Men Educators Of Color In Us Public Schools And Abroad

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Men Educators of Color in U.S. Public Schools and Abroad

Author : Ashley N. Woodson
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003832865
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Men Educators of Color in U.S. Public Schools and Abroad by : Ashley N. Woodson

Download or read book Men Educators of Color in U.S. Public Schools and Abroad written by Ashley N. Woodson and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-12-11 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reflects the diversity and possibility of critical research in education, with an emphasis on the examination of the intersections of social identities for men teachers of color, and the relationship between social identity and struggles for political and professional agency. The authors address race and race inequality in education and provide a strong theoretical foundation for filling the empirical gap on men teachers of color by engaging in questions such as: How do critical considerations of the intersection of race, gender, and profession inform the future of teacher education? What does it mean to be ‘men’ or ‘of color’ in the context of the teaching profession in the U.S. and abroad? What are the aims of ethnoracial diversity in the field of education? The research included in this edited volume explores topics including, but not limited to, men teachers of color and their perceived pathways to the profession; their perceptions of and partnerships with colleagues of other genders; their sexual and gendered identities and performances; and how they embrace, reject, or negotiate the expectations of performing as a role model in classrooms. Moreover, the chapters provide explicit implications for teachers, teacher educators, university, and PK-12 administrators, education activists, and/or education policymakers. In sum, this volume charts a new landscape in education research for all men teachers of color. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the journal Race Ethnicity and Education.

Black Male Teachers

Author : Chance W. Lewis
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 178190622X
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (819 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Male Teachers by : Chance W. Lewis

Download or read book Black Male Teachers written by Chance W. Lewis and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2013-04-23 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume offers sound suggestions for advancing diversity in the teaching profession. It provides teacher education programs with needed training materials to accommodate Black male students, and school district administrators and leaders with information to help recruit and retain Black male teachers.

Teachers of Color

Author : Rita Kohli
Publisher : Harvard Education Press
ISBN 13 : 9781682536384
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (363 download)

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Book Synopsis Teachers of Color by : Rita Kohli

Download or read book Teachers of Color written by Rita Kohli and published by Harvard Education Press. This book was released on 2021-06 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teachers of Color describes how racism serves as a continuous barrier against diversifying the teaching force and offers tools to support educators who identify as Black, Indigenous, or people of Color on both a systemic and interpersonal level. Based on in-depth interviews, digital narratives, and questionnaires, the book analyzes the toll of racism on their professional experiences and personal wellbeing, as well as their resistance and reimagination of schools. Teacher educator and educational researcher Rita Kohli documents the hostile racial climate that teachers of color experience over the course of their academic and professional lives--first as students and preservice teachers and later in their classrooms and schools. She also highlights the tools of resistance these teachers employ to challenge institutionalized oppression and the kinds of professional development and support they need to thrive. Analyzed through the lens of critical race theory, Teachers of Color exposes the ongoing racialization via counter-stories from thirty racially, geographically, and professionally diverse educators. The book concludes with recommendations that various education stakeholders can employ to improve the racial climates of schools and support the growing diversity of the teaching force. At this critical moment, Kohli offers readers an opportunity to strengthen their racial literacies and better understand the strengths, struggles, and power of teachers of color.

The Color of Teaching

Author : June Gordon
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135699100
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

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Book Synopsis The Color of Teaching by : June Gordon

Download or read book The Color of Teaching written by June Gordon and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2002-11-01 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the major concerns in education at present is how to recruit and attract more teachers from ethnic minorities. In an attempt to move beyond the superficial and simplistic responses as to why these students are not entering teaching this book presents in-depth interviews with over two hundred people from four ethnic groups: African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans and Latinos. These interviewees, many of them teachers or education professionals, express their attitude towards teaching and their understanding of why others may not choose teaching as a career. One of the most significant and surprising findings is that, regardless of academic or socio-economic standing, students from these ethnic groups tend not to be encouraged to enter the teaching profession by their own families communities and peers. The book concludes with a discussion of programmatic changes and calls for the reconceptualization of the role of teachers. Such changes can only arise out of a fundamental change in attitude of communities of color towards teaching which must be led by teachers themselves.

