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Mechanisms Of Fouling And Their Mitigation Using Surfactants In The Ultrafiltration Treatment Of Pulp And Paper Mill Extraction Stage Effluent
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Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Fouling and Their Mitigation Using Surfactants in the Ultrafiltration Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill (Extraction Stage) Effluent by : S. Kommineni
Download or read book Mechanisms of Fouling and Their Mitigation Using Surfactants in the Ultrafiltration Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill (Extraction Stage) Effluent written by S. Kommineni and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Mechanism of Fouling and Synthetic Membrane Development for Treating Coating Plant Effluent from a Pulp and Paper Mill by : Surendra Singh
Download or read book The Mechanism of Fouling and Synthetic Membrane Development for Treating Coating Plant Effluent from a Pulp and Paper Mill written by Surendra Singh and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of the membrane is ever increasing with the development of membranes which can tolerate higher temperatures and a wider range of pH. In the pulp and paper industry, to comply with the strict effluent regulations and to reduce the water consumption, more and more water has to be recycled within the process after some internal treatments. Paper coating plant effluent and paper machine white-water are the streams that would allow for the application of membranes in pulp and paper. Therefore, in this research an attempt was made to develop synthetic membranes and also to study the mechanism of fouling for treating these streams. Asymmetric membranes having different pore sizes were prepared from polyethersulfone by the phase inversion technique using casting solutions of different polymer concentrations. These membranes were further modified by coating a thin layer of SPPO (sulfonated polyphenylene oxide) material. Each type of membrane used in this study was characterized in terms of mean pore size, pore size distribution, pore density, surface porosity and surface roughness by solute transport and also by atomic force microscope (AFM). Fouled membranes after ultrafiltration experiments were also characterized. Membranes were tested for laboratory made feed solutions which included clay and/or styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) as solutes to simulate coating plant effluent and white-water from a pulp and paper mill. The mean pore size of the membrane was substantially reduced on coating of a SPPO layer on the membrane surface. The mean pore sizes measured by AFM were about 3.5 times larger than those calculated from solute transport data. Pore sizes, obtained from both AFM and solute transport studies fitted remarkably well to the log-normal distribution curve. A very sharp flux decline was observed immediately after the start of the experiment when membranes were tested for a feed solution containing clay and/or SBR. Flux reduction was attributed mainly to pore plugging and cake layer formation on the membrane surface. A procedure was developed to determine the resistances of cake layer and membrane to the permeate flow. Cake layer resistance to the permeate flow was substantially higher than the resistance of the membrane and hence was the controlling factor. The resistance of the cake layer was, however, lower for the SPPO coated membranes compared to unmodified membranes. Both mass and thickness of cake layer attained their maximum in the first hour of operation and remained unchanged thereafter. Clay particles in the cake layer were substantially smaller in size compared to those in the feed solution. Specific resistance of the cake layer increased while its void space decreased with the operating time. More pore plugging was observed with the membranes having bigger pores. Reduction in the pore densities of the membranes after treating clay/SBR solution indicated that some of the pores were blocked either completely or partially. Characterization of the changes in the membrane morphology after coating a thin layer of SPPO will help in selecting design parameters for the development of a new thin film composite membrane. The usefulness of AFM was demonstrated in studying fouling and also in characterizing the membrane morphology. A detailed study of fouling was also conducted.
