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Models To Estimate Risk To Pedestrians At Signalized Intersections
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Book Synopsis Models to Estimate Risk to Pedestrians at Signalized Intersections by : Venkata R. Sambhara
Download or read book Models to Estimate Risk to Pedestrians at Signalized Intersections written by Venkata R. Sambhara and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presently there is no common method or measure to estimate the pedestrian crashes at intersections. Consequently the total number of pedestrian crashes at an intersection depends on pedestrian exposure or activity at the intersections. In general, pedestrian activity at a signalized intersection depends on the land use characteristics, demographic characteristics (population, household units), socio-economic characteristics (mean income, total employment), road network characteristics (average speed, number of approaches, number of lanes, presence of median), land use characteristics ( single family residential area, urban commercial residential area, commercial center area) and accessibility to public transit systems. These characteristics could be used as explanatory variables to estimate risk to pedestrian at a signalized intersection. The focus of this paper is to study the relationship between pedestrian crashes and explanatory variables, and develop models to estimate risk to pedestrians at signalized intersections. Data collected for 176 signalized intersections in the City of Charlotte, North Carolina are used to study the relationship and develop models using generalized linear models based on negative binomial analysis distribution. The number of pedestrian crashes at each signalized intersection is considered as the dependent variable and the land use characteristics, demographic characteristics, socio-economic characteristics, road network characteristics, number of transit stops and other explanatory variables are considered as the independent variables. The models developed could be proactively used to estimate risk to pedestrians and could be helpful in identifying suitable countermeasures to improve pedestrian safety at signalized intersections.
Book Synopsis Models to Estimate Risk at Intersections by : Anushapatel Nujjetty
Download or read book Models to Estimate Risk at Intersections written by Anushapatel Nujjetty and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prime objective of this thesis is to develop models to estimate the crash occurrence and risk at intersections. Data collected at 150 intersections in the City of Charlotte, North Carolina are used in the development of models. Factors such as demographic (population and households), socio-economic (income, employment), networking (number of lanes, speed limit, signalized or not, skewed, number of left turn and right turn lanes and traffic volumes) and land use (commercial, residential) characteristics at each intersection were considered as independent variables. The numbers of crashes at each intersection was used as a dependent variable. Generalized linear models were then developed to estimate risk at intersections. These models provide valuable insights on characteristics that contribute to crashes at intersection. They could be used by practitioners to estimate potential risk at new intersections and at intersections near new developments so as to proactively apply appropriate treatments.
Book Synopsis Estimating the Risk of Injury Per Pedestrian by : Trinh Ngoc Pham
Download or read book Estimating the Risk of Injury Per Pedestrian written by Trinh Ngoc Pham and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Use of Traffic Conflicts to Estimate Vehicle-pedestrian Safety at Signalized Intersections by : Hiba Nassereddine
Download or read book Use of Traffic Conflicts to Estimate Vehicle-pedestrian Safety at Signalized Intersections written by Hiba Nassereddine and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding how vehicle drivers and pedestrians interact is key to identifying countermeasures that improve the safety of the interactions. As a result, techniques that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of traffic control device-based safety countermeasures without the need to wait for the availability of crash data are needed. Using video data, the interactions between right-turning vehicles and conflicting pedestrians were documented for sites with a permissive circular green indication or a flashing yellow arrow (FYA) permissive right turn indication and quantified using vehicle and pedestrian position timestamps. Multiple non-probabilistic linear regression models were created to describe the relationship between the position of the pedestrian within the crosswalk and the time for a right turning vehicle maneuver to be completed. Given the nature of the models output, a Pedestrian Respect Indicator (PRI) is introduced as an indicator of the safety of vehicle-pedestrian interactions. The higher the PRI, the more "respect" towards pedestrians. Surrogate safety measures (SSMs) have allowed to step away from traditional approach and analyze safety performance without relying on crash records. In recent years, the use of surrogate measures to estimate crash probabilities with extreme value theory (EVT) models has been an alternative approach to its use as aggregate crash frequency predictors. Univariate and bivariate extreme value theory models were developed using the block maxima (BM) approach and the peak over threshold (POT) approach. In addition, Bayesian hierarchical models were developed for each approach. Using the resulting estimates, the number of crashes was estimated for each model. The estimated crashes from the Bayesian hierarchical models were closer to the observed number of crashes than those from other models. Time to complete a turn produced better fit models indicating that the time to complete a turn is a good representation of traffic interactions. Obtaining SSMs from video data requires complex processing and large video data sizes. A software-based framework to estimate SSMs, such as PET and time-to-collision (TTC) values between right-turn-on-red (RTOR) and through vehicles was proposed and it demonstrated the feasibility of using vehicle trajectories obtained from existing radar-based vehicle detection systems to calculate such measures.