Handbook of Research on Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers

Author : Conra D. Gist
Publisher : American Educational Research Association
ISBN 13 : 093530293X
Total Pages : 1167 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (353 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers by : Conra D. Gist

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers written by Conra D. Gist and published by American Educational Research Association. This book was released on 2022-10-15 with total page 1167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers are underrepresented in public schools across the United States of America, with Black, Indigenous, and People of Color making up roughly 37% of the adult population and 50% of children, but just 19% of the teaching force. Yet research over decades has indicated their positive impact on student learning and social and emotional development, particularly for Students of Color and Indigenous Students. A first of its kind, the Handbook of Research on Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers addresses key issues and obstacles to ethnoracial diversity across the life course of teachers’ careers, such as recruitment and retention, professional development, and the role of minority-serving institutions. Including chapters from leading researchers and policy makers, the Handbook is designed to be an important resource to help bridge the gap between scholars, practitioners, and policy makers. In doing so, this research will serve as a launching pad for discussion and change at this critical moment in our country’s history. The volume’s goal is to drive conversations around the issue of ethnoracial teacher diversity and to provide concrete practices for policy makers and practitioners to enable them to make evidence-based decisions for supporting an ethnoracially diverse educator workforce, now and in the future.

We Want to Do More Than Survive

Author : Bettina L. Love
Publisher : Beacon Press
ISBN 13 : 0807069159
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis We Want to Do More Than Survive by : Bettina L. Love

Download or read book We Want to Do More Than Survive written by Bettina L. Love and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2019-02-19 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2020 Society of Professors of Education Outstanding Book Award Drawing on personal stories, research, and historical events, an esteemed educator offers a vision of educational justice inspired by the rebellious spirit and methods of abolitionists. Drawing on her life’s work of teaching and researching in urban schools, Bettina Love persuasively argues that educators must teach students about racial violence, oppression, and how to make sustainable change in their communities through radical civic initiatives and movements. She argues that the US educational system is maintained by and profits from the suffering of children of color. Instead of trying to repair a flawed system, educational reformers offer survival tactics in the forms of test-taking skills, acronyms, grit labs, and character education, which Love calls the educational survival complex. To dismantle the educational survival complex and to achieve educational freedom—not merely reform—teachers, parents, and community leaders must approach education with the imagination, determination, boldness, and urgency of an abolitionist. Following in the tradition of activists like Ella Baker, Bayard Rustin, and Fannie Lou Hamer, We Want to Do More Than Survive introduces an alternative to traditional modes of educational reform and expands our ideas of civic engagement and intersectional justice.

Teacher Education and Black Communities

Author : Chance W. Lewis
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 162396699X
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Teacher Education and Black Communities by : Chance W. Lewis

Download or read book Teacher Education and Black Communities written by Chance W. Lewis and published by IAP. This book was released on 2014-05-01 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of education has been and will continue to be essential to the survival and sustainability of the Black community. Unfortunately, over the past five decades, two major trends have become clearly evident in the Black community: (a) the decline of the academic achievement levels of Black students and (b) the disappearance of Black teachers, particularly Black males. Today, of the 3.5 million teachers in America’s classrooms (AACTE, 2010) only 8% are Black teachers, and approximately 2% of these teachers are Black males (NCES, 2010). Over the past few decades, the Black teaching force in the U.S. has dropped significantly (Lewis, 2006; Lewis, Bonner, Byrd, & James, 2008; Milner & Howard, 2004), and this educational crisis shows no signs of ending in the near future. As the population of Black students in K-12 schools in the U. S. continue to rise—currently over 16% of students in America’s schools are Black (NCES, 2010)—there is an urgent need to increase the presence of Black educators. The overall purpose of this edited volume is to stimulate thought and discussion among diverse audiences (e.g., policymakers, practitioners, and educational researchers) who are concerned about the performance of Black students in our nation’s schools, and to provide evidence-based strategies to expand our nation’s pool of Black teachers. To this end, it is our hope that this book will contribute to the teacher education literature and will inform the teacher education policy and practice debate.

Black Lives Matter at School

Author : Denisha Jones
Publisher : Haymarket Books
ISBN 13 : 1642595306
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Lives Matter at School by : Denisha Jones

Download or read book Black Lives Matter at School written by Denisha Jones and published by Haymarket Books. This book was released on 2020-12-01 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This inspiring collection of accounts from educators and students is “an essential resource for all those seeking to build an antiracist school system” (Ibram X. Kendi). Since 2016, the Black Lives Matter at School movement has carved a new path for racial justice in education. A growing coalition of educators, students, parents and others have established an annual week of action during the first week of February. This anthology shares vital lessons that have been learned through this important work. In this volume, Bettina Love makes a powerful case for abolitionist teaching, Brian Jones looks at the historical context of the ongoing struggle for racial justice in education, and prominent teacher union leaders discuss the importance of anti-racism in their unions. Black Lives Matter at School includes essays, interviews, poems, resolutions, and more from participants across the country who have been building the movement on the ground.

