Miniaturized Biosensing Devices

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Miniaturized Biosensing Devices

Author : Pranjal Chandra
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981169897X
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Miniaturized Biosensing Devices by : Pranjal Chandra

Download or read book Miniaturized Biosensing Devices written by Pranjal Chandra and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-06 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents tools and techniques for the development of miniature biosensors and their applications. The initial chapters discuss the advancements in the development of the transduction techniques, including optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric, which are used for miniaturized biosensors. The book also reviews several technologies, such as nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, immune-technology, DNA-technology, micro-manufacturing technology, electronic-circuit technology to increase the miniaturization and sensitivity of the biosensor platform. Subsequently, the chapters illustrate the applications of miniaturized biosensing systems in point-of-care monitoring of treatment and disease progression, environmental monitoring, food control, drug discovery, forensics, and biomedical research. Towards the end, the book discusses the advanced applications of biosensors in water quality monitoring, especially on-line detection systems and on-site detection of pesticides, heavy metals and bacteria in water. This book is an invaluable source for scientists working in biochemical engineering, bioengineering, and biomedical engineering in academia and industry.

Miniature Fluidic Devices for Rapid Biological Detection

Author : Sang-Hyun Oh
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319647474
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Miniature Fluidic Devices for Rapid Biological Detection by : Sang-Hyun Oh

Download or read book Miniature Fluidic Devices for Rapid Biological Detection written by Sang-Hyun Oh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-01-23 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an overview of fundamental aspects of surface-based biosensors and techniques for enhancing their detection sensitivity and speed. It focuses on rapid detection using miniaturized sensors and describes the physical principles of nanoscale transducers, surface modifications, microfluidics and reaction engineering, diffusion and kinetics. A key challenge in the field of bioanalytical sensors is the rapid delivery of target biomolecules to the sensing surface. While various nanostructures have shown great promise in sensitive detection, diffusion-limited binding of analyte molecules remains a fundamental problem. Recently, many researchers have put forward novel schemes to overcome this challenge, such as nanopore channels, electrokinetics, and dielectrophoresis, to name but a few. This book provides the readers an up-to-date account on these technological advances.

Miniaturized Electrochemical Devices

Author : Sanket Goel
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000917002
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Miniaturized Electrochemical Devices by : Sanket Goel

Download or read book Miniaturized Electrochemical Devices written by Sanket Goel and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-08-08 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evidently, electrochemical sensing has revolutionized the electroanalytical detections in the world. Since the 19th century, a huge amount of growth has been visible on various fronts, such as biosensors, energy devices, semiconductor devices, communication, embedded systems, sensors etc. However, the major research gap lies in the fact that most of the reported literatures are bulk systems; hence there are limitations for practical applications. Research in these domains has been carried out by both academia and industry, whereby academics is the backbone whose intellectual outputs have been widely adopted by the industry and implemented for consumers at large. In order to impart portability to the electrochemical sensors for point-of-care application, the collaboration of electrochemistry, microfluidics, electronics and communication as an interdisciplinary forum is crucial. The miniaturization, automation, IoT enabling and integration are the requirements for building the mentioned research gap. The conversion of electrochemical sensing theoretical concepts to practical applications in real time via miniaturization and integration of microfluidics will enhance this domain. In this context, of lately, several research groups have developed miniaturized microdevices as electrochemical-sensing platforms. This has led to a demand of offering a reference book as a guideline for the PhD programs in electrochemistry, MEMS, electronics and communication. Undoubtedly, this will have a huge impact for R&D in industries, public-funded research institutes and academic institutions. The book will provide a single forum to understand the current research trends and future perspectives of various electrochemical sensors and their integration in microfluidic devices, automation and point-of-care testing. For students, the book will become a motivation for them to explore these areas for their career standpoints. For the professionals, the book will become a thought-provoking stage to manoeuvre the next-generation devices/processes for commercialization.