Book Synopsis Modeling Intersection Crash Counts and Traffic Volume by : Hans C. Joksch
Download or read book Modeling Intersection Crash Counts and Traffic Volume written by Hans C. Joksch and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Travelling Speed and the Risk of Crash Involvement on Rural Roads by : C. N. Kloeden
Download or read book Travelling Speed and the Risk of Crash Involvement on Rural Roads written by C. N. Kloeden and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Spatial Factors Impacting Non-motorized Exposures and Crash Risks by : Farhad Abasahl
Download or read book Spatial Factors Impacting Non-motorized Exposures and Crash Risks written by Farhad Abasahl and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research investigates spatial factors, that impact non-motorized exposures and crashes, and examines the relationship between exposure at signalized intersections and crash frequencies involving pedestrians and bicycles at a census tract level. The four Michigan cities of Ann Arbor, East Lansing, Flint and Grand Rapids are examined. After completing an extensive literature review to provide a list of required data, 92 intersections are selected from the four cities to collect pedestrian and bicyclist counts. Five year crash records, special attractions, non-motorized facilities and transportation infrastructure data for the four cities are gathered for the four cities. This data are later mapped and processed by ArcGIS for further analyses. Buffer zones are produced at signalized intersections (quarter miles for pedestrians and half miles for bicycles) to create log-linear models to estimate and verify the number of pedestrians and bicycles. Next, negative binomial models are developed to predict non-motorized crashes at a census tract level to identify influential and correlation factors of crashes with exposure. The results show a correlation between exposure and crashes. They also indicate that land use, certain age groups, income, home based work mode choice, access points, public transportation and special attractions have an influence on non motorized exposure and crashes. Based on these findings, the importance of selection of appropriate crash risk measures is discussed.
Book Synopsis Models of Pedestrian Crossing Behavior at Signalized Intersections by : Srinivas Palamarthy
Download or read book Models of Pedestrian Crossing Behavior at Signalized Intersections written by Srinivas Palamarthy and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report focuses on the crossing behavior of pedestrians at traffic signalised intersections. Since a non-compliant pedestrian attempting to cross on a "don't walk" phase looks for gaps in the traffic stream, the gap-acceptance theory is used to model the crossing maneuver. An inconsistent behavior model is assumed wherein the critical gap is treated as a random quantity varying both within and across individuals. On-site surveys were conducted to obtain information on the behavior using a video recording technique
Author :United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Highway Information Management Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :208 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (555 download)
Book Synopsis Traffic Monitoring Guide by : United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Highway Information Management
Download or read book Traffic Monitoring Guide written by United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Highway Information Management and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Smart Trajectories by : Azedine Boulmakoul
Download or read book Smart Trajectories written by Azedine Boulmakoul and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-12-30 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the developments, discoveries, and practical and advanced experiences related to responsive distributed computing and how it can support the deployment of trajectory-based applications in smart systems. Smart Trajectories: Metamodeling, Reactive Architecture for Analytics and Smart Applications deals with the representation and manipulation of smart trajectories in various applications and scenarios. Presented in three parts, the book first discusses the foundation and principles for spatial information systems, complex event processing, and building a reactive architecture. Next, the book discusses modeling and architecture in relation to smart trajectory metamodeling, mining and big trajectory data, and clustering trajectories. The final section discusses advanced applications and trends in the field, including congestion trajectory analytics and real-time Big Data analytics in cloud ecosystems. Metamodeling, distributed architectures, reactive programming, Big Data analytics, NoSQL databases, connected objects, and edge-fog-cloud computing form the basis of the concepts and applications discussed. The book also presents a number of case studies to demonstrate smart trajectories related to spatiotemporal events such as traffic congestion and pedestrian accidents. This book is intended for graduate students in computer engineering, spatial databases, complex event processing, distributed systems, and geographical information systems (GIS). The book will also be useful for practicing traffic engineers, city managers, and environmental engineers interested in monitoring and security analysis.
Book Synopsis Pedestrian Accidents by : Antony J. Chapman
Download or read book Pedestrian Accidents written by Antony J. Chapman and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pedestrians 2008 written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TRBs Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2073 includes 14 papers that include an evaluation of a pedestrian safety demonstration project, video monitoring of pedestrians at signalized intersections, the characteristics and circumstances of collision-involved pedestrians, pedestrian collision risk assessment, and models to measure pedestrian activity at signalized intersections. This issue of the TRR also explores pedestrian simulation modeling, pedestrian level-of-service model for arterials, yielding to pedestrians at crosswalks, walking speed of older pedestrians, the marked-crosswalk dilemma, accessible pedestrian signals for blind pedestrians at complex intersections, detectable warnings for visually impaired pedestrians, pedestrian influence on right turns at signalized intersections, and Segway rider behavior.