Millennial Teachers of Color

Author : Mary Elizabeth Dilworth
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781682531433
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (314 download)

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Book Synopsis Millennial Teachers of Color by : Mary Elizabeth Dilworth

Download or read book Millennial Teachers of Color written by Mary Elizabeth Dilworth and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Millennial Teachers of Color explores the opportunities and challenges for creating and sustaining a healthy teaching force in the United States. Noting that a diverse teaching and learning community enhances student achievement, particularly for the underserved and underachieving preK-12 student population, Mary E. Dilworth argues that efforts to recruit, groom, and retain teachers of color are out-of-date and inadequate. She and the contributors offer fresh looks at these millennials and explore their views of the teaching profession; focus attention on their relation to schools and teaching; and consider how these young teachers feel about teaching for social justice. "The mismatch of the current cohort of students we serve to the teachers we recruit and retain is really unforgivable. We need a system of strategic actions that addresses this demographic gap once and for all. This book beautifully covers the reasons why and the results we need to achieve racially and ethnically infused teaching and learning. More importantly, it outlines an impressive framework for getting the job done." --Nancy Zimpher, chancellor emeritus, State University of New York, and Senior Fellow, Rockefeller Institute of Government "Dilworth shines needed light on the work, divergent experiences, nuanced views, and complexities of millennial teachers of color. The perspectives of these educators are indispensable in understanding the near future of US public education." --Nathan Bowling, Tacoma Public Schools, 2016 Washington State Teacher of the Year Contributors Keffrelyn D. Brown Keith C. Catone Genesis Chavez Marcus J. Coleman Hollee Freeman Michael Hansen Socorro Herrera Sarah Ishmael Sabrina Hope King Adam Kuranishi Lindsay Miller Amanda Morales Janice Hamilton Outtz Zollie Stevenson, Jr. Dulari Tahbildar Angela M. Ward Mary E. Dilworth is a former senior vice president of the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education. She currently serves as an independent consultant to nonprofit organizations and educational institutions. Lisa Delpit is the Felton G. Clark Distinguished Professor of Education at Southern University and A&M College. H. Richard Milner IV is the Helen Faison Professor of Urban Education and director of the Center for Urban Education at the University of Pittsburgh, as well as the editor for the Race and Education series.

Dreaming of a Place Called Home

Author : Greg Wiggan
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9463004416
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (63 download)

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Book Synopsis Dreaming of a Place Called Home by : Greg Wiggan

Download or read book Dreaming of a Place Called Home written by Greg Wiggan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-08 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book auto-ethnographically explores the experiences of students and teachers both locally and globally, while addressing the critical intersection of race, class, and gender in education. It explores diversity perspectives on schools and society in Japan, the United States, Bahamas, and Jamaica in regards to living and attending schools in a foreign country; being an international minority student in the U.S.; and being a minority teacher in U.S. public schools. In doing so, the book addresses minority experiences as it seeks to promote agency and advocacy for the underserved both locally and globally, and making the world more humane and inclusive through education. It acknowledges that we live in a global society, and as such, we must become global citizens and ambassadors of the world in which we live. Greg Wiggan is an Associate Professor of Urban Education, Adjunct Associate Professor of Sociology, and Affiliate Faculty Member of Africana Studies at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. His research addresses urban education and urban sociology in the context of school processes that promote high achievement among African American students and other underserved minority student populations. In doing so, his research also examines the broader connections between the history of urbanization, globalization processes and the internationalization of education in urban schools. His books include: Global Issues in Education: Pedagogy, Policy, Practice, and the Minority Experience; Education in a Strange Land: Globalization, Urbanization, and Urban Schools – The Social and Educational Implications of the Geopolitical Economy; Curriculum Violence: America’s new Civil Rights Issue; Education for the New Frontier: Race, Education and Triumph in Jim Crow America (1867–1945); Following the Northern Star: Caribbean Identities and Education in North American Schools; Unshackled: Education for Freedom, Student Achievement and Personal Emancipation; In Search of a Canon: European History and the Imperialist State; and Last of the Black Titans: The Role of Historically Black Colleges and Universities in the 21st Century.