Biosensors and Modern Biospecific Analytical Techniques

Author : L. Gorton
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080454410
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Biosensors and Modern Biospecific Analytical Techniques by : L. Gorton

Download or read book Biosensors and Modern Biospecific Analytical Techniques written by L. Gorton and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-04-02 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biosensors and Modern Biospecific Analytical Techniques further expands the Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry series' coverage of rapid analysis based on advanced technological developments. This 12-chapter volume summarizes the main developments in the biosensors field over the last 10 years. It provides a comprehensive study on the different types of biosensors, including DNA-based, enzymatic, optical, self-assembled monolayers and the third generation of biosensors. As well as many technological developments on bioanalytical microsystems and new materials for biosensors, antibody and immunoassay developments have a prominent place in the book. * Provides a comprehensive study on the different types of biosensors * Applications covered include environmental analysis, bioprocess monitoring and biomedicine * An indispensable resource for those working in analytical chemistry

Micro- and Nanotechnology Enabled Applications for Portable Miniaturized Analytical Systems

Author : Sabu Thomas
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128237287
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Micro- and Nanotechnology Enabled Applications for Portable Miniaturized Analytical Systems by : Sabu Thomas

Download or read book Micro- and Nanotechnology Enabled Applications for Portable Miniaturized Analytical Systems written by Sabu Thomas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-10-12 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Micro- and Nanotechnology Enabled Applications for Portable Miniaturized Analytical Systems outlines the basic principles of miniaturized analytical devices, such as spectrometric, separation, imaging and electrochemical miniaturized instruments. Concepts such as smartphone-enabled miniaturized detection systems and micro/nanomachines are also reviewed. Subsequent chapters explore the emerging application of these mobile devices for miniaturized analysis in various fields, including medicine and biomedicine, environmental chemistry, food chemistry, and forensic chemistry. This is an important reference source for materials scientists and engineers wanting to understand how miniaturization techniques are being used to create a range of efficient, sustainable electronic and optical devices. Miniaturization describes the concept of manufacturing increasingly smaller mechanical, optical, and electronic products and devices. These smaller instruments can be used to produce micro- and nanoscale components required for analytical procedures. A variety of micro/nanoscale materials have been synthesized and used in analytical procedures, such as sensing materials, sorbents, adsorbents, catalysts, and reactors. The miniaturization of analytical instruments can be applied to the different steps of analytical procedures, such as sample preparation, analytical separation, and detection, reducing the total cost of manufacturing the instruments and the needed reagents and organic solvents. Outlines how miniaturization techniques can be used to create new optical and electronic micro- and nanodevices Explores major application areas, including biomedicine, environmental science and security Assesses the major challenges of using miniaturization techniques

Biosensing and Micro-Nano Devices

Author : Pranjal Chandra
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811683336
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Biosensing and Micro-Nano Devices by : Pranjal Chandra

Download or read book Biosensing and Micro-Nano Devices written by Pranjal Chandra and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-07-03 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews applications of nanomaterial and nanodevices in the food industry. It also discusses the advanced bioanalytical techniques, including Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), immunoanalytical techniques, and monoclonal antibody-based immunological techniques for detecting food adulterations and allergens. It comprehensively covers electrode modification and nano-engineered fabrication of biosensors to enhance their functionalities for utilization in food industries. The book highlights the utilization of nanobiosensors for food safety and quality analysis, such as detection of toxin, food-borne pathogen, allergen, evaluation of toxicity etc. Further, it also summarizes the recent advances in nanodevices such as nano-systems, nano-emulsions, nanopesticides, and nanocapsules and their applications in the food industry. Lastly, it covers nanomaterial-based sensors for drug analysis in diverse matrices. It serves as an invaluable source of information for professionals, researchers, academicians, and students related to food science and technology.

