Linkages Between Cover Crops Phosphorus Fertilizer Management Soil Health And Phosphorus Bioavailability In Replicated Research Watersheds

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Linkages Between Cover Crops, Phosphorus Fertilizer Management, Soil Health, and Phosphorus Bioavailability in Replicated Research Watersheds

Author : Laura Marie Starr
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Linkages Between Cover Crops, Phosphorus Fertilizer Management, Soil Health, and Phosphorus Bioavailability in Replicated Research Watersheds by : Laura Marie Starr

Download or read book Linkages Between Cover Crops, Phosphorus Fertilizer Management, Soil Health, and Phosphorus Bioavailability in Replicated Research Watersheds written by Laura Marie Starr and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phosphorus (P) pollution from agricultural remains a persistent and complex problem that negatively affects freshwater quality, causing harmful algal blooms and eutrophication. Phosphorus can be lost from fields as sediment bound solids and dissolved in leachate or runoff. Phosphorus is cycled through the soil ecosystem via biotic and abiotic interactions as organic or inorganic compounds. Conservation practices such as no-till and cover cropping have been promoted as ways to promote soil health and reduce sediment loss from cropping systems. A growing body of research has documented increased dissolved reactive P in runoff from cover crops. It is not clear how conservation management interacts with P fertilizer management, nor what their impact is on the biogeochemical cycling of P and its potential for loss. The objective of this study was to document the impact of cover crops and P fertilizer management on P bioavailability and stratification, as well as investigate changing nutrient status on microbial biomass P (MB-P) and the activity of P cycling enzymes. In 2014, a field scale experiment was established in a no-till, corn-soybean cropping system, at the Kansas Agricultural Watershed in NE Kansas. The experiment was organized as a 2*3 full factorial with eighteen, 0.5 ha watersheds, in a randomized complete block design. A cover crop treatment consisted of cover crop (CC) or no cover crop (NC), was implemented with three P fertilizer management treatments; fall surface broadcast diammonium phosphate (FB), spring subsurface injected ammonium polyphosphate (SI), or no P fertilizer (NP). The first objective was accomplished by measuring the gross P pools such as total P (P[subscript]T), and total organic P (P[subscript]O), as well as bioavailable P pools such as water extractable P (P[subscript]W), and 2 mM citric acid extractable P (P[subscript]C), at the 0-5 cm depth (spring/fall 2018 and 2019), and 5-10/10-15 cm depths (fall 2018, and spring/fall 2019). Additionally, we used diffusive gradient thin films (P[subscript]DGT) to measured total soil-water available P, and Mehlich-III (P[subscript]M) to measure the agronomically relevant P, at the 0-5 cm depth (spring/fall 2018 and 2019). The second objective was addressed by measuring MB-P, and P cycling enzyme activity (acid and alkaline phosphatase, and phosphodiesterase) at the 0-5 cm depth, in fall 2018 and spring/fall 2019. We documented P stratification of P[subscript]T in all treatments in fall 2018 and spring 2019, but reduced stratification in NP, and increased stratification in FB and SI by fall 2019. Total organic P was highest in the 5-10 cm depth in FB and SI in spring/fall 2019. While NP treatments almost always had less P than the fertilized treatments, it had either the same or more P[subscript]O than FB and SI. The labile pools of P, P[subscript]W and P[subscript]C, were stratified in FB*CC, FB*NC, SI*CC treatments but not in SI*NC, NP*NC, NP*CC in spring 2019 (P[subscript]W) and fall 2018 and spring 2019 (P[subscript]C). There were cover crop*P fertilizer interactions in the 0-5 cm depth where a SI*CC increased the amount of P compared to SI*NC in P[subscript]W (spring 2019), P[subscript]C (fall 2018 and spring 2019), and P[subscript]DGT (spring 2019). Cover crops did not affect the amount of P[subscript]W, P[subscript]C, P[subscript]DGT, or P[subscript]M in the 0-5 cm depth of NP or FB fertilizer management at any time. Cover crops reduced the amount of P[subscript]C at 5-10 cm (fall 2018 and spring 2019) and P[subscript]DGT at 10-15 cm (fall 2019). Almost identical P fertilizer * cover crop interactions from P[subscript]C and P[subscript]DGT was detected in MB-P in spring/fall 2019. Cover crops consistently increased P cycling enzyme activity compared to NC treatments. The MB-P was higher in fertilized plots compared to NP treatments in all seasons. Low MB-C:P in NP treatments suggest conditions for P immobilization by microorganisms, possibly contributing to organic P pools. These results suggest that cover crops could be translocating P in spring subsurface applied ammonium polyphosphate, that was then being stored in labile P pools, such as MB-P. At the same time, cover crops may be increasing the potential for organic P mineralization in all fertilizer management treatments. This body of research demonstrates that cover cropping and P fertilizer management in no-till corn-soybean cropping systems interact, changing where and how P is stored and cycled. Further research will be necessary to develop more nuanced management recommendations to optimize soil fertility and reduce P loss to runoff.

