Mifid Ii And Private Law

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MiFID II and Private Law

Author : Federico Della Negra
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781509925322
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (253 download)

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Book Synopsis MiFID II and Private Law by : Federico Della Negra

Download or read book MiFID II and Private Law written by Federico Della Negra and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the wake of the global financial crisis, investors have suffered significant losses as a result of breaches of conduct of business rules in the distribution of financial instruments. MiFID II introduced new disclosure, distribution and product governance rules to strengthen the protection of investors but, like MiFID I, did not harmonise the civil law consequences for their violation. This book asks whether, in spite of the silence of the EU legislators, the MiFID II conduct of business rules may produce civil law effects, enabling investors to enforce them against investment firms before national courts and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms. Building on the case law of the CJEU, the book shows the conditions under which the breach of MiFID II conduct of business rules should give rise to a private law remedy, and what remedies would be compatible with EU law. MiFID II and Private Law is an essential contribution to academic research in EU and financial law and will be a key text for policy-makers and legal practitioners working in the field of investor protection regulation and mis-selling litigation."--Bloomsbury Publishing.

EU Investor Protection Regulation and Liability for Investment Losses

Author : Marnix Wallinga
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030540014
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis EU Investor Protection Regulation and Liability for Investment Losses by : Marnix Wallinga

Download or read book EU Investor Protection Regulation and Liability for Investment Losses written by Marnix Wallinga and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-30 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the relationship between the EU investor protection regulations enshrined in MiFID and MiFID II and national contract and torts law. It describes how the effect of the conduct of business rules as implemented in national financial supervision legislation in private law extends to the issue of enforcement, and critically assesses this interaction from the perspective of EU law. In particular, the conclusions identified in the book will deepen readers’ understanding of the interplay between the conduct of business rules and private law norms governing a firm’s liability to pay damages, such as duty of care, attributability of damage, causation, contributory negligence and limitation. In turn, the book identifies the subordination and the complementarity model to conceptualise the interaction between the conduct of business rules and private law norms. Moreover, the book challenges the view that civil courts are – or should be – forced to give private law effects to violation of the MiFID and MiFID II conduct of business rules in line with the subordination model. Instead, the complementarity model is advanced as the preferred approach to this interaction in view of what MiFID and MiFID II require from Member States in terms of their implementation, as well as the desirability of each model. This model presupposes that courts should consider the conduct of business rules when adjudicating individual disputes, while preserving the autonomy of private law norms governing liability of investment firms towards clients. Based on analysis of case law of courts in Germany, the Netherlands and England & Wales, as well as scholarly literature, the book also compares the available causes of action, the conditions of liability and the obstacles investors face when claiming damages, as well as how and the extent to which investors can benefit from the conduct of business rules in clearing these obstacles. In so doing, under the approach adopted by national courts to the interplay between the conduct of business rules of EU origin and private law, the book shows how investors can benefit from the influence of these rules on private law norms. In closing, it demonstrates a hybridisation of private law remedies resulting from the accommodation of the conduct of business rules into the private law discourse according to the complementarity model, illustrating how judicial enforcement through private law means may contribute to investor protection.

MiFID II and Private Law

Author : Federico Della Negra
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1509925295
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis MiFID II and Private Law by : Federico Della Negra

Download or read book MiFID II and Private Law written by Federico Della Negra and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2019-07-11 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on author's thesis (doctoral - European University Institute, 2017) issued under title: Private law and private enforcement in the post-crisis EU retail financial regulation.

Financial Regulation and Civil Liability in European Law

Author : Olha O. Cherednychenko
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1789908116
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (899 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Regulation and Civil Liability in European Law by : Olha O. Cherednychenko

Download or read book Financial Regulation and Civil Liability in European Law written by Olha O. Cherednychenko and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2020-11-27 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This insightful book provides a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between EU financial regulation and civil liability. It explores this interrelationship in order to determine whether a coordinated approach has been adopted.

