocalypse contains 39 exegetical notes on chapters 1-14 of the Apocalypse, which reveal influences of Origen and Didymus the Blind, among others. The notes provide “spiritual” interpretations of the various passages and give attention to the interpretation of certain words that appear in the Book of Revelation. This new translation from the Greek by T. C. Schmidt utilizes all the Greek editions. Furthermore, its introductory matter contains updates on the Scholia from the latest scholarship and compares each scholion with interpretations found in various patristic authors, mainly of Alexandrian heritage.

Homilies on the Psalms

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Publisher : Catholic University of America Press
ISBN 13 : 0813233194
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Homilies on the Psalms by : Origen

Download or read book Homilies on the Psalms written by Origen and published by Catholic University of America Press. This book was released on 2020-12-18 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2012 Dr. Marina Marin Pradel, an archivist at the Bayerische Stattsbibliotek in Munich, discovered that a thick 12th-century Byzantine manuscript, Codex Monacensis Graecus 314, contained twenty-nine of Origen’s Homilies on the Psalms, hitherto considered lost. Lorenzo Perrone of the University of Bologna, an internationally respected scholar of Origen, vouched for the identification and immediately began work on the scholarly edition that appeared in 2015 as the thirteenth volume of Origen’s works in the distinguished Griechische Christlichen Schrifsteller series. In an introductory essay Perrone provided proof that the homilies are genuine and demonstrated that they are, astonishingly, his last known work. Live transcripts, these collection homilies constitute our largest collection of actual Christian preaching from the pre-Constantinian period. In these homilies, the final expression of his mature thought, Origen displays, more fully than elsewhere, his understanding of the church and of deification as the goal of Christian life. They also give precious insights into his understanding of the incarnation and of human nature. They are the earliest example of early Christian interpretation of the Psalms, works at the heart of Christian spirituality. Historians of biblical interpretation will find in them the largest body of Old Testament interpretation surviving in his own words, not filtered through ancient translations into Latin that often failed to convey his intense philological acumen. Among other things, they give us new insights into the life of a third-century Greco-Roman metropolis, into Christian/Jewish relations, and into Christian worship. This translation, using the GCS as its basis, seeks to convey, as faithfully as possible, Origen’s own categories of thought. An introduction and notes relate the homilies to the theology and principles of interpretation in Origen’s larger work and to that work’s intellectual context and legacy.

Bibliotheca Basiliana Universalis

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 854 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Bibliotheca Basiliana Universalis by : Paul Jonathan Fedwick

Download or read book Bibliotheca Basiliana Universalis written by Paul Jonathan Fedwick and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 854 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies

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Publisher : Tredition Gmbh
ISBN 13 : 9783732317707
Total Pages : 700 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies by : Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies, COMSt

Download or read book Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies written by Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies, COMSt and published by Tredition Gmbh. This book was released on 2015-01-21 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present volume is the main achievement of the Research Networking Programme 'Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies', funded by the European Science Foundation in the years 2009-2014. It is the first attempt to introduce a wide audience to the entirety of the manuscript cultures of the Mediterranean East. The chapters reflect the state of the art in such fields as codicology, palaeography, textual criticism and text editing, cataloguing, and manuscript conservation as applied to a wide array of language traditions including Arabic, Armenian, Avestan, Caucasian Albanian, Christian Palestinian Aramaic, Coptic, Ethiopic, Georgian, Greek, Hebrew, Persian, Slavonic, Syriac, and Turkish. Seventy-seven scholars from twenty-one countries joined their efforts to produce the handbook. The resulting reference work can be recommended both to scholars and students of classical and oriental studies and to all those involved in manuscript research, digital humanities, and preservation of cultural heritage. The volume includes maps, illustrations, indexes, and an extensive bibliography.

The Armenian Gospel of the Infancy

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Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 9780191562068
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis The Armenian Gospel of the Infancy by :

Download or read book The Armenian Gospel of the Infancy written by and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2008-07-03 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The various versions of the Infancy Gospels illustrate how stories about the Virgin and Child lend themselves to be told and retold - much like the stories in the canonical Gospels. This first translation of the full text of the Armenian Gospel of the Infancy, itself derived from a sixth-century Syriac text that no longer exists, provides two variants of the famous narrative and several recensions or ancient editions. Stories about Jesus, many of them unique to this gospel, are included to show how he exercised his sovereign and divine will even as a child. This edition also contains three early Armenian versions of the Protevangelium of James, which with other ancient sources dependent on it (like the Infancy Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew) constitute the basic tradition in the formation of the later Infancy Gospels. These writings are our earliest sources about the parents of the Virgin Mary (Joachim and Anne) and her miraculous birth. They also form the basis for the dogma of her Immaculate Conception and perpetual virginity after the birth of Jesus, and lay the ground for certain of the Marian feasts celebrated since the fourth century. Terian's engaging introduction and annotation of the texts place this rare document clearly in its cultural and historical context and provide extensive references to the surrounding textual tradition. These extraordinary stories will appeal to all with an interest in the early church.