Cover Crop and Phosphorus Fertilizer Management Implications for Water Quality in a No-till Corn-soybean Rotation

Author : Robert Elliott Carver
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Cover Crop and Phosphorus Fertilizer Management Implications for Water Quality in a No-till Corn-soybean Rotation by : Robert Elliott Carver

Download or read book Cover Crop and Phosphorus Fertilizer Management Implications for Water Quality in a No-till Corn-soybean Rotation written by Robert Elliott Carver and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient required for crop growth with finite global reserves. Although naturally occurring concentrations of total P in soils may greatly exceed crop demand, quantities of readily plant-available P in soil solution are typically very low. As such, agricultural producers regularly apply P-containing fertilizers to help optimize crop yields. While applications of P fertilizers may improve crop performance, losses of P from non-point agricultural sources are a known contributor to the degradation of surface water quality with excessive P inputs leading to eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and increased water treatment costs. Acknowledging the importance of P in production agriculture and the role it plays in water quality it is imperative to develop agricultural management systems designed to promote crop yields while protecting water quality. This study explores the interplay between winter grown cover crops and P fertilizer management practice in relation to annual concentrations and loads of total suspended solids, total P, and dissolved reactive P in surface runoff generated by natural precipitation events for a no-till corn (Zea mays)-soybean (Glycine max) rotation located in the Central Great Plains. To explain the mechanisms behind the potential implications of altering cover crop and/or P fertilizer management practice in relation to water quality, this study examined temporal/seasonal variability in surface runoff water quality, changes in soil fertility status, and the impact of winter cereal cover crop species on potential P release and nutrient cycling. The majority of this research was conducted at the Kansas Agricultural Watershed (KAW) field laboratory located near Manhattan, KS, USA, from September 2015 through September 2019. This study utilized three methods of P fertilizer management (no P, fall broadcast P, and spring injected P) each expressed with and without a winter grown cover crop. The spring injected method of P fertilizer application consistently lost less total P and DRP compared to the fall broadcast method of applying P fertilizer highlighting the importance of using P fertilizer placement to protect water quality. Findings from this study show that the addition of a cover crop during a normally fallow period increased dissolved reactive P loss in 3 of 4 years representing an unintended consequence of a traditionally recognized conservation practice. Cover crops also decreased sediment loss with greater reductions in sediment loss coming from the P fertilized cover crop treatments. Soil test data for samples collected from KAW field lab found that spring subsurface placement of P fertilizer did not result in lesser concentrations of either Mehlich-III not total P in the top 0-5 cm compared to fall broadcast P. The spring injected P fertilizer without a cover crop treatment had lesser concentrations of water-extractable P (WEP) in the top 0-2.5 cm compared to the fall broadcast with and without cover crop treatments; however, when a cover crop was added to the spring injected treatment, WEP was found to be equal to the two fall broadcast treatments The final portion of this research was conducted from fall 2019 through fall 2021 at locations near both Manhattan, KS, USA and Leonardville, KS, US, and examined the impact of six choices in winter cereal cover crops [included winter barley (Hordeum vulgare), winter oat (Avena sterilis), cereal rye (Secale cereale), triticale (X Tritico-secale), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), and Cereal Killer Blend (1:1:1:1 of barley:oat:rye:triticale)] on P release from cover crop tissue, residue persistence, and the effect of cover crop choice on nutrient cycling throughout the cash crop growing season. This study found winter wheat to have the greatest potential for P release immediately following termination; however, after one week post termination, P concentrations in winter wheat residues were similar to other observed cover crops. Oats were observed to have lowest residue persistence and also to release assimilated nutrients faster than the remaining species. Marginal differences between winter barley, cereal rye, and triticale were observed with regards to P concentration, residue persistence, and nutrient cycling; however, these differences were not biologically significant. Results from this and the aforementioned studies highlight the importance and implications of management decisions when developing agricultural management practices to protect surface water quality.