The MiFID II Framework

Author : Mario Comana
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030125041
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis The MiFID II Framework by : Mario Comana

Download or read book The MiFID II Framework written by Mario Comana and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-15 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed analysis of the main innovations and impacts associated with the package of European legislation comprising MiFID II and MiFIR, which constitutes a pillar of the EU’s “single rulebook” for financial regulation. Adopting a research-oriented approach, the authors also consider the practical consequences of the new legislation, to provide a clear description of the new rules and the ways in which they address concerns raised by the financial crisis, as well as an appraisal of the theoretical implications from an EU-wide perspective. The book also presents a comparative analysis of how the package is being implemented within the larger countries of the Eurozone and the United Kingdom, and evaluates the likely consequences for banks’ business models. This research book is a valuable resource for graduate and master’s level students as well as professionals and practitioners interested in understanding the European financial law and, in particular, the dynamics of the investment industry.

A Practitioner's Guide to MiFID II

Author : Jonathan Herbst
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780414026858
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (268 download)

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Book Synopsis A Practitioner's Guide to MiFID II by : Jonathan Herbst

Download or read book A Practitioner's Guide to MiFID II written by Jonathan Herbst and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complete practitioner's guide to the provisions and practical implications of the new Markets in Financial Instruments Directive, MiFID II, and the new regulation, MiFIR. Written by a team of authors that includes some of the industry's foremost experts, the book will cover: ; Both the original directive and all the changes and extensions brought about by MiFID II; How the directive will impact firms and how they need to prepare for its implementation ; How the directive interacts with other European and UK level legislation.

MiFID II and Private Law

Author : Federico Della Negra
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1509925309
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis MiFID II and Private Law by : Federico Della Negra

Download or read book MiFID II and Private Law written by Federico Della Negra and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2019-07-11 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the wake of the global financial crisis, investors have suffered significant losses as a result of breaches of conduct of business rules in the distribution of financial instruments. MiFID II introduced new disclosure, distribution and product governance rules to strengthen the protection of investors but, like MiFID I, did not harmonise the civil law consequences for their violation. This book asks whether, in spite of the silence of the EU legislators, the MiFID II conduct of business rules may produce civil law effects, enabling investors to enforce them against investment firms before national courts and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms. Building on the case law of the CJEU, the book shows the conditions under which the breach of MiFID II conduct of business rules should give rise to a private law remedy, and what remedies would be compatible with EU law. MiFID II and Private Law is an essential contribution to academic research in EU and financial law and will be a key text for policy-makers and legal practitioners working in the field of investor protection regulation and mis-selling litigation.

Stricto Sensu Investor Protection under MiFID II

Author : Christos Gortsos
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1527515680
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

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Book Synopsis Stricto Sensu Investor Protection under MiFID II by : Christos Gortsos

Download or read book Stricto Sensu Investor Protection under MiFID II written by Christos Gortsos and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2018-07-27 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study analyses Articles 24-30 of Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 “on markets in financial instruments” (MiFID II), which govern, as of January 2018, the most important aspects of investor protection of clients to whom credit institutions and investment firms provide investment services. These Articles contain code-of-conduct and product governance rules, which constitute cornerstones of contemporary EU capital markets law as shaped to address the weaknesses revealed in capital markets’ micro-prudential regulation and supervision after the recent international financial crisis of 2007-2009. The book concisely identifies the elements of continuity and change in relation to the repealed Directive 2004/39/EC (MiFID I), while also presenting the detailed delegated acts of the European Commission and Guidelines of the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), which were adopted on the basis of Articles 24-30 MiFID II.

Legal Accountability in EU Markets for Financial Instruments

Author : Carl Fredrik Bergström
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019284928X
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)

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Book Synopsis Legal Accountability in EU Markets for Financial Instruments by : Carl Fredrik Bergström

Download or read book Legal Accountability in EU Markets for Financial Instruments written by Carl Fredrik Bergström and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-01-22 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proper functioning of the EU financial market is protected by public actors - both national and supranational - responsible for rulemaking and supervision of investment firms and other private actors. At the same time the effectiveness of the EU legal system requires vigilance from private actors such as investment firms but also their clients, invoking their rights before national authorities and courts. This means that investment firms have a dual role within the system, turning them into subjects of control and enforcement but also agents in the maintenance of the rule of law. Legal Accountability in EU Markets for Financial Instruments brings together a group of scholars with expertise from different legal disciplines but a shared interest for the EU internal market and the way it develops. It integrates a modern study of the form and function of EU rulemaking in the internal market after the financial crisis. The book includes an evaluation of core aspects of rulemaking in the financial market and that way provides a cross-cutting treatment of EU law. The focus of the book is set on the regulatory framework in MiFIDII and MiFIR and thematic questions around legal mechanisms for accountability and the role of investment firms in the operation of those mechanisms. It further discusses the implications for EU law and the EU legal system and gives readers a thorough understanding of the concept of accountability through its own findings.