Fugitive Pedagogy

Author : Jarvis R. Givens
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674983688
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

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Book Synopsis Fugitive Pedagogy by : Jarvis R. Givens

Download or read book Fugitive Pedagogy written by Jarvis R. Givens and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-13 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fresh portrayal of one of the architects of the African American intellectual tradition, whose faith in the subversive power of education will inspire teachers and learners today. Black education was a subversive act from its inception. African Americans pursued education through clandestine means, often in defiance of law and custom, even under threat of violence. They developed what Jarvis Givens calls a tradition of “fugitive pedagogy”—a theory and practice of Black education in America. The enslaved learned to read in spite of widespread prohibitions; newly emancipated people braved the dangers of integrating all-White schools and the hardships of building Black schools. Teachers developed covert instructional strategies, creative responses to the persistence of White opposition. From slavery through the Jim Crow era, Black people passed down this educational heritage. There is perhaps no better exemplar of this heritage than Carter G. Woodson—groundbreaking historian, founder of Black History Month, and legendary educator under Jim Crow. Givens shows that Woodson succeeded because of the world of Black teachers to which he belonged: Woodson’s first teachers were his formerly enslaved uncles; he himself taught for nearly thirty years; and he spent his life partnering with educators to transform the lives of Black students. Fugitive Pedagogy chronicles Woodson’s efforts to fight against the “mis-education of the Negro” by helping teachers and students to see themselves and their mission as set apart from an anti-Black world. Teachers, students, families, and communities worked together, using Woodson’s materials and methods as they fought for power in schools and continued the work of fugitive pedagogy. Forged in slavery, embodied by Woodson, this tradition of escape remains essential for teachers and students today.

Handbook of Research on Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers

Author : Conra D. Gist
Publisher : American Educational Research Association
ISBN 13 : 0935302921
Total Pages : 1763 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (353 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers by : Conra D. Gist

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers written by Conra D. Gist and published by American Educational Research Association. This book was released on 2022-10-15 with total page 1763 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers are underrepresented in public schools across the United States of America, with Black, Indigenous, and People of Color making up roughly 37% of the adult population and 50% of children, but just 19% of the teaching force. Yet research over decades has indicated their positive impact on student learning and social and emotional development, particularly for Students of Color and Indigenous Students. A first of its kind, the Handbook of Research on Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers addresses key issues and obstacles to ethnoracial diversity across the life course of teachers’ careers, such as recruitment and retention, professional development, and the role of minority-serving institutions. Including chapters from leading researchers and policy makers, the Handbook is designed to be an important resource to help bridge the gap between scholars, practitioners, and policy makers. In doing so, this research will serve as a launching pad for discussion and change at this critical moment in our country’s history. The volume’s goal is to drive conversations around the issue of ethnoracial teacher diversity and to provide concrete practices for policy makers and practitioners to enable them to make evidence-based decisions for supporting an ethnoracially diverse educator workforce, now and in the future.

African American Males in School and Society

Author : Vernon C. Polite
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807776459
Total Pages : 590 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis African American Males in School and Society by : Vernon C. Polite

Download or read book African American Males in School and Society written by Vernon C. Polite and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this groundbreaking and timely volume Vernon Polite and James Earl Davis have brought together the perspectives and research findings of eminent scholars who study the educational and social lives of African American males. The result is a volume that brims with new outlooks and viewpoints—a refreshing departure from pervasive and oftentimes stereotypical literature about the African American male experience—and gives the reader access to prevalent issues affecting this population today. Thoughtful attention is paid to broader outcomes such as educational attainment, job procurement, and quality of life. These topics are discussed against the backdrop of student background and schooling with the overall aim of improving the academic and social outcomes of this population. “At last, a comprehensive look at the most salient issues that affect the future of African American men. This book provides much more than a ray of hope; it is replete with recommendations and practices that, if implemented, will positively impact educational and social outcomes. Every educator and parent who grapples with the dilemma of educating Black boys and young men should read this book.” —Robert Peterkin, Ph.D., Harvard University's Urban Superintendents Program “School administrations serious about addressing the underachievement and underdevelopment of African American boys and youths will find in this book theoretical and methodological approaches (e.g., practical, just–in–time strategies for implementation). . . . This book will empower readers who are committed to equity and excellence for African American male students.” —Gwendolyn J. Cooke, Ph.D., Director, Urban Services, National Association of Secondary School Principals

Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education Lessons from PISA for the United States

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264096663
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education Lessons from PISA for the United States by : OECD

Download or read book Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education Lessons from PISA for the United States written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2011-05-17 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume combines an analysis of PISA with a description of the policies and practices of those education systems that are close to the top or advancing rapidly, in order to offer insights for policy in the United States.