Cover Crop and Phosphorus Fertilizer Management Effects on Phosphorus Loss and Nutrient Cycling

Author : Robert Elliott Carver
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Cover Crop and Phosphorus Fertilizer Management Effects on Phosphorus Loss and Nutrient Cycling by : Robert Elliott Carver

Download or read book Cover Crop and Phosphorus Fertilizer Management Effects on Phosphorus Loss and Nutrient Cycling written by Robert Elliott Carver and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phosphorus (P) loss from non-point agricultural sources has been identified as a main contributor to degraded surface water quality throughout the United States. Excessive P inputs to surface waters can lead to eutrophication, increased water treatment costs, and negative health impacts. Therefore, agricultural best management practices (BMP) that promote water quality, through minimizing P loss, must be identified. Studies outlined in this thesis aim to determine the impacts of cover crops and P fertilizer placement on P loss in surface runoff and nutrient cycling in a no-till corn (Zea mays)-soybean (Glycine max) rotation and provide insight into how cover crop species selection and termination method affects potential P loss from crop tissue. The first study examined combined effects of cover crop and P fertilizer placement on total P, dissolved reactive P (DRP) and sediment losses in surface runoff from natural precipitation events. This large-scale field study was conducted near Manhattan, Kansas, at the Kansas Agricultural Watershed (KAW) Field Laboratory during the 2016 and 2017 cropping years. Two levels of cover crop [no cover crop (NC) and cover crop (CC)] and three levels of P fertilizer management [no P (CN), fall broadcast P (FB), and spring injected P (SI)] were used. Flow-weighted composite water samples were collected from precipitation events generating greater than 2.0 mm of surface runoff. Results from this study found the CC treatment increased DRP losses compared to NC in both cropping years; however, CC reduced sediment loss by over 50% compared to NC. Application of P fertilizer increased DRP losses compared CN in both cropping years, although SI resulted in lower quantities of DRP loss compared to FB. In addition, this study found that CC reduced biomass and yield of corn compared to NC and therefore decreased nutrient uptake, removal, and deposition during the 2017 cropping year. However, no negative impacts of CC on biomass or yield were observed during the 2015 (corn) and 2016 (soybean) cropping years. Application of P fertilizer increased the concentration of Melich-3 P and total P in the top 0-5 cm of soil compared to CN; however, no differences between P fertilizer management practice were observed for concentrations of Melich-3 P at 5-15 cm. A greenhouse-based study determined the impacts of cover crop species (brassica, grass, and legume), termination method (clipping, freezing, and herbicide), and time after termination (1, 7, and 14 days after termination) on total P and water-extractable P (WEP) release from cover crop biomass. Freezing increased WEP concentration of crop tissue by more than 140% compared to clipping and herbicide. Additionally, at 7 and 14 days after termination, both concentration of WEP and fraction of WEP compared total P increased compared to 1 DAT. Findings from these studies suggest the use of cover crops may unintentionally result in greater DRP losses in surface runoff. However, addition of a cover crop can dramatically reduce erosion losses. In addition, cover crop species selection can directly impact the quantity of P being taken up and released by crop tissue. Understanding the impact of crop species selection may help create new BMPs which aim to reduce P loss.