Book Synopsis Determination of Fouling Mechanisms for Ultrafiltration of Oily Wastewater by : Leila Safazadeh Haghighi
Download or read book Determination of Fouling Mechanisms for Ultrafiltration of Oily Wastewater written by Leila Safazadeh Haghighi and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of Membrane technology is extensively increasing in water and wastewater treatment, food processing, chemical, biotechnological, and pharmaceutical industries because of their versatility, effectiveness, high removal capacity and ability to meet multiple treatment objectives. A common problem with using membranes is fouling, which results in increasing operating costs due to higher operating pressure losses, membrane downtime needed for cleaning, with associated production loss and manpower costs. In the literature, four different mechanisms for membrane fouling have been studied, which are complete pore blocking, internal pore blinding, partial pore bridging and cake filtration. Mathematical models have been developed for each of these fouling mechanisms. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the membrane fouling mechanisms for one porous and one dense membrane, during ultrafiltration of an emulsified industrial oily wastewater. An experimental system was designed, assembled and operated at the Ford Transmission Plant in Sharonville, Ohio, wherein ultrasonic baths were used for cleaning transmission parts before assembly. The oil wastewater, containing emulsified oils and cleaning chemicals was collected in a batch vessel and then pumped through a porous polyethersulfone, monolithic membrane, and through a dense cuproammonium cellulose membrane unit. For the porous membrane, use of a Dupont's flurosurfactant (FS 63) and backwashing with permeate and for the dense membrane the use of both the flurorosurfactant and sparged air were investigated to reduce membrane fouling. For the porous membrane study, it was observed that the permeate flux was strongly dependent on the transmembrane pressure difference, and addition of the flurosurfactant significantly improved the performance of the membrane. The backwashing cleaning efficiency was found to depend on the duration of backwashing and its frequency. An integrated fouling model was developed by combining the individual models for each fouling mechanism, originally published by Hermia [18], and analysis of the experimental data for ultrafiltration of oily emulsion revealed that the primary mechanism for fouling of the porous membrane was cake filtration. With increasing transmembrane pressure, the role of other mechanisms, such as pore blocking and partial pore bridging, increases, although the effect of cake filtration dominates. Hence, for oily emulsions, methods to disrupt the formation of a cake layer at the membrane surface would have the most impact in increasing the water permeation rates through the membrane. For the dense membrane study, permeate flux also increased with increasing transmembrane pressure difference, as in the porous membrane, and the major mechanisms for fouling were found to be concentration polarization gel layer formation on the membrane surface. In this case, the use of both sparged air and fluorosurfactant, increased the water permeation rates, but the permeation rate improvement with sparged air alone was significantly higher than with fluorosurfactant only. A mathematical model was developed to derive the mass transfer coefficients under the various operation conditions. Future studies will concentrate on improving membrane performance by reducing the impact of the dominant fouling mechanisms, found in this study, for both porous and dense membranes.
Book Synopsis Fouling Study in Ultrafiltration by : Heru Susanto
Download or read book Fouling Study in Ultrafiltration written by Heru Susanto and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Membrane Fouling Study by : Yu-Heng Cheng
Download or read book Membrane Fouling Study written by Yu-Heng Cheng and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Membrane filtration is widely applied to the treatment of sewage, wastewater from the biomedical industry, and flowback water from hydraulic fracturing, but fouling remains a key challenge in these applications. Membrane fouling increases mass transfer resistance and energy consumption. Severely fouled membranes require expensive cleaning or replacement, which increases operating costs and reduces filtration efficiency. Modelling membrane fouling can advance our understanding of filtration processes and improve our ability to predict the onset and severity of fouling. This study focuses on developing fouling models in constant flux crossflow operations, commonly used in industry, and on developing fouling-resistant coatings to mitigate membrane fouling in industrial filtration applications. Two fouling mechanisms from the accepted Hermia’s model, intermediate pore blocking and cake filtration, were modified and combined together to describe fouling in constant flux crossflow ultrafiltration (UF). The model gave a qualitatively good fit to experimental fouling results using rigid latex bead particles and deformable oil droplets. Observations of the model’s accuracy at different fluxes shed light on the physical meaning of the threshold flux: the flux below which cake buildup is negligible and above which cake filtration becomes the dominant fouling mechanism. Although the model that combines intermediate pore blocking (IPB) and cake filtration can qualitatively described fouling by latex beads and emulsified oil, the IPB model fails at high foulant concentrations or high permeate flux. To resolve this issue, the IPB model has been replaced with a complete coverage model (CCM). CCM was combined with the cake filtration model, and then compared to the previous combined IPB/cake filtration model. Constant flux crossflow fouling experiments were conducted using dilute latex bead suspensions and commercial poly(ether sulfone) flat sheet ultrafiltration membranes to investigate the influence of