Military Innovation In Small States

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Military Innovation in Small States

Author : Michael Raska
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131766129X
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Military Innovation in Small States by : Michael Raska

Download or read book Military Innovation in Small States written by Michael Raska and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-11-06 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive assessment of the global diffusion of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) and its impact on military innovation trajectories in small states. Although the 'Revolution in Military Affairs' (RMA) concept has enjoyed significant academic attention, the varying paths and patterns of military innovation in divergent strategic settings have been overlooked. This book seeks to rectify this gap by addressing the broad puzzle of how the global diffusion of RMA-oriented military innovation – the process of international transmission, communication, and interaction of RMA-related military concepts, organizations, and technologies - has shaped the paths, patterns, and scope of military innovation of selected small states. In a reverse mode, how have selected small states influenced the conceptualization and transmission of the RMA theory, processes, and debate? Using Israel, Singapore and South Korea as case studies, this book argues that RMA-oriented military innovation paths in small states indicate predominantly evolutionary trajectory, albeit with a varying patterns resulting from the confluence of three sets of variables: (1) the level of strategic, organizational, and operational adaptability in responding to shifts in the geostrategic and regional security environment; (2) the ability to identify, anticipate, exploit, and sustain niche military innovation – select conceptual, organizational, and technological innovation intended to enhance the military’s ability to prepare for, fight, and win wars, and (3) strategic culture. While the book represents relevant empirical cases for testing the validity of the RMA diffusion hypotheses, from a policy-oriented perspective, this book argues that these case studies offer lessons learned in coping with the security and defence management challenges posed by military innovation in general. This book will be of much interest for students of military innovation, strategic studies, defence studies, Asian politics, Middle Eastern politics and security studies in general.

Military Innovation in Small States

Author : Michael Raska
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317661303
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Military Innovation in Small States by : Michael Raska

Download or read book Military Innovation in Small States written by Michael Raska and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-11-06 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive assessment of the global diffusion of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) and its impact on military innovation trajectories in small states. Although the 'Revolution in Military Affairs' (RMA) concept has enjoyed significant academic attention, the varying paths and patterns of military innovation in divergent strategic settings have been overlooked. This book seeks to rectify this gap by addressing the broad puzzle of how the global diffusion of RMA-oriented military innovation – the process of international transmission, communication, and interaction of RMA-related military concepts, organizations, and technologies - has shaped the paths, patterns, and scope of military innovation of selected small states. In a reverse mode, how have selected small states influenced the conceptualization and transmission of the RMA theory, processes, and debate? Using Israel, Singapore and South Korea as case studies, this book argues that RMA-oriented military innovation paths in small states indicate predominantly evolutionary trajectory, albeit with a varying patterns resulting from the confluence of three sets of variables: (1) the level of strategic, organizational, and operational adaptability in responding to shifts in the geostrategic and regional security environment; (2) the ability to identify, anticipate, exploit, and sustain niche military innovation – select conceptual, organizational, and technological innovation intended to enhance the military’s ability to prepare for, fight, and win wars, and (3) strategic culture. While the book represents relevant empirical cases for testing the validity of the RMA diffusion hypotheses, from a policy-oriented perspective, this book argues that these case studies offer lessons learned in coping with the security and defence management challenges posed by military innovation in general. This book will be of much interest for students of military innovation, strategic studies, defence studies, Asian politics, Middle Eastern politics and security studies in general.

Irregular Warfare the Future Military Strategy for Small States

Author : Sándor Fabian
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781508490524
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Irregular Warfare the Future Military Strategy for Small States by : Sándor Fabian

Download or read book Irregular Warfare the Future Military Strategy for Small States written by Sándor Fabian and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-02-17 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thought provoking essay on the possible implications of irregular warfare in national military strategy.