The Festal Works of St. Gregory of Narek

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Publisher : Liturgical Press
ISBN 13 : 0814663435
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (146 download)

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Book Synopsis The Festal Works of St. Gregory of Narek by : Abraham Terian

Download or read book The Festal Works of St. Gregory of Narek written by Abraham Terian and published by Liturgical Press. This book was released on 2016-03-08 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Saint Gregory of Narek, a monk of the tenth century, knew how to express the sentiments of your people more than anyone. He gave voice to the cry, which became a prayer of a sinful and sorrowful humanity, oppressed by the anguish of its powerlessness, but illuminated by the splendor of God’s love and open to the hope of his salvific intervention, which is capable of transforming all things.” —Pope Francis, April 12, 2015 This is the first translation in any language of the surviving corpus of the festal works of St. Gregory of Narek, a tenth-century Armenian mystic theologian and poet par excellence (d. 1003). Composed as liturgical works for the various Dominical and related feasts, these poetic writings are literary masterpieces in both lyrical verse and narrative. Unlike Gregory’s better-known penitential prayers, these show a jubilant author in a celebratory mood. In this volume Abraham Terian, an eminent scholar of medieval Armenian literature, provides the nonspecialist reader with an illuminating translation of St. Gregory of Narek’s festal works. Introducing each composition with an explanatory note, Terian places the works under consideration in their author’s thought-world and in their tenth-century landscape.

Snapshots of Evolving Traditions

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Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110383977
Total Pages : 457 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Snapshots of Evolving Traditions by : Liv Ingeborg Lied

Download or read book Snapshots of Evolving Traditions written by Liv Ingeborg Lied and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-01-23 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scholars of early Christian and Jewish literature have for many years focused on interpreting texts in their hypothetical original forms and contexts, while largely overlooking important aspects of the surviving manuscript evidence and the culture that produced it. This volume of essays seeks to remedy this situation by focusing on the material aspects of the manuscripts themselves and the fluidity of textual transmission in a manuscript culture. With an emphasis on method and looking at texts as they have been used and transmitted in manuscripts, this book discusses how we may deal with textual evidence that can often be described as mere snapshots of fluid textual traditions that have been intentionally adapted to fit ever-shifting contexts. The emphasis of the book is on the contexts and interests of users and producers of texts as they appear in our surviving manuscripts, rather than on original authors and their intentions, and the essays provide both important correctives to former textual interpretations, as well as new insights into the societies and individuals that copied and read the texts in the manuscripts that have actually been preserved to us.

Patriotism and Piety in Armenian Christianity

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Publisher : St Vladimir's Seminary Press
ISBN 13 : 9780881412932
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Patriotism and Piety in Armenian Christianity by : Abraham Terian

Download or read book Patriotism and Piety in Armenian Christianity written by Abraham Terian and published by St Vladimir's Seminary Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Armenian Christianity manifests a unique blend of patriotism and piety - given its ethnic character from the outset and the fact of its having survived the unfavorable currents of history. Beginning from the inception of Armenian letters at the turn of the fifth century, the author surveys that blend in ancient Armenian sources spanning a thousand years. He shows how the theme finds its fullest manifestation as a literary motif in the medieval panegyrics dedicated to St. Gregory the Illuminator, founder of the Armenian Church at the dawn of the fourth century. Of these, the panegyric by Hovhannes of Erzenka (a prolific author of the thirteenth century) exhibits all the characteristics of the motif in ancient Armenian literature. Consequently, his work receives ample coverage in this unique study, including a translation of the entire text with commentary. Annotated selections from the other panegyrics on St. Gregory complete the book, the second volume in the AVANT series devoted to the study of the Armenian Christian heritage."--BOOK JACKET.

Orationes

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Orationes by : Demosthenes

Download or read book Orationes written by Demosthenes and published by . This book was released on 1931 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Philippics

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 680 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Philippics by : Marcus Tullius Cicero

Download or read book Philippics written by Marcus Tullius Cicero and published by . This book was released on 1926 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cicero (Marcus Tullius, 106Â-43 BCE), Roman lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, of whom we know more than of any other Roman, lived through the stirring era which saw the rise, dictatorship, and death of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic. In his political speeches especially and in his correspondence we see the excitement, tension and intrigue of politics and the part he played in the turmoil of the time. Of about 106 speeches, delivered before the Roman people or the Senate if they were political, before jurors if judicial, 58 survive (a few of them incompletely). In the fourteenth century Petrarch and other Italian humanists discovered manuscripts containing more than 900 letters of which more than 800 were written by Cicero and nearly 100 by others to him. These afford a revelation of the man all the more striking because most were not written for publication. Six rhetorical works survive and another in fragments. Philosophical works include seven extant major compositions and a number of others; and some lost. There is also poetry, some original, some as translations from the Greek. The Loeb Classical Library edition of Cicero is in twenty-nine volumes.