operating conditions (foulant concentration, permeate flux, etc.) on the evolution of transmembrane pressure profile. The CCM/cake filtration combined model provides better agreement with experimental data than does the IPB/cake filtration combined model. To mitigate fouling in oil-water separations, a new approach to preparing hydrophilic membrane coatings based on 1,4-benzoquinone and various commercially available polyetheramines was developed. These coatings, prepared specifically from 1,4-benzoquinone and Jeffamine® EDR 148, poly(benzoquinone-Jeffamine® EDR 148) (p(BQ-EDR 148)), were used to modify polysulfone (PS) ultrafiltration membranes. In fouling experiments using an oil/water emulsion, membranes exhibited comparable fouling resistance to that of a polydopamine (pDA) modified membrane, a commonly used surface-modified membrane. Based on contact angle measurements, p(BQ-EDR 148) and pDA modified membranes have similar levels of hydrophilicity, and both exhibited higher threshold flux values than did their unmodified analogs. Based on their similar threshold flux values, p(BQ-EDR 148) (76 LMH) and pDA modified membranes (74 LMH) should have similar fouling resistance. Moreover, the mean pore size of p(BQ-EDR 148) modified membranes can be tuned, while keeping the pure water permeance constant, by changing the deposition time and molar ratio of benzoquinone to EDR 148 in the modification solution
Book Synopsis Selected Water Resources Abstracts by :
Download or read book Selected Water Resources Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Mechanistic Study of Ultrafiltration Membrane Fouling in the Separation of Molecular - Size Characterized Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents (PHD). by : Sunil Kommineni
Download or read book Mechanistic Study of Ultrafiltration Membrane Fouling in the Separation of Molecular - Size Characterized Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents (PHD). written by Sunil Kommineni and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fouling and Wetting in Membrane Distillation by : Zhangxin Wang
Download or read book Fouling and Wetting in Membrane Distillation written by Zhangxin Wang and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Membrane Fouling by : Alon Yeshayahu Kirschner
Download or read book Membrane Fouling written by Alon Yeshayahu Kirschner and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Membrane systems are used for water treatment in many industries due to their small footprint, low chemical and energy use, and ease of operation. However, membrane fouling remains a challenge, especially for highly concentrated feeds. Fouling increases hydraulic resistance, lowers water permeance and increases energy consumption. Fouled membranes require expensive cleaning or replacement, increasing operating costs. This study focuses on understanding fouling mechanisms in constant flux crossflow operation, commonly used in industry, and on development of novel fouling-resistant membrane coatings. A model combining two accepted fouling mechanisms, intermediate pore blocking and cake filtration, was developed to describe fouling in constant flux crossflow ultrafiltration (UF). The model was fit to experimental fouling results using rigid and deformable particles. Observations of the model's accuracy at different fluxes shed light on the physical meaning of the threshold flux: the threshold flux is the flux below which cake buildup is negligible and above which cake filtration becomes the dominant fouling mechanism. Further development of the model may enable fouling prediction. To mitigate fouling in oil-water separations, two novel membrane coatings were developed. The first coating was based on polydopamine (PDA), a well-established fouling-resistant coating material. Poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC), a polymer zwitterion, was co-deposited with PDA to form a composite coating on polysulfone (PS) UF membranes. Fouling experiments showed that addition of PMPC to PDA significantly improved fouling resistance. The difference in fouling performance is likely due to the strongly hydrophilic surface properties contributed by PMPC. The co-deposition method opens opportunities for expansion of the concept in which PDA acts as a robust platform for the integration of non-fouling co-adsorbates. The second coating addresses a weakness of PDA coatings - their sensitivity to aqueous chlorine. Chlorine is widely used as a disinfectant in water purification processes. Chlorine oxidation results in rapid removal of PDA coatings from membrane surfaces, rendering them vulnerable to fouling. Poly(N-methylaniline) (PNMA) is a polyaniline derivative which contains a tertiary amine, rather than a secondary amine as in PDA, making PNMA less vulnerable to chlorine oxidation. PNMA-modified membranes were more stable and had higher fouling resistance than PDA-modified membranes after chlorine exposure
Book Synopsis Cleaning and Pre-treatment Techniques for Ultrafiltration Membranes Fouled by Pulp and Paper Effluent by : P. Swart
Download or read book Cleaning and Pre-treatment Techniques for Ultrafiltration Membranes Fouled by Pulp and Paper Effluent written by P. Swart and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Foulants in Ultrafiltration of Wwtp Effluent by : Sandy te Poele
Download or read book Foulants in Ultrafiltration of Wwtp Effluent written by Sandy te Poele and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Coagulant Dose and Permeate Flux on Membrane Fouling in a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor-membrane Process by : Masoomeh Karimi
