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Military Airframe Costs
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Book Synopsis Military Airframe Costs by : Obaid Younossi
Download or read book Military Airframe Costs written by Obaid Younossi and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2001 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, a number of attempts have been made to estimate the cost of future weapon systems toward the goal of optimizing acquisition policy. This report focuses specifically on the effects of material mix, manufacturing techniques, and geometric part complexity on the cost of military airframes. It begins by offering background information on those materials that are most critical to airframe manufacture and on the relative advantages of both traditional and evolving part fabrication techniques. It then proceeds to a quantitative analysis of the cost implications of various materials and manufacturing techniques on airframe production, drawing both from an industry survey and from analysis of industry data. The data thus derived are then integrated with those of a comprehensive historical database. The report concludes that composites, while offering a number of advantages over metals in airframe manufacture, are generally associated with higher costs across a range of categories. At the same time, it concludes that while new manufacturing technologies hold the potential to diminish airframe manufacturing costs, the increased airframe complexity of future fighter aircraft may well offset this advantage. The report recommends that cost analysts remain abreast of changes in industry practice so that they may more accurately gauge the potential effects of such changes on future airframe costs.
Book Synopsis Military Airframe Costs. The Effects of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Processes by :
Download or read book Military Airframe Costs. The Effects of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Processes written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Good cost estimates can make important contributions to effective acquisition policy. RAND has a long history of producing cost-estimating methodologies. Two of its more recent studies are Hess and Romanoff (1987) and Resetar, Rogers, and Hess (1991). This report both updates and extends these earlier studies, focusing on the effects of material mix, manufacturing technique, and part geometric complexity on cost. We collected two types of information on these effects. First, we surveyed the military airframe industry for estimates of how aircraft production costs vary with airframe structure material mix. Second, we analyzed a large set of actual part data from recent aircraft manufacturing efforts that we collected from industry. We also estimated a set of airframe relationships (CERs) for labor hours based on MACDAR, a historical airframe database. We then integrated the effects of material mix into these estimates.
Book Synopsis Military Airframe Acquisition Costs. The Effects of Lean Manufacturing by :
Download or read book Military Airframe Acquisition Costs. The Effects of Lean Manufacturing written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is part of a project responding to a call by the U.S. Air Force to update cost estimating methodologies for new weapons systems-in particular, fighter aircraft. The Air Force was concerned that Cost Estimating Relationships (CERs) based on older aircraft did not adequately reflect the acquisition and manufacturing environment within which a new fighter, such as the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) would be produced. This report is one of a series, all of which address some aspect of how to incorporate the new DoD acquisition and manufacturing environments into historical cost estimating relationships or methodologies (See Younossi, Graser, and Kennedy, 2001; Lorell and Graser, 2001). Using the CER methodology for example, the cost of a future aircraft is estimated as a function of its physical or characteristics or other program variables, using a series of equations wherein the performance and program variables are inputs, and cost or labor hours are the outputs. To create these equations, actual costs (or labor hours) to produce previous aircraft are collected and used as the dependent variables in statistical regression analysis. Explanatory variables typically include such factors as cumulative production quantity, annual production rate, such aircraft characteristics as weight and speed, and others. The resulting equations are referred to as "cost estimating relationships," or CERs. Obviously, the ability of these equations to forecast future systems costs hinges on how well past performance is a predictor of the future.
Book Synopsis Military Airframe Acquisition Costs by : Cynthia R. Cook
Download or read book Military Airframe Acquisition Costs written by Cynthia R. Cook and published by Minnesota Historical Society. This book was released on 2001 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past couple of decades, many segments of U.S. industry have benefited from introducing new manufacturing techniques that save money by increasing efficiency and reducing overhead. Would U.S. military aircraft manufacturing benefit from these techniques as well? This report examines the package of new tools and techniques known as lean production to see if it would enable aircraft manufacturers to produce new weapon systems at costs below those predicted by historical cost estimating models. The authors give a broad overview of what lean is and what it can and cannot accomplish in cutting manufacturing costs. They also detail results of industry efforts in this regard, including specific examples and averages of claimed cost savings. The authors conclude by identifying areas where companies need to push harder in lean implementation and what the Defense Department can do to encourage this.