Contemporary Military Innovation

Author : Dima Adamsky
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0415523362
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis Contemporary Military Innovation by : Dima Adamsky

Download or read book Contemporary Military Innovation written by Dima Adamsky and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores contemporary military innovation, with a particular focus on the balance between anticipation and adaption. The volume examines contemporary military thought and the doctrine that evolved around the thesis of a transformation in the character of war. Known as the Information-Technology Revolution in Military Affairs (IT-RMA), this innovation served as an intellectual foundation for the US defence transformation from the 1990s onwards. Since the mid-1990s, professional ideas generated within the American defence milieu have been further disseminated to military communities across the globe, with huge impact on the conduct of warfare. With chapters written by leading scholars in this field, this work sheds light on RMAs in general and the IT-RMA in the US, in particular. The authors analyse how military practice and doctrines were developed on the basis of the IT-RMA ideas, how they were disseminated, and the implications of them in several countries and conflicts around the world. This book will be of much interest to students of strategic studies, defence studies, war and technology, and security studies in general.

The Diffusion of Military Power

Author : Michael C. Horowitz
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781400835102
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis The Diffusion of Military Power by : Michael C. Horowitz

Download or read book The Diffusion of Military Power written by Michael C. Horowitz and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010-07-01 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Diffusion of Military Power examines how the financial and organizational challenges of adopting new methods of fighting wars can influence the international balance of power. Michael Horowitz argues that a state or actor wishing to adopt a military innovation must possess both the financial resources to buy or build the technology and the internal organizational capacity to accommodate any necessary changes in recruiting, training, or operations. How countries react to new innovations--and to other actors that do or don't adopt them--has profound implications for the global order and the likelihood of war. Horowitz looks at some of the most important military innovations throughout history, including the advent of the all-big-gun steel battleship, the development of aircraft carriers and nuclear weapons, and the use of suicide terror by nonstate actors. He shows how expensive innovations can favor wealthier, more powerful countries, but also how those same states often stumble when facing organizationally complicated innovations. Innovations requiring major upheavals in doctrine and organization can disadvantage the wealthiest states due to their bureaucratic inflexibility and weight the balance of power toward smaller and more nimble actors, making conflict more likely. This book provides vital insights into military innovations and their impact on U.S. foreign policy, warfare, and the distribution of power in the international system.

Winning the Next War

Author : Stephen Peter Rosen
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501732315
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Winning the Next War by : Stephen Peter Rosen

Download or read book Winning the Next War written by Stephen Peter Rosen and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2018-07-05 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How and when do military innovations take place? Do they proceed differently during times of peace and times of war? In Winning the Next War, Stephen Peter Rosen argues that armies and navies are not forever doomed to "fight the last war." Rather, they are able to respond to shifts in the international strategic situation. He also discusses the changing relationship between the civilian innovator and the military bureaucrat. In peacetime, Rosen finds, innovation has been the product of analysis and the politics of military promotion, in a process that has slowly but successfully built military capabilities critical to American military success. In wartime, by contrast, innovation has been constrained by the fog of war and the urgency of combat needs. Rosen draws his principal evidence from U.S. military policy between 1905 and 1960, though he also discusses the British army's experience with the battle tank during World War I.

Forging China's Military Might

Author : Tai Ming Cheung
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421411598
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Forging China's Military Might by : Tai Ming Cheung

Download or read book Forging China's Military Might written by Tai Ming Cheung and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2014-02-24 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “His collection of nine essays offers a comprehensive and insightful assessment of the Chinese defense science and technology (S&T).” —Pacific Affairs Among the most important issues in international security today are the nature and the global implications of China’s emergence as a world-class defense technology power. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Chinese defense industry has reinvented itself by emphasizing technological innovation and technology. This reinvention and its potential effects, both positive and negative, are attracting global scrutiny. Drawing insights from a range of disciplines, including history, social science, business, and strategic studies, Tai Ming Cheung and the contributors to Forging China’s Military Might develop an analytical framework to evaluate the nature, dimensions, and spectrum of Chinese innovation in the military and broader defense spheres. Forging China’s Military Might provides an overview of the current state of the Chinese defense industry and then focuses on subjects critical to understanding short- and long-term developments, including the relationship among defense contractors, regulators, and end-users; civil-military integration; China’s defense innovation system; and China’s place in the global defense economy. Case studies look in detail at the Chinese space and missile industry. “Constitutes high-quality, cutting-edge research on China’s defense industries. It should enjoy broad appeal—among academics, policy makers, security analysts, and business people in countries around the world.” —Andrew Scobell, RAND Corporation “Forging China’s Military Might belongs in any political science shelf interested in China’s issues and international security and considers the nature of China’s emergence as a world power.” —Midwest Book Review