Book Synopsis Safety Effects of Exclusive and Concurrent Signal Phasing for Pedestrian Crossing by : Khademul Haque
Download or read book Safety Effects of Exclusive and Concurrent Signal Phasing for Pedestrian Crossing written by Khademul Haque and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Civil Engineering for Sustainable Communities by : N. Vinod Chandra Menon
Download or read book Recent Advances in Civil Engineering for Sustainable Communities written by N. Vinod Chandra Menon and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A DDDAS-Based Multi-Scale Framework for Pedestrian Behavior Modeling and Interactions with Drivers by : Hui Xi
Download or read book A DDDAS-Based Multi-Scale Framework for Pedestrian Behavior Modeling and Interactions with Drivers written by Hui Xi and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multi-scale agent-based simulation framework is firstly proposed to analyze pedestrian delays at signalized crosswalks in large urban areas under different conditions. The aggregated-level model runs under normal conditions, where each crosswalk is represented as an agent. Pedestrian counts collected near crosswalks are utilized to derive the binary choice probability from a utility maximization model. The derived probability function is utilized based on the extended Adam's model to estimate an average pedestrian delay with corresponding traffic flow rate and traffic light control at each crosswalk. When abnormality is detected, the detailed-level model with each pedestrian as an agent is running in the affected subareas. Pedestrian decision-making under abnormal conditions, physical movement, and crowd congestion are considered in the detailed-level model. The detailed-level model contains two sub-level models: the tactical sub-level model for pedestrian route choice and the operational sub-level model for pedestrian physical interactions. The tactical sub-level model is based on Extended Decision Field Theory (EDFT) to represent the psychological preferences of pedestrians with respect to different route choice options during their deliberation process after evaluating current surroundings. At the operational sub-level model, physical interactions among pedestrians and consequent congestions are represented using a Cellular Automata model, in which pedestrians are allowed biased random-walking without back step towards their destination that has been given by the tactical sub-level model. In addition, Dynamic-Data-Driven Application Systems (DDDAS) architecture has been integrated with the proposed multi-scale simulation framework for an abnormality detection and appropriate fidelity selection (between the aggregate level and the detailed level models) during the simulation execution process. Various experiments have been conducted under varying conditions with the scenario of a Chicago Loop area to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed framework, balancing between computational efficiency and model accuracy. In addition to the signalized intersections, pedestrian crossing behavior under unsignalized conditions which has been recognized as a main reason for pedestrian-vehicle crashes has also been analyzed in this dissertation. To this end, an agent-based model is proposed to mimic pedestrian crossing behavior together with drivers' yielding behavior in the midblock crossing scenario. In particular, pedestrian-vehicle interaction is first modeled as a Two-player Pareto game which develops evaluation of strategies from two aspects, delay and risk, for each agent (i.e. pedestrian and driver). The evaluations are then used by Extended Decision Field Theory to mimic decision making of each agent based on his/her aggressiveness and physical capabilities. A base car-following algorithm from NGSIM is employed to represent vehicles' physical movement and execution of drivers' decisions. A midblock segment of a typical arterial in the Tucson area is adopted to illustrate the proposed model, and the model for the considered scenario has been implemented in AnyLogic® simulation software. Using the constructed simulation, experiments have been conducted to analyze different behaviors of pedestrians and drivers and the mutual impact upon each other, i.e. average pedestrian delay resulted from different crossing behaviors (aggressive vs. conservative), and average braking distance which is affected by driving aggressiveness and drivers' awareness of pedestrians. The results look interesting and are believed to be useful for improvement of pedestrians' safety during their midblock crossing. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed multi-scale modeling framework for pedestrians and drivers is one of the first efforts to estimate pedestrian delays in an urban area with adaptive resolution based on demand and accuracy requirement, as well as to address pedestrian-vehicle interactions under unsignalized conditions.
Book Synopsis Using Detailed Signal and Detector Data to Investigate Intersection Crash Causation by : Gary Arnold Davis
Download or read book Using Detailed Signal and Detector Data to Investigate Intersection Crash Causation written by Gary Arnold Davis and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic crashes may not always result in severe or fatal injuries, but they can still have nontrivial impacts on system performance, particularly during heavy traffic conditions. One way toward reducing the frequency of such incidents is to first identify the necessary circumstances that resulted in the collision. However, road crashes, particularly intersection related crashes, are complex phenomenon and often result from different combinations of causal factors. Recently, methods for recording high-resolution arterial traffic data have been developed, and it is important for traffic safety engineers to explore such high-resolution data to understand the causes of crashes. In this research one such integrated event based system, known as SMART SIGNAL, which collects and stores detailed loop detector and signal activity, was used to identify the events leading to a crash or a potential crash and illuminate the mechanisms by which traffic conditions and driver decisions interact to produce those events. Two specific event types, a signal violation crash and vehicle pedestrian crash, were evaluated. For the signal violation crash study, SMART SIGNAL data were used to identify the incident and the vehicles involved in the crash. It was then shown how high-resolution data could support a traditional reconstruction of this crash. For vehicle pedestrian interactions, detector and signal activity data were used to predict pedestrian crash risk in the absence of clearance interval at three signalized intersections. A simulation-based method was used to first estimate crash probabilities, and then a counterfactual approach to calculate the probability of the absence of the all-red phase as a necessary condition for the occurrence of the crash provided an alternate estimate of crash-reduction factors for the all-red phase.