Regulation of the EU Financial Markets

Author : Danny Busch
Publisher : Oxford Eu Financial Regulation
ISBN 13 : 9780198767671
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (676 download)

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Book Synopsis Regulation of the EU Financial Markets by : Danny Busch

Download or read book Regulation of the EU Financial Markets written by Danny Busch and published by Oxford Eu Financial Regulation. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PART I: GENERAL ASPECTS 1: Introduction, Danny Busch and Guido Ferrarini PART II: INVESTMENT FIRMS AND INVESTMENT SERVICES 2: The Scope of MiFID II, Kitty Lieverse 3: Governance of Investment Firms under MiFID II, Jens-Hinrich Binder 4: The Overarching Duty to Act in the Best Interest of the Client in MiFID II, Luca Enriques and Matteo Gargantini 5: Product Governance and Product Intervention, Danny Busch 6: Independent Financial Advice, Paolo Giudici 7: Conflicts of Interest, Stefan Grundmann and Philipp Hacker 8: Inducements, Larissa Silverentand, Jasha Sprecher, and Lisette Simons 9: Agency and Principal Dealing Under MiFID, Danny Busch 10: MiFID II/MiFIR's Regime for Third-Country Firms, Danny Busch & Marije Louisse PART III: TRADING 11: TGovernance and Organization of Trading Venues: The Role of Financial Market Infrastructures Groups, Guido Ferrarini & Paolo Saguato 12: EU Financial Governance and Transparency Regulation: A Test for the Effectiveness of Post-Crisis Administrative Governance, Niamh Moloney 13: SME Growth Markets, Carmine di Noia & Rudiger Veil 14: Dark Trading Under MiFID II, Peter Gomber & Ilya Gvozdevskiy 15: Derivatives: Trading, Clearing, STP, Indirect Clearing, and Portfolio Compression, Rezah Stegeman & Aron Berket 16: Commodity Derivatives, Antonella Sciarrone Alibrandi & Edoardo Grossule 17: Algorithmic Trading and High Frequency Trading, Pierre-Henri Conac 18: An American perspective, Merritt Fox PART IV: SUPERVISION AND ENFORCEMENT 19: Public Enforcement of MiFID II, Christos Gortsos 20: The Private Law Effect of MiFID: the Genil Case and Beyond, Danny Busch PART V: THE BROADER VIEW AND THE FUTURE OF MIFID 21: MiFID II: Picking up the Crumbs of a Piecemeal Approach, Veerle Colaert 22: Shadow Banking and the Functioning of Financial Markets, Eddy Wymeersch 23: Investment-based Crowdfunding: Is MiFID II enough?, Guido Ferrarini & Eugenia Macchiavello.

Capital Markets Law and Compliance

Author : Paul Nelson
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781107404663
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis Capital Markets Law and Compliance by : Paul Nelson

Download or read book Capital Markets Law and Compliance written by Paul Nelson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-02-22 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) is a detailed re-writing of the regulation of capital markets. To the extent those rules permit, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) is also introducing high-level 'principles-based regulation'. In response to this, Paul Nelson presents practical guidance on the regulation of the capital markets, ranging from new issues and IPOs to investment banking, broker-dealing and asset management. All laws and rules relevant to the regulation of the capital markets are explained and put into context within the economic operation of markets, institutions and products, the European Single Market, the FSA's policies and objectives, the historical evolution of the regulations and the general civil and criminal law. Drawing on 30 years' experience as a practitioner, and referring to a vast range of supporting materials, the author provides an insightful analysis and critique of the rules, the rule makers and the institutions.