Bacterial Sensors

Author : Jan Roelof van der Meer
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031025709
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Bacterial Sensors by : Jan Roelof van der Meer

Download or read book Bacterial Sensors written by Jan Roelof van der Meer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bacterial reporters are live, genetically engineered cells with promising application in bioanalytics. They contain genetic circuitry to produce a cellular sensing element, which detects the target compound and relays the detection to specific synthesis of so-called reporter proteins (the presence or activity of which is easy to quantify). Bioassays with bacterial reporters are a useful complement to chemical analytics because they measure biological responses rather than total chemical concentrations. Simple bacterial reporter assays may also replace more costly chemical methods as a first line sample analysis technique. Recent promising developments integrate bacterial reporter cells with microsystems to produce bacterial biosensors. This lecture presents an in-depth treatment of the synthetic biological design principles of bacterial reporters, the engineering of which started as simple recombinant DNA puzzles, but has now become a more rational approach of choosing and combining sensing, controlling and reporting DNA 'parts'. Several examples of existing bacterial reporter designs and their genetic circuitry will be illustrated. Besides the design principles, the lecture also focuses on the application principles of bacterial reporter assays. A variety of assay formats will be illustrated, and principles of quantification will be dealt with. In addition to this discussion, substantial reference material is supplied in various Annexes. Table of Contents: Short History of the use of Bacteria for Biosensing and Bioreporting / Genetic Engineering Concepts / Measuring with Bioreporters / Epilogue

Biosensing with Silicon

Author : Enakshi Bhattacharya
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783030927158
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (271 download)

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Book Synopsis Biosensing with Silicon by : Enakshi Bhattacharya

Download or read book Biosensing with Silicon written by Enakshi Bhattacharya and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses two silicon biosensors: an electrochemical sensor - the Electrolyte Insulator Silicon Capacitor (EISCAP), and a mechanical resonant cantilever sensor. The author presents the principle and the technology behind the device fabrication and miniaturization, stable and reproducible functionalization protocols for bioreceptor immobilization, and the measurement and the data analysis for extracting the best performance from these sensors. EISCAP sensors, used for the estimation of triglycerides and urea, have been improved through the use of micromachining processes. The miniaturization brought out advantages as well as challenges which are discussed in this book, resulting in a prototype mini-EISCAP with a readout circuit for fast and accurate estimation of triglycerides. The author also reports on the sensitivity improvements in the estimation of triglycerides and urea obtained with the polycrystalline silicon cantilever and its measurements in liquid media. The book is ideal for materials scientists and engineers working in the field of biosensors and MicroElectroMechanical systems (MEMS) and their optimizations, as well as researchers with biochemical or biomedical expertise, in order to have a fresh and updated review on the last progresses reached with EISCAPs and cantilever sensors.

Miniaturized Analytical Devices

Author : Suresh Kumar Kailasa
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527347585
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Miniaturized Analytical Devices by : Suresh Kumar Kailasa

Download or read book Miniaturized Analytical Devices written by Suresh Kumar Kailasa and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-12-28 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Miniaturized Analytical Devices An in-depth overview of integrating functionalized nanomaterials with mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, electrophoresis, and other important analytical techniques Miniaturized Analytical Devices: Materials and Technology is an up-to-date resource exploring the analytical applications of miniaturized technology in areas such as clinical microbiology, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and environmental analysis. The book covers the integration of functional nanomaterials in mass spectrometry, microscopy, electrophoresis, and more—providing the state-of-the-art information required for successfully implementing a range of chemical analysis techniques on microchips. Featuring contributions from a panel of international experts in the field, the book begins with an introduction to selected miniaturized devices, nanomaterials, and analytical methods. Subsequent sections describe functionalized nanomaterials (FNMs) for miniaturized devices and discuss techniques such as miniaturized mass spectrometry for bioassays and miniaturized microscopy for cell imaging. The book concludes by exploring a variety of applications of miniaturized devices in areas including metal analysis, bioimaging, DNA separation and analysis, molecular biology, and more. This timely volume: Surveys the current state of the field and provides a starting point for developing faster, more reliable, and more selective analytical devices Focuses on the practical applications of miniaturized analytical devices in materials science, clinical microbiology, the pharmaceutical industry, and environmental analysis Covers a wide range of materials and analytical techniques such as microvolume UV-VIS spectroscopy, microchip and capillary electrophoresis, and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis Discusses the role of miniaturized analytical devices in securing a green and sustainable future Miniaturized Analytical Devices: Materials and Technology is essential reading for analytical chemists, analytical laboratories, materials scientists, biologists, life scientists, and advanced students in related fields.