Book Synopsis Why Has the Cost of Fixed-wing Aircraft Risen? by : Mark V. Arena
Download or read book Why Has the Cost of Fixed-wing Aircraft Risen? written by Mark V. Arena and published by RAND Corporation. This book was released on 2008 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report explores why, in recent decades, military fixed-wing aircraft costs have escalated beyond the rates of commonly used inflation indices, examining both economy-driven factors that the Services cannot control and customer-driven ones that they can. The authors found that this trend of cost increases is true for all types of aircraft--patrol, cargo, trainer, bomber, attack, fighter, and electronic warfare.
Download or read book Freightliner Progress?. written by and published by . This book was released on 196? with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Historical Cost Growth of Completed Weapon System Programs by : Mark V. Arena
Download or read book Historical Cost Growth of Completed Weapon System Programs written by Mark V. Arena and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2006 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is one of a series from a RAND Project AIR FORCE project, "The Cost of Future Military Aircraft: Historical Cost Estimating Relationships and Cost Reduction Initiatives." The purpose of the project is to improve the tools used to estimate the costs of future weapon systems. It focuses on how recent technical, management, and government policy changes affect cost. This report focuses on the accuracy of cost estimates. For our analysis, we used a very specific sample of Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) data, namely only programs that are complete or are nearly so. The analysis indicates a systematic bias toward underestimating the costs and substantial uncertainty in estimating the final cost of a weapon system. In contrast to the previous literature, the cost growth was higher than previously observed. We also found few correlations with cost growth, but observed that programs with longer duration had greater cost growth and electronics programs tended to have lower cost growth. Although there were some differences in the mean cost growth factors among the military departments, the differences were not statistically significant. While newer programs appear to have lower cost growth, this trend appears to be due to factors other than acquisition policies.
Download or read book Impossible Certainty written by and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2006 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is one of a series from a RAND Project AIR FORCE project, "The Cost of Future Military Aircraft: Historical Cost Estimating Relationships and Cost Reduction Initiatives."
Book Synopsis Systems Engineering and Program Management by : David E. Stem
Download or read book Systems Engineering and Program Management written by David E. Stem and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2006 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Systems engineering and program management (SE/PM) constitute a large portion of the acquisition cost of military aircraft and guided weapons systems. The goal of this study was the development of a set of cost-estimating relationships that can be used to estimate the SE/PM cost element for development and production of aircraft and weapons programs. The authors canvassed government and industry personnel to learn about current techniques for estimating SE/PM costs, and they collected historical data from several aircraft and weapons programs to investigate trends in SE/PM costs over time and to generate methods that cost analysts can use early in the life cycle of a program when little cost information is available. The authors also investigated the effects on SE/PM costs from acquisition reform, including the reduction in the number of military specifications and standards, the use of integrated product and process teams, and the trend toward "evolutionary acquisition." This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Book jacket.
Book Synopsis New Processes for the Estimation of Military Airframe Costs by :
Download or read book New Processes for the Estimation of Military Airframe Costs written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effects of Advanced Materials on Airframe Operating and Support Costs by : Raj Raman
Download or read book The Effects of Advanced Materials on Airframe Operating and Support Costs written by Raj Raman and published by RAND Corporation. This book was released on 2003 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a methodology for forecasting operating and support costs for airframe parts made form advanced materials versus parts made from aluminum.
Book Synopsis Historical Cost Growth of Completed Weapon System Programs by :
Download or read book Historical Cost Growth of Completed Weapon System Programs written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is one of a series from a RAND Project AIR FORCE project, "The Cost of Future Military Aircraft: Historical Cost Estimating Relationships and Cost Reduction Initiatives." The report complements another document from this project, "Impossible Certainty: Cost Risk Analysis for Air Force Systems," and includes a literature review of cost growth studies and a more extensive analysis of the historical cost growth in acquisition programs than appears in the companion report. Overall, most of the studies reviewed reported that actual costs were greater than estimates of baseline costs. The most common metric used to measure cost growth is the cost growth factor (CGF), which is defined as the ratio of the actual cost to the estimated costs. A CGF of less than 1.0 indicates that the estimate was higher than the actual cost -- an underrun. When the CGF exceeds 1.0, the actual costs were higher than the estimate -- an overrun. Studies of weapon system cost growth have mainly relied on data from Selected Acquisition Reports (SARs). These reports are prepared annually by all major defense acquisition program (MDAP) offices within the military services to provide the U.S. Congress with cost, schedule, and performance status. The comparison baseline (estimate) typically corresponds to a major acquisition decision milestone. Prior studies have reported Milestone (MS) II CGFs for development costs ranging from 1.16 to 2.26; estimates of procurement CGFs ranging from 1.16 to 1.65; and total program CGFs ranging from 1.20 to 1.54. Regarding the differences among cost growth due to service, weapon, and time period, prior studies tended to find the following: Army weapon systems had higher cost growth than did weapon systems for the Air Force or Navy; cost growth differs by equipment type; and cost growth has declined from the 1960s and 1970s, after it was recognized as an important problem.