Private Law in the External Relations of the EU

Author : Marise Cremona
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191062014
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Private Law in the External Relations of the EU by : Marise Cremona

Download or read book Private Law in the External Relations of the EU written by Marise Cremona and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-03-17 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Private Law in the External Relations of the EU is an innovative study of the interactions between EU external relations law and private law, two unrelated fields of law, inverted if private law is understood as regulatory private law - the space where regulatory law intersects with private economic activity. Here the link between the Internal Market and the global market - and thereby international law - is much more prominent. In this book, key questions about the relationship between EU external relations law and private law are answered, including: in what ways might European private law act as a tool to achieve EU external policy objectives, particularly in regulatory fields? How might the quickly developing EU external competence over the procedural dimensions of private law, including private international law, impact on substantive law, both externally and internally? And how is the legal position of private parties affected by EU external relations? In asking these questions, this edited collection opens up a field of enquiry into the so far underexplored relationship between these two fields of law. In doing so, it addresses three different aspects of the relationship: (i) the evolution of the EU competence, (ii) the ways in which EU private law extends its reach beyond the boundaries of the internal market, and (iii) the ways in which the EU contributes to the formation of private regulation at the international level.

Legal Accountability in EU Markets for Financial Instruments

Author : Carl Fredrik Bergström
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192665952
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Legal Accountability in EU Markets for Financial Instruments by : Carl Fredrik Bergström

Download or read book Legal Accountability in EU Markets for Financial Instruments written by Carl Fredrik Bergström and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-12-23 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proper functioning of the EU financial market is protected by public actors - both national and supranational - responsible for rulemaking and supervision of investment firms and other private actors. At the same time the effectiveness of the EU legal system requires vigilance from private actors such as investment firms but also their clients, invoking their rights before national authorities and courts. This means that investment firms have a dual role within the system, turning them into subjects of control and enforcement but also agents in the maintenance of the rule of law. Legal Accountability in EU Markets for Financial Instruments brings together a group of scholars with expertise from different legal disciplines but a shared interest for the EU internal market and the way it develops. It integrates a modern study of the form and function of EU rulemaking in the internal market after the financial crisis. The book includes an evaluation of core aspects of rulemaking in the financial market and that way provides a cross-cutting treatment of EU law. The focus of the book is set on the regulatory framework in MiFIDII and MiFIR and thematic questions around legal mechanisms for accountability and the role of investment firms in the operation of those mechanisms. It further discusses the implications for EU law and the EU legal system and gives readers a thorough understanding of the concept of accountability through its own findings.

Insurance Distribution Directive

Author : Pierpaolo Marano
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030527387
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Insurance Distribution Directive by : Pierpaolo Marano

Download or read book Insurance Distribution Directive written by Pierpaolo Marano and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access volume of the AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation offers the first comprehensive legal and regulatory analysis of the Insurance Distribution Directive (IDD). The IDD came into force on 1 October 2018 and regulates the distribution of insurance products in the EU. The book examines the main changes accompanying the IDD and analyses its impact on insurance distributors, i.e., insurance intermediaries and insurance undertakings, as well as the market. Drawing on interrelations between the rules of the Directive and other fields that are relevant to the distribution of insurance products, it explores various topics related to the interpretation of the IDD - e.g. the harmonization achieved under it; its role as a benchmark for national legislators; and its interplay with other regulations and sciences - while also providing an empirical analysis of the standardised pre-contractual information document. Accordingly, the book offers a wealth of valuable insights for academics, regulators, practitioners and students who are interested in issues concerning insurance distribution.--

Agency Law in Commercial Practice

Author : Danny Busch
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019105836X
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Agency Law in Commercial Practice by : Danny Busch

Download or read book Agency Law in Commercial Practice written by Danny Busch and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-01-28 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores a range of problems in the application of agency law in commercial practice. Moving beyond the limited introductory resources currently available, it "tests" abstract agency law concepts in specific commercial contexts, with reference to jurisdictions around the world. There is an enduring commonality of concepts and principles within agency law, both within the Commonwealth and within the jurisdictions of the United States. The book's comparative approach, drawing together analysis of national and international jurisdictions, provides innovative perspectives and insights, as well as practical guidance on solving commercial problems. The book opens with a detailed introductory chapter which provides a broad overview of the agency issues arising in specific commercial contexts. The subsequent chapters are grouped thematically: company law, financial transactions and services, sale of goods; as well as agency in procedural contexts. Topics covered include the role of the director and directorial board in company law and agency law, agency in shipping law, undisclosed principal in sale of goods cases, regulation of conflicts of interest in securities transactions, poseur-agents and transactional intermediation, the operation of agency in retail financial services, the agent's warranty of authority, and power of attorney. This book is an invaluable resource on both agency theory and commercial practice.

The Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive

Author : Dirk A. Zetzsche
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9041149953
Total Pages : 948 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis The Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive by : Dirk A. Zetzsche

Download or read book The Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive written by Dirk A. Zetzsche and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2015-09-14 with total page 948 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Apart from MiFID, the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD) may be the most important European asset management regulation of the early twenty-first century. In this in-depth analytical and critical discussion of the content and system of the directive, thirty-eight contributing authors – academics, lawyers, consultants, fund supervisors, and fund industry experts – examine the AIFMD from every angle. They cover structure, regulatory history, scope, appointment and authorization of the manager, the requirements for depositaries and prime brokers, rules on delegation, reporting requirements, transitional provisions, and the objectives stipulated in the recitals and other official documents. The challenging implications and contexts they examine include the following: – connection with systemic risk and the financial crisis; - nexus with insurance for negligent conduct; - connection with corporate governance doctrine; - risk management; - transparency; - the cross-border dimension; - liability for lost assets; - impact on alternative investment strategies, and - the nexus with the European Regulation on Long-Term Investment Funds (ELTIFR). Nine country reports, representing most of Europe’s financial centres and fund markets add a national perspective to the discussion of the European regulation. These chapters deal with the potential interactions among the AIFMD and the relevant laws and regulations of Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, The Netherlands, Malta and the United Kingdom. The second edition of the book continues to deliver not only the much-needed discussion of the inconsistencies and difficulties when applying the directive, but also provides guidance and potential solutions to the problems it raises. The second edition considers all new developments in the field of alternative investment funds, their managers, depositaries, and prime brokers, including, but not limited to, statements by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) and national competent authorities on the interpretation of the AIFMD, as well as new European regulation, in particular the PRIIPS Regulation, the ELTIF Regulation, the Regulation on European Venture Capital Funds (EuVeCaR), the Regulation on European Social Entrepreneurship Funds (EUSEFR), MiFID II, and UCITS V. The book will be warmly welcomed by investors and their counsel, fund managers, depositaries, asset managers, administrators, as well as regulators and academics in the field.

Financial Services, Financial Crisis and General European Contract Law

Author : Stefan Grundmann
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 904113526X
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Services, Financial Crisis and General European Contract Law by : Stefan Grundmann

Download or read book Financial Services, Financial Crisis and General European Contract Law written by Stefan Grundmann and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Speculation is rife on the origins of the worldwide financial crisis of 2008, with a preponderance focusing on alleged shortcomings in corporate governance. This book offers a distinct yet complementary perspective: that the most useful path to follow, if we want to understand what happened and forestall its happening again, is through an analysis of contract relationships - specifically, banking contracts entered into in the financial services sector, considered under the rubric of contract law rather than company law. Because banking is the area of European contract law which is most thoroughly developed, banking contracts can be seen as paradigmatic of typical assumptions and shortcomings often examined in the more general debate on contract law. And indeed, the very thoroughness of European banking contract law makes it a promising ground on which to build effective preventive measures. In this book thirteen noted scholars, recognizing that modern contract law must take into account global markets and risks, consider banking contracts within networks and within mass transactions. Always attending to the long-term relationships that characterize financial services contracts, they focus on such cross-sector issues as the following: rule-setting and the question of who should best regulate and at which level; networks of contracts as the backbone of a market economy; the complex interplay between market regulation and traditional contract law; avoiding erroneous assumptions about the future development of prices; the passing on of the risk via securitization; rating relationships affected by conflicts of interests; remuneration problems; core duties of information and advice in an agency relationship in services; fiduciary duties of loyalty and care; types of clients and level of protection; differentiation in information available on various markets; and the question of enforcement.