Surface Engineering and Functional Nanomaterials for Point-of-Care Analytical Devices

Author : Buddhadev Purohit
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819930251
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Surface Engineering and Functional Nanomaterials for Point-of-Care Analytical Devices by : Buddhadev Purohit

Download or read book Surface Engineering and Functional Nanomaterials for Point-of-Care Analytical Devices written by Buddhadev Purohit and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-22 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book chronicles the role of advanced nanomaterials and surface engineering technologies in the development of point-of-care biosensors for health and environmental monitoring. All aspects of nanomaterial synthesis and characterization, functionalization methods, sensing surface engineering, signal amplification strategies, use of innovative technologies to enhance sensor efficiency and performances, and innovative applications of nanobiosensors to tackle real-life problems are discussed in this book with a focus on optical and electrochemical based sensing. It also covers the detection of infectious diseases and various disease biomarkers, smartphone-based biosensing, and portable diagnostics module developments with a discussion on the working mechanisms of these devices in various domains. The book also illustrates the recent trends in biosensing, and an overview of the challenges and probable solutions for the translation of biosensors from laboratory prototypes to commercial success.

Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors and their Biomedical Applications

Author : Xueji Zhang
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 9780080554891
Total Pages : 616 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (548 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors and their Biomedical Applications by : Xueji Zhang

Download or read book Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors and their Biomedical Applications written by Xueji Zhang and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-04-28 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book broadly reviews the modem techniques and significant applications of chemical sensors and biosensors. Chapters are written by experts in the field – including Professor Joseph Wang, the most cited scientist in the world and renowned expert on sensor science who is also co-editor. Each chapter provides technical details beyond the level found in typical journal articles, and explores the application of chemical sensors and biosensors to a significant problem in biomedical science, also providing a prospectus for the future. This book compiles the expert knowledge of many specialists in the construction and use of chemical sensors and biosensors including nitric oxide sensors, glucose sensors, DNA sensors, hydrogen sulfide sensors, oxygen sensors, superoxide sensors, immuno sensors, lab on chip, implatable microsensors, et al. Emphasis is laid on practical problems, ranging from chemical application to biomedical monitoring and from in vitro to in vivo, from single cell to animal to human measurement. This provides the unique opportunity of exchanging and combining the expertise of otherwise apparently unrelated disciplines of chemistry, biological engineering, and electronic engineering, medical, physiological. Provides user-oriented guidelines for the proper choice and application of new chemical sensors and biosensors Details new methodological advancements related to and correlated with the measurement of interested species in biomedical samples Contains many case studies to illustrate the range of application and importance of the chemical sensors and biosensors

Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309075556
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications by : National Research Council

Download or read book Opportunities in Biotechnology for Future Army Applications written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-07-11 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report surveys opportunities for future Army applications in biotechnology, including sensors, electronics and computers, materials, logistics, and medical therapeutics, by matching commercial trends and developments with enduring Army requirements. Several biotechnology areas are identified as important for the Army to exploit, either by direct funding of research or by indirect influence of commercial sources, to achieve significant gains in combat effectiveness before 2025.

Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors, Diagnosis, and Applications

Author : Kang Cui
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832548601
Total Pages : 119 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors, Diagnosis, and Applications by : Kang Cui

Download or read book Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors, Diagnosis, and Applications written by Kang Cui and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-04-30 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to their unique chemical structures and a wide range of biological activities, plenty of nanomaterials based on organic, inorganic, and hybrid compounds have attracted the extensive attention of scientists and made a great contribution to the development of biosensors, diagnosis, and their applications over the past few decades. These kinds of nanomaterials can be utilized as immobilization platforms, optical probes, or (photo)electroactive labels to improve the performance of (bio)sensing devices with higher sensitivity, stability, and selectivity, which undoubtedly revolutionize the way that traditional health monitoring, food safety, environmental research, even emergency security protection are performed.