Minimizing Phosphorus and Nitrogen Loss from Agricultural Systems with Cover Crops and Tillage in Southern Illinois

Author : Ashani Thilakarathne
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Minimizing Phosphorus and Nitrogen Loss from Agricultural Systems with Cover Crops and Tillage in Southern Illinois by : Ashani Thilakarathne

Download or read book Minimizing Phosphorus and Nitrogen Loss from Agricultural Systems with Cover Crops and Tillage in Southern Illinois written by Ashani Thilakarathne and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production in Illinois has a significant impact on the economy and environmental footprint in the state and the Midwest region. Nutrient leaching from Midwestern agricultural fields is one of the major reasons for the hypoxic zone developed in the Gulf of Mexico. Winter-fallow and early spring (after fertilizer application) are the two most critical periods for nutrient leaching due to increased precipitation and availability of nutrients. Cover crops (CCs) in these seasons are a promising best management practice (BMP) to reduce nutrient leaching in the winter-fallow season. No-till (NT) and reduced tillage (RT) are some other BMPs that farmers in Illinois adopt to reduce erosion. The adoption of CCs is limited due to the lack of knowledge and data on the yield and environmental benefits of CCs in different climatic and soil regimes. Thereby, this doctoral dissertation addresses several critical questions about CC and tillage impacts in claypan soils of southern Illinois with four principal projects with multiple objectives. Research study 1 was a field experiment conducted from 2013-to 2021 to understand the effect of CCs (CCs vs. noCC) and two tillage (NT and RT) practices on soil nitrate-N leaching. The experimental design was a complete randomized design with CC treatments that had two levels (two crop rotations) corn-cereal rye (Secale cereale L.)-soybean-hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R.) [CcrShv] and corn-noCC-soybean-noCC [CncSnc] and tillage treatments with two levels (NT and RT) replicated three times in the field. Each plot had a pan lysimeter installed below the A horizon (22-30 cm depth) to collect water samples weekly or biweekly depending on the rainfall. The corn yield was significantly greater in RT rotations compared to NT rotations with a 36% increase in the yield in 2019 and 2021 corn rotations. The yield was significantly greater in CcrShv rotations compared to the CncSnc rotations. The greatest yield was observed in the interaction of CcrShv-RT in all years. This increase in yield is inversely correlated to the remaining soil N values when the N credit from CCs was not accounted for. Soil nitrate-N leaching was significantly greater in CcrShv rotations compared to the CncSnc rotation in 2021 indicating vetch CC biomass decomposition can lead to increased leaching losses if the window between CC termination and corn planting is not minimized. Precipitation during the early spring can play a vital role in flushing the newly applied fertilizer as well as the N released from decomposing CC residue. The excessively wet year of 2019 showed that N losses are dominated by both nitrate-N leaching and nitrous oxide emissions, but in a typical growing season N losses are dominated by leaching compared to emissions. Research study 2 was designed to better understand the N cycling and fate of applied N in a complete corn-soybean rotation in southern Illinois with CCs and tillage practices. The research was overlayed in the same field with the same crop rotation and tillage practices. In this study, 15N labeled urea fertilizer (9.2% atom) was applied before the corn and soybean seasons. Soil, water, and biomass samples were collected to understand N distribution in each pool. In the corn season in 2017 a significantly greater 15N recovery was observed in CC (CcrShv) plots compared to the noCC plots in the sample collected seven days after planting (DAP). In the CC and depth interaction, a significantly greater 15N recovery was observed in 15-30 cm depth showing that