Weapon of Choice

Author : Matthew Ford
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190911468
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Weapon of Choice by : Matthew Ford

Download or read book Weapon of Choice written by Matthew Ford and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-02-15 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines Western military technological innovation through the lens of developments in small arms during the twentieth century. These weapons have existed for centuries, appear to have matured only incrementally and might seem unlikely technologies for investigating the trajectory of military-technical change. Their relative simplicity, however, makes it easy to use them to map patterns of innovation within the military-industrial complex. Advanced technologies may have captured the military imagination, offering the possibility of clean and decisive outcomes, but it is the low technologies of the infantryman that can help us develop an appreciation for the dynamics of military-technical change. Tracing the path of innovation from battlefield to back office, and from industry to alliance partner, Ford develops insights into the way that small arms are socially constructed. He thereby exposes the mechanics of power across the military-industrial complex. This in turn reveals that shifting power relations between soldiers and scientists, bureaucrats and engineers, have allowed the private sector to exploit infantry status anxiety and shape soldier weapon preferences. Ford's analysis allows us to draw wider conclusions about how military innovation works and what social factors frame Western military purchasing policy, from small arms to more sophisticated and expensive weapons.

US Military Innovation Since the Cold War

Author : Harvey Sapolsky
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135968683
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

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Book Synopsis US Military Innovation Since the Cold War by : Harvey Sapolsky

Download or read book US Military Innovation Since the Cold War written by Harvey Sapolsky and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-04-28 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: explains how the US military transformation failed in the post-Cold war era Harvey Sapolsky is a leading defence scholar in the US will be of interest to students of strategic studies, defence studies, military studies, US politics and security studies in general

Defence Innovation and the 4th Industrial Revolution

Author : Michael Raska
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000563790
Total Pages : 167 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Defence Innovation and the 4th Industrial Revolution by : Michael Raska

Download or read book Defence Innovation and the 4th Industrial Revolution written by Michael Raska and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-03-30 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the implications of disruptive technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) on military innovation and the use of force. It provides an in-depth understanding of how both large and small militaries are seeking to leverage 4IR emerging technologies and the effects such technologies may have on future conflicts. The 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), the confluence of disruptive changes brought by emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, nanotechnologies, and autonomous systems, has a profound impact on the direction and character of military innovation and use of force. The core themes in this edited volume reflect on the position of emerging technologies in the context of previous Revolutions in Military Affairs; compare how large resource-rich states (US, China, Russia) and small resource-limited states (Israel, Sweden, Norway) are adopting and integrating novel technologies and explore the difference between various innovation and adaptation models. The book also examines the operational implications of emerging technologies in potential flashpoints such as the South China Sea and the Baltic Sea. Written by a group of international scholars, this book uncovers the varying 4IR defence innovation trajectories, enablers, and constraints in pursuing military-technological advantages that will shape the character of future conflicts. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Strategic Studies.

Making Sense of Cyber Capabilities for Small States

Author : Francis C. Domingo
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 100055306X
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Making Sense of Cyber Capabilities for Small States by : Francis C. Domingo

Download or read book Making Sense of Cyber Capabilities for Small States written by Francis C. Domingo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-03-28 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Domingo explores the potential of cyber capabilities for small states in the Asia-Pacific, the most active region for cyber conflict. He develops a systematic explanation for why Brunei, New Zealand, and Singapore have developed or are developing cyber capabilities. Studies on cyber conflict and strategy have substantially increased in the past decade but most have focused on the cyber operations of powerful states. This book moves away from the prominence of powerful states and explores the potential of cyber capabilities for small states in the Asia-Pacific, the most active region for cyber conflict. It develops a systematic explanation of why Brunei, New Zealand, and Singapore have developed or are developing cyber capabilities despite its obscure strategic value. The book argues that the distribution of power in the region and a "technology-oriented" strategic culture are two necessary conditions that influence the development of cyber capabilities in small states. Following this argument, the book draws on neoclassical realism as a theoretical framework to account for the interaction between these two conditions. The book also pursues three secondary objectives. First, it aims to determine the constraints and incentives that affect the utilization of cyber capabilities as foreign policy instruments. Second, the book evaluates the functionality of these cyber capabilities for small states. Lastly, it assesses the implications of employing cyber capabilities as foreign policy tools of small states. This book will be an invaluable resource for academics and security analysts working on cyber conflict, military strategy, small states, and International Relations in general.