Food Biosensors

Author : Minhaz Uddin Ahmed
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1782623906
Total Pages : 521 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (826 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Biosensors by : Minhaz Uddin Ahmed

Download or read book Food Biosensors written by Minhaz Uddin Ahmed and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2016-10-13 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biosensors are increasingly being used to replace traditional methods of analyte detection in the food industry. They offer a much quicker, more reliable and more versatile method for the detection of toxins, allergens, hormones, microorganisms, pesticides and other related compounds. This book, therefore, showcases the latest biosensor development in a single resource. Edited by Minhaz Uddin Ahmed, Mohammed Zourob and Eiichi Tamilya and with contributors from a list of world renowned scientists, this book covers the fabrication of biosensors, the development of miniatursied devices as well as the latest applications in the food industry. Several case studies of recent European food scandals emphasise the need for the development of reliable and affordable food monitoring devices. Up to date information on the current issues facing food biosensor development is presented in this key resource for food biotechnologists, food chemists and biosensor related students and researchers all over the world.

Biosensors in Precision Medicine

Author : Laís Canniatti Brazaca
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0443153817
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Biosensors in Precision Medicine by : Laís Canniatti Brazaca

Download or read book Biosensors in Precision Medicine written by Laís Canniatti Brazaca and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-02-13 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biosensors in Precision Medicine: From Fundamentals to Future Trends covers important topics regarding biomarkers, including biomarker discovery, validation, application in precision medicine, the principles of biosensors, their use in precision medicine, important analytical parameters, recent advances in bioreceptors and transduction, and more. Finally, the hottest trends of biosensors in precision medicine, including lab-on-a-chip and wearable devices, advances towards telemedicine, machine learning, artificial intelligence and the commerciality of these devices are discussed. Provides a timely review of the state-of-the-art developments in biosensors and their applications in precision medicine Presents an evaluation of case studies, along with real-life examples Addresses recent trends on biosensors for precision medicine

Electrochemical Sensors

Author : Giuseppe Maruccio
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128231483
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrochemical Sensors by : Giuseppe Maruccio

Download or read book Electrochemical Sensors written by Giuseppe Maruccio and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-01-28 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrochemical Sensors: From Working Electrodes to Functionalization and Miniaturized Devices provides an overview of the materials, preparation and fabrication methods for biosensor applications. The book introduces the field of electrochemistry and its fundamentals, also providing a practical overview of working electrodes as key components for the implementation of sensors and assays. Features covered include the prompt transfer of electrons, favorable redox behavior, biocompatibility, and inertness in terms of electrode fouling. Special attention is dedicated to analyzing the various working materials systems for electrodes used in electrochemical cells such as gold, carbon, copper, platinum and metal oxides. This book is suitable for academics and practitioners working in the disciplines of materials science and engineering, analytical chemistry and biomedical engineering. Introduces key concepts for electrochemistry and biosensors Reviews the most common and emerging materials-based electrodes for sensor applications, including gold, carbon, platinum and metal oxides Discusses both macro and miniaturized electrodes, including their cleaning, engineering, fabrication, examples of working biosensors, and advantages and disadvantages

Nanomaterials for Biosensors

Author : Bansi D. Malhotra
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0128135158
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanomaterials for Biosensors by : Bansi D. Malhotra

Download or read book Nanomaterials for Biosensors written by Bansi D. Malhotra and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2017-10-26 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanomaterials for Biosensors: Fundamentals and Applications provides a detailed summary of the main nanomaterials used in biosensing and their application. It covers recent developments in nanomaterials for the fabrication of biosensor devices for healthcare diagnostics, food freshness and bioprocessing. The various processes used for synthesis and characterization of nanostructured materials are examined, along with the design and fabrication of bioelectronic devices using nanostructured materials as building blocks. Users will find the fundamentals of the main nanomaterials used in biosensing, helping them visualize a systematic and coherent picture of how nanomaterials are used in biosensors. The book also addresses the role of bio-conjugation of nanomaterials in the construction of nano-biointerfaces for application in biosensors. Such applications, including metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes, conducting polymers and plasmonic nanostructures in biosensing are discussed relative to each nanomaterial concerned. Finally, recent advancements in protein functionalized nanomaterials for cancer diagnostics and bio-imaging are also included. Provides a detailed study on how nanomaterials are used to enhance sensing capabilities in biosensors Explains the properties, characterization methods and preparation techniques of the nanomaterials used in biosensing Arranged in a material-by-material way, making it clear how each nanomaterial should be used