Download or read book Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Coagulant Dose and Permeate Flux on Membrane Fouling in a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor-membrane Process written by Masoomeh Karimi and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The application of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) to wastewater treatment is increasing due to their ability to operate at high biomass concentrations and to deliver effluents of high quality. The major challenges associated with the application of MBRs is fouling which can shorten the useful life of the membrane, increase in the amount of energy consumed, and the cost for membrane cleaning. The main reasons for fouling are the deposition of solids as a cake layer, pore plugging by colloidal particles, adsorption of soluble compounds and biofouling. Fouling is a particular problem for activated sludge membrane bioreactors (AS-MBRs) since this process deals with liquors having a high concentration of total solids as well as dissolved compounds such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The combination of a moving bed biofilm reactor and a membrane reactor (MBBR-MR) has significant potential. It may be considered as a compact wastewater treatment process which can compensate for the drawbacks of AS-MBRs. Readily biodegradable COD is removed in the MBBR while particulate matter is separated by the membrane. To further reduce the membrane fouling the effects of adding an intermediate coagulation stage was investigated critically on membrane fouling. The present study includes an overall assessment of the performance of a combined MBBR-MR system, based on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and membrane fouling mechanism. The required test runs were conducted using pilot-scale MBBR and ultra filtration membrane. The pilot MBBR had a working volume of 1.8 m3 with a 60% carrier fill fraction. The MBBR was operated with loading rate of 78 ± 21 g/m2/d (HRT of 4 h). The ultra-filtration was spiral wound and composed of polyethersulfone (PES) with a pore size of 0.03 microns. The MBBR feed was obtained from a final treated wastewater effluent in a food processing plant located in SW Ontario. In this research, ferric chloride was also employed as a coagulant and influences of different coagulant doses and permeate fluxes on membrane fouling were studied. Based on the experimental results, it was found that the combination of MBBR with membrane filtration can produce a constant high quality permeate that is appropriate for water reuse purposes. The composition analysis of permeate showed that the stream is free of suspended solids and the average COD turns to 75 ± 25 mg/l. In addition, the MBBR had a SCOD removal of 76% ± 7% which is considered as a reasonable efficiency for a single reactor. Operating the membrane without adding coagulant caused rapid fouling in a short time period and the Trans Membrane Pressure (TMP) reached the maximum allowable pressure of 10 psi. However, addition of coagulant was found to decrease the fouling of the membrane as well as increasing the filtration time. The extent of the pre-coagulation effect on membrane fouling was found to strongly depend on the dosage of the coagulant and the MBBR effluent characteristics. A coagulant dose of 400 mg/l with a permeate flux of 7.6 LMH performed the best at reducing membrane fouling. Colloidal fouling was found to be a significant fouling mechanism at low coagulant dose (e.g. 200 mg/l), while cake formation appeared to be mainly responsible for fouling at higher coagulant doses. Permeate flux was found to have a significant effect on the fouling of the membrane. The presence of colloidal matters at low fluxes and TSS at higher fluxes were responsible for fouling of the membrane by blocking the pores and formation of the cake layer on the membrane surface, respectively. Then later addition of Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) inside the factory had a noticeable effect on wastewater characteristics and consequently on fouling of the membrane. A 22% and 31% improvement in TCOD and TSS in the wastewater was observed leading to reduction in the fouling.
Book Synopsis The Mechanism of Fouling and Synthetic Membrane Development for Treating Coating Plant Effluent from a Pulp and Paper Mill by :
Download or read book The Mechanism of Fouling and Synthetic Membrane Development for Treating Coating Plant Effluent from a Pulp and Paper Mill written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effluent Decolorization Technologies for the Pulp and Paper Industry by : T. W. Joyce
Download or read book Effluent Decolorization Technologies for the Pulp and Paper Industry written by T. W. Joyce and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effect of Solute Concentration Factor (CF) on Ultrafiltration Fouling Mechanism by : Oluwajinmi Abidemi Aina
Download or read book Effect of Solute Concentration Factor (CF) on Ultrafiltration Fouling Mechanism written by Oluwajinmi Abidemi Aina and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examined the effect of varying the solute concentration factor on the fouling mechanisms, during ultrafiltration (UF) of natural water. Permeation was conducted in two phases: concentration phase and steady-state phase, at different concentration factor (1, 5, and 10). High peak shear, which is representative of large pulse bubble sparging was applied throughout. Results showed that total UF fouling increases with CF during the concentration phase. The dominant fouling mechanism during a cycle is unaffected by increase in CF. For a given CF, standard blocking was dominant during the first cycle of the concentration phase, while combined cake based (i.e. cake-standard and cake-intermediate) blocking during the first cycle of steady-state phase. A fit between measured CF of organic carbon and the predicted values indicated that total and particulate organic carbon (TOC and POC) concentration in the reactor sample correlated with the CF predicted by modeling (R2>0.97).
Download or read book Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 1810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
Book Synopsis Membrane Fouling During Ultrafiltration for Drinking Water Production by : Doris Jermann
Download or read book Membrane Fouling During Ultrafiltration for Drinking Water Production written by Doris Jermann and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