the increased macropores due to CCs can lead to subsurface movement of N through the topsoil. The 15N recovery in water samples was high in CncSnc rotations in the cereal rye season but was significantly greater in CcrShv rotations (8.95 kg ha-1) in hairy vetch seasons. In the two years of complete rotation, the cumulative 15N recovery (quantity derived from fertilizer in water) was significantly greater in CC rotation. In the corn plants, the 15N recovered from the soil was greater than the 15N recovered from fertilizer. This shows the importance of the residual N from prior fertilizer and organic matter input. In the cereal rye season, CCs recovered significantly greater 15N from fertilizer compared to noCC rotations, assuring that cereal rye is an effective nutrient scavenger. A similar pattern was observed in the hairy vetch season as well. However, the soybean 15N recovery was greater in noCC rotations compared to CC rotations. The third study was a field trial on CCs and tillage to understand their individual and combined impact on soil physical parameters. Soil physical parameters were first measured in 2014 and were repeated in 2021. Bulk density at the 0-5 cm depth was 5% lower in 2021 compared to 2014 with the lowest BD in CC rotations with RT practices. For the depth of 0-15 cm, the lowest BD was observed in CC rotation with RT but, the largest reduction was observed in the CC rotation with NT. The wet aggregate stability was improved from 15-28 % over the years in all rotations. The lowest percentage improvement was observed in noCC rotation with RT practice. Penetration resistance was significantly lower in CC plots for the depth of 0-2.5 cm. CCs further improved the time to runoff in plots even though the infiltration rates were not affected. Chemical soil health indices were not significant overtime for CCs or tillage practices. However, a large number of earthworm counts were observed in NT systems compared to RT systems. The final project was a field trial to identify the soil P response to the CC and tillage practices. For this study, three different CC rotations, [corn-cereal rye-soybean-hairy vetch / corn-cereal rye-soybean-oats+radish / corn-noCC-soybean-noCC] and two tillage practices (NT and RT) were used. Soil samples were collected after the corn harvest in 2015 and 2021 and were analyzed for soil Phosphorus (P), inorganic P fractions by Chan and Jackson method, and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in leachate. The soil Mehlich-3 and Bray-1 P values indicate a great concentration of P in 0-15 cm depth for both years. More refined sampling in 2021 showed that the majority of P in 0-15 cm depth concentrates at the near-surface soil, in 0-5 cm depth irrespective of the CC and tillage treatment. Inorganic soil P fractions were not significantly different between CCs or tillage practices over time. Yet, irrespective of the treatment the non- labile P forms increased in 2021in the soil compared to 2015. The average and cumulative DRP values were highly dependent on the precipitation amounts and timing. However, in general, NT systems had greater average and cumulative DRP leaching compared to RT in both years. In general, CCs in the winter-fallow season is a good recommendation for farms that seek to maximize their production with a minimal environmental footprint. In the long run, CCs can improve soil physical and chemical properties which ultimately can increase the yield potential for corn and soybean. The added benefit of N credit due to leguminous CCs can reduce the fertilizer inputs. The CC benefits including the reduction in nutrient leaching depend on the type of CCs used in the field. More importantly, the CC termination time will be critical to obtain the maximum benefit of CCs. Even though the NT practices improve soil physical properties, long-term NT can increase the risk of soil P stratification in near-surface soils and can ultimately lead to more P loss via erosion, runoff, and soil water leaching. However, the combined use of CC and NT practices can help minimize the potential for erosion and runoff.