Book Synopsis Why Has the Cost of Fixed-Wing Aircraft Risen? A Macroscopic Examination of the Trends in U.S. Military Aircraft Costs Over the Past Several Decades by :
Download or read book Why Has the Cost of Fixed-Wing Aircraft Risen? A Macroscopic Examination of the Trends in U.S. Military Aircraft Costs Over the Past Several Decades written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent decades, cost escalation for military fixed-wing aircraft of all types has exceeded that of commonly used in inflation indices, including the Consumer Price Index, the Department of Defense procurement de deflator, and the Gross Domestic Product de deflator. A relatively fixed investment budget (albeit one with cyclical variations) means that the Services must somehow accommodate higher unit costs. This accommodation may mean buying fewer aircraft than in the past or it may mean reprioritizing budgets between acquisition and operations and support. This monograph explores the causes of this unit cost escalation, including both economy-driven factors that the Services cannot control and customer-driven factors that they can.
Book Synopsis US Military Aircraft Cost Handbook by : DePuy, William E.
Download or read book US Military Aircraft Cost Handbook written by DePuy, William E. and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Management Consulting & Research, Inc. (MCR) collected data on the Total Obligational Authority (TOA) requested by the Army, Navy and Air Force to procure attack, bomber and fighter, fixed and rotary wing aircraft. The TOA was normalized to base fiscal year 1981 dollars. Lot average, cumulate average and unit costs were calculated for Airframe, Airframe and Engine on total flyaway cost where available. Data is presented for 128 Mission/Design/Series (MDS) aircraft. (Author).
Book Synopsis An Overview of Acquisition Reform Cost Savings Estimates by :
Download or read book An Overview of Acquisition Reform Cost Savings Estimates written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In support of the project "The Cost of Future Military Aircraft: Historical Cost Estimating Relationships and Cost Reduction Initiatives," this study gives an overview of a wide range of published estimates and projections of potential cost savings that are attributed to a variety of weapon system acquisition reform (AR) measures. These estimates are compared in accordance with a taxonomy developed by the authors. Although the origins and quality of the estimates are discussed, no independent estimates have been generated, nor are the existing published estimates analyzed in depth. Rather, the authors present a taxonomy of current AR initiatives; review published estimates of the cost savings attributed to these initiatives; report the views of industry and government officials on the potential cost savings from AR; and discuss the structuring and implementation of programmatic AR measures based on lessons learned from existing AR pilot programs. The project is in the RAND Project AIR FORCE Resource Management Program. The research is sponsored by the Principal Deputy, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition), and by the Office of the Technical Director, Air Force Cost Analysis Agency. This study should be of interest to government and industry officials concerned with assessing the potential cost savings that current AR measures may generate when applied to major weapon system R & D and procurement programs. The information collection cutoff date was December 1999.
Book Synopsis Aircraft Airframe Cost Estimating Relationships by : Ronald Wayne Hess
Download or read book Aircraft Airframe Cost Estimating Relationships written by Ronald Wayne Hess and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents generalized equations for estimating the development and production costs of aircraft airframes. It provides separate cost estimating relationships (CERs) for engineering, tooling, manufacturing labor, and quality-control hours; manufacturing material, development support, and flight-test cost; and total program cost. The CERs, expressed in the form of exponential equations, were derived from a database consisting of 34 military aircraft with first flight dates ranging from 1948 to 1978. In addition to the basic objective of developing an updated set of airframe CERs, the study also examined three specific possibilities for improving CER accuracy: (1) stratifying the full estimating sample into subsamples representing major differences in aircraft type; (2) incorporating variables describing program structure and airframe construction characteristics; and (3) for the fighter aircraft only, incorporating an objective technology index into the equations.
Book Synopsis Increased Standardization Would Reduce Costs of Ground Support Equipment for Military Aircraft by : United States. General Accounting Office
Download or read book Increased Standardization Would Reduce Costs of Ground Support Equipment for Military Aircraft written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