The Politics of Innovation

Author : Mark Zachary Taylor
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190464143
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis The Politics of Innovation by : Mark Zachary Taylor

Download or read book The Politics of Innovation written by Mark Zachary Taylor and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-04 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why are some countries better than others at science and technology (S&T)? Written in an approachable style, The Politics of Innovation provides readers from all backgrounds and levels of expertise a comprehensive introduction to the debates over national S&T competitiveness. It synthesizes over fifty years of theory and research on national innovation rates, bringing together the current political and economic wisdom, and latest findings, about how nations become S&T leaders. Many experts mistakenly believe that domestic institutions and policies determine national innovation rates. However, after decades of research, there is still no agreement on precisely how this happens, exactly which institutions matter, and little aggregate evidence has been produced to support any particular explanation. Yet, despite these problems, a core faith in a relationship between domestic institutions and national innovation rates remains widely held and little challenged. The Politics of Innovation confronts head-on this contradiction between theory, evidence, and the popularity of the institutions-innovation hypothesis. It presents extensive evidence to show that domestic institutions and policies do not determine innovation rates. Instead, it argues that social networks are as important as institutions in determining national innovation rates. The Politics of Innovation also introduces a new theory of "creative insecurity" which explains how institutions, policies, and networks are all subservient to politics. It argues that, ultimately, each country's balance of domestic rivalries vs. external threats, and the ensuing political fights, are what drive S&T competitiveness. In making its case, The Politics of Innovation draws upon statistical analysis and comparative case studies of the United States, Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, the Philippines, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Turkey, Israel, Russia and a dozen countries across Western Europe.

Buying Military Transformation

Author : Peter Dombrowski
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231509650
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Buying Military Transformation by : Peter Dombrowski

Download or read book Buying Military Transformation written by Peter Dombrowski and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2006-09-26 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Buying Military Transformation, Peter Dombrowski and Eugene Gholz analyze the United States military's ongoing effort to capitalize on information technology. New ideas about military doctrine derived from comparisons to Internet Age business practices can be implemented only if the military buys technologically innovative weapons systems. Buying Military Transformation examines how political and military leaders work with the defense industry to develop the small ships, unmanned aerial vehicles, advanced communications equipment, and systems-of-systems integration that will enable the new military format. Dombrowski and Gholz's analysis integrates the political relationship between the defense industry and Congress, the bureaucratic relationship between the firms and the military services, and the technical capabilities of different types of businesses. Many government officials and analysts believe that only entrepreneurial start-up firms or leaders in commercial information technology markets can produce the new, network-oriented military equipment. But Dombrowski and Gholz find that the existing defense industry will be best able to lead military-technology development, even for equipment modeled on the civilian Internet. The U.S. government is already spending billions of dollars each year on its "military transformation" program-money that could be easily misdirected and wasted if policymakers spend it on the wrong projects or work with the wrong firms. In addition to this practical implication, Buying Military Transformation offers key lessons for the theory of "Revolutions in Military Affairs." A series of military analysts have argued that major social and economic changes, like the shift from the Agricultural Age to the Industrial Age, inherently force related changes in the military. Buying Military Transformation undermines this technologically determinist claim: commercial innovation does not directly determine military innovation; instead, political leadership and military organizations choose the trajectory of defense investment. Militaries should invest in new technology in response to strategic threats and military leaders' professional judgments about the equipment needed to improve military effectiveness. Commercial technological progress by itself does not generate an imperative for military transformation. Clear, cogent, and engaging, Buying Military Transformation is essential reading for journalists, legislators, policymakers, and scholars.