Legacy Phosphorus in Agriculture: Role of Past Management and Perspectives for the Future

Author : Luke Gatiboni
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889663574
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Legacy Phosphorus in Agriculture: Role of Past Management and Perspectives for the Future by : Luke Gatiboni

Download or read book Legacy Phosphorus in Agriculture: Role of Past Management and Perspectives for the Future written by Luke Gatiboni and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-01-07 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Effects of Cover Crops on Phosphorus Cycling in Agricultural Soils of California

Author : Gabriel Maltais-Landry
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of Cover Crops on Phosphorus Cycling in Agricultural Soils of California by : Gabriel Maltais-Landry

Download or read book The Effects of Cover Crops on Phosphorus Cycling in Agricultural Soils of California written by Gabriel Maltais-Landry and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phosphorus (P) limits agricultural productivity because most soil P is found in pools of low plant-availability and external inputs that are used to increase plant-available P are only partially recovered in crops, resulting in low P use efficiency (PUE). Cover crops could reduce external P input requirements, increase PUE and stimulate soil P cycling by mobilizing soil P and by retaining soil P via plant uptake, especially in low-input agricultural systems. This dissertation seeks to determine if cover crops have similar effects on soil P cycling in intensive agricultural systems with relatively high soil P, using two long-term experiments in California, greenhouse experiments and nutrient budgets. In both field and laboratory conditions, legume cover crops had a greater potential to mobilize soil P than other cover crops, although in practice they did not mobilize soil P. In contrast, cereals had the strongest effect on soil P availability and P cycling by taking up more soil P than other cover crops. Regardless of cover crop type, P taken up in cover crop biomass was recycled rapidly in these systems: cover crop residues and mineral fertilizer contributed similarly to soil pools and wheat P uptake, with a greater contribution at lower soil P availability. However, cover crops had relatively small effects on long-term soil P dynamics relative to compost addition that was the main factor driving differences in P budgets computed at the farm-scale. Overall, cover crops have the potential to affect soil P cycling in these systems with relatively high soil P, although to a lesser degree than do composts.

Mitigating Phosphorus Loss in Runoff from Agricultural Soils

Author : Francis Opoku
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Mitigating Phosphorus Loss in Runoff from Agricultural Soils by : Francis Opoku

Download or read book Mitigating Phosphorus Loss in Runoff from Agricultural Soils written by Francis Opoku and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eutrophication of surface waters caused by excessive phosphorus (P) loading is of water quality concern because of its promotion of algal blooms. Cover crops reduce total P (TP) loads in runoff and erosion but have been reported as potential source of dissolved reactive P (DRP) to runoff during winter due to lysis of cover crop cells by freeze-thaw cycles (FTC). However, the effects of cover crops on runoff P could be influenced by other factors such as species and age of cover crop, herbicide termination of cover crop, and soil test P (STP). Experiments were conducted to assess P release from cover crops -- oat (Avena sativa), cereal rye (Secale cereale), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), red clover (Trifolium pratense) and mustard (Brassica nigra) to runoff DRP. Freeze-thaw cycles elevated P release from cover crops but their impact was reduced when mature cover crops acclimatized at cooler temperatures in the field prior to laboratory extractions. The amounts of DRP contributing to runoff by cover crops was low relative to their tissue P pools and water extractable P (WEP) release under laboratory FTC conditions. Since red clover and mustard typically had less biomass than oat and cereal rye, they contributed minimally or to no detectable DRP amounts to runoff P. Particulate P (PP) and Total (TP) in runoff differed by cover crop species while herbicide application increased runoff DRP contribution by some species of cover crops. Runoff DRP and TP were higher in fall than spring whether cover crops were killed with herbicide or left to grow over winter. Generally, the STP range of these studies, 11 to 32 mg Olsen P kg-1 soil, did not impact cover crop biomass size nor their contribution to runoff DRP despite the high levels (45 to 63 mg kg-1) of WEP released from cover crops. The results of this study suggest that cover crop species selection, management of cover crop biomass and termination of cover crop, either by cutting late in the fall or by leaving it on the field over winter, are essential practices that should be adopted to minimize environmental P risk management.

Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutrophication

Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1428907629
Total Pages : 42 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (289 download)

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Book Synopsis Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutrophication by :

Download or read book Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutrophication written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Sustainable Phosphorus Management

Author : Roland W. Scholz
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400772505
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Phosphorus Management by : Roland W. Scholz

Download or read book Sustainable Phosphorus Management written by Roland W. Scholz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-03-12 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes a pathway for sustainable phosphorus management via the Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus Management project (Global TraPs). Global TraPs is a multi-stakeholder forum in which scientists from a variety of disciplines join with key actors in practice to jointly identify critical questions and to articulate what new knowledge, technologies and policy processes are needed to ensure that future phosphorus use is sustainable, improves food security and environmental quality and provides benefits for the poor. The book offers insight into economic scarcity and identifies options to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impacts of anthropogenic phosphorus flows at all stages of the supply and use chain.

Effects of Cover Crops and Compost on Phosphorus Cycling in Calcareous Soils

Author : Erin C. Rooney
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780355855913
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (559 download)

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Book Synopsis Effects of Cover Crops and Compost on Phosphorus Cycling