New England Bound: Slavery and Colonization in Early America

Author : Wendy Warren
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 1631492152
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (314 download)

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Book Synopsis New England Bound: Slavery and Colonization in Early America by : Wendy Warren

Download or read book New England Bound: Slavery and Colonization in Early America written by Wendy Warren and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2016-06-07 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A New York Times Editor’s Choice "This book is an original achievement, the kind of history that chastens our historical memory as it makes us wiser." —David W. Blight Finalist for the Pulitzer Prize Widely hailed as a “powerfully written” history about America’s beginnings (Annette Gordon-Reed), New England Bound fundamentally changes the story of America’s seventeenth-century origins. Building on the works of giants like Bernard Bailyn and Edmund S. Morgan, Wendy Warren has not only “mastered that scholarship” but has now rendered it in “an original way, and deepened the story” (New York Times Book Review). While earlier histories of slavery largely confine themselves to the South, Warren’s “panoptical exploration” (Christian Science Monitor) links the growth of the northern colonies to the slave trade and examines the complicity of New England’s leading families, demonstrating how the region’s economy derived its vitality from the slave trading ships coursing through its ports. And even while New England Bound explains the way in which the Atlantic slave trade drove the colonization of New England, it also brings to light, in many cases for the first time ever, the lives of the thousands of reluctant Indian and African slaves who found themselves forced into the project of building that city on a hill. We encounter enslaved Africans working side jobs as con artists, enslaved Indians who protested their banishment to sugar islands, enslaved Africans who set fire to their owners’ homes and goods, and enslaved Africans who saved their owners’ lives. In Warren’s meticulous, compelling, and hard-won recovery of such forgotten lives, the true variety of chattel slavery in the Americas comes to light, and New England Bound becomes the new standard for understanding colonial America.

Black Female Teachers

Author : Abiola Farinde-Wu
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1787144615
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (871 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Female Teachers by : Abiola Farinde-Wu

Download or read book Black Female Teachers written by Abiola Farinde-Wu and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2017-07-26 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important, timely, and provocative book explores the recruitment and retention of Black female teachers in the United States. There are over 3 million public school teachers in the US, African American teachers only comprise approximately 8 percent of the workforce. Contributions consider the implicit nuances that these teachers experience.

Why Black Men Don't Teach

Author : Joseph R Gibson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (457 download)

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Book Synopsis Why Black Men Don't Teach by : Joseph R Gibson

Download or read book Why Black Men Don't Teach written by Joseph R Gibson and published by . This book was released on 2020-05-13 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to Robert L. Smith, "the achievement gap separating black boys from just about everyone else springs from a powerful, anti-education culture rising in the black community. Parents who undervalue education, and a mass media that peppers youth with the quick, shallow rewards of hip-hop lifestyle, are steering alarming numbers of boys down a dead-end path." Erik Eckholm explained that "terrible schools, absent parents, racism, the decline in blue collar jobs, and a subculture that glorifies swagger over work have all been cited as causes of the deepening ruin of black male youth." They also appear to be a large part of the reason why "nationwide, the percentage of black male teachers is 2.4 percent," according to the National Education Association in 2008. Rather than becoming teachers, Bernard Carver explained that "a growing and alarming number of African American males are either become victims of negative circumstances (e.g., dropping out of school at an early age, being sent to penal institutions, or succumbing to urban violence) or becoming participants in activities that are counterproductive to their development (e.g., involving drugs and gangs)."Black males are generally alienated as students by and from the American public education, and, as a result, are also alienated as potential educators. Janice Hale explained that "African American [male] children do not enter school disadvantaged, they leave disadvantaged. There's nothing wrong with the children but there is clearly something wrong with what happens to them in school." For one, the absence of Black male role models in the classroom is serious obstacle to the education of Black boys. "In order to be a Black man, you have to see a Black man," wrote Jawanza Kunjufu, who estimated that Black men make up less than 2 percent of all public school teachers. "Without Black men role models, our boys learn to see school as for girls and sissies."In addition, Tawannah Allen wrote that "African American male students have traditionally received the most negative treatment by public educators" and, consequently, chronically underachieve academically. Welsing confirmed that "it is little wonder that 98% of all of the Black male children I talk with, who have reached the junior high school level, hate school. Schools and their personnel, like all other aspects of the racist system, do their share to alienate Black males from maximal functioning."