Defence Planning for Small and Middle Powers

Author : Tim Sweijs
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040098584
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Defence Planning for Small and Middle Powers by : Tim Sweijs

Download or read book Defence Planning for Small and Middle Powers written by Tim Sweijs and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-08-01 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the processes, practices and principles of defence planning in small and middle powers. Small and middle powers are recalibrating their force postures in this age of disruption. They are adapting their defence planning and military innovation processes to protect the security of their nations. The purpose of this book is to explore defence planning and military innovation in 11 contemporary case studies of small and middle powers in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Oceania. Employing a structured focused comparison framework, it traces patterns in the choices of small and middle powers across the following themes: (1) alliances, dependencies and national ambitions; (2) approaches, processes, methods and techniques; and (3) military innovation strategies and outcomes. Breaking new theoretical ground, it offers a three-pronged typology distinguishing between the strategic defence planner, the transactional defence planners and the complacent defence planner. The book offers a rich array of insights into cases that fall across different geographies, strategic cultures and governance systems. These insights can help guide discussions on how to structure decision-making structures, arrive at ambition levels, formulate priorities, select partners and design defence planning and military innovation processes. This book will be of much interest to students of defence studies, security studies, public policy and international relations, as well as to professionals in defence planning.

The Culture of Military Innovation

Author : Dima Adamsky
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804773807
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis The Culture of Military Innovation by : Dima Adamsky

Download or read book The Culture of Military Innovation written by Dima Adamsky and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2010-01-27 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book studies the impact of cultural factors on the course of military innovations. One would expect that countries accustomed to similar technologies would undergo analogous changes in their perception of and approach to warfare. However, the intellectual history of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) in Russia, the US, and Israel indicates the opposite. The US developed technology and weaponry for about a decade without reconceptualizing the existing paradigm about the nature of warfare. Soviet 'new theory of victory' represented a conceptualization which chronologically preceded technological procurement. Israel was the first to utilize the weaponry on the battlefield, but was the last to develop a conceptual framework that acknowledged its revolutionary implications. Utilizing primary sources that had previously been completely inaccessible, and borrowing methods of analysis from political science, history, anthropology, and cognitive psychology, this book suggests a cultural explanation for this puzzling transformation in warfare. The Culture of Military Innovation offers a systematic, thorough, and unique analytical approach that may well be applicable in other perplexing strategic situations. Though framed in the context of specific historical experience, the insights of this book reveal important implications related to conventional, subconventional, and nonconventional security issues. It is therefore an ideal reference work for practitioners, scholars, teachers, and students of security studies.

Military Transformation and Strategy

Author : Bernard Loo
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134103425
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (341 download)

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Book Synopsis Military Transformation and Strategy by : Bernard Loo

Download or read book Military Transformation and Strategy written by Bernard Loo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008-08-21 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the idea of arevolution in military affairs (RMA), which underpins the transformational agenda of the US military, and examines its implications for smaller states.The strategic studies literature on the RMA tends to be American-centric and directed towards the strategic problems of the US military. This volume seeks to fill t

Security, Strategy and Military Change in the 21st Century

Author : Jo Inge Bekkevold
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317565347
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

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Book Synopsis Security, Strategy and Military Change in the 21st Century by : Jo Inge Bekkevold

Download or read book Security, Strategy and Military Change in the 21st Century written by Jo Inge Bekkevold and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-05-22 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume explores and analyses strategic thinking, military reform and adaptation in an era of Asian growth, European austerity and US rebalancing. A significant shift in policy, strategy and military affairs is underway in both Asia and Europe, with the former gaining increasing prominence in the domain of global security. At the same time, the world’s powers are now faced with an array of diverse challenges. The resurgence of great power politics in both Europe and Asia, along with the long term threats of terrorism, piracy and sustained geopolitical instability has placed great strain on militaries and security institutions operating with constrained budgets and wary public support. The volume covers a wide range of case studies, including the transformation of China’s military in the 21st century, the internal and external challenges facing India, Russia’s military modernization program and the USA’s reassessment of its strategic interests. In doing so, the book provides the reader with the opportunity to conceptualize how strategic thinking, military reform, operational adaptation and technological integration have interacted with the challenges outlined above. With contributions by leading scholars and practitioners from Europe and Asia, this book provides a valuable contribution to the understanding of strategic and operational thinking and adjustment across the world. This book will be of much interest to students of military and strategic studies, security studies, defence studies, Asian politics, Russian politics, US foreign policy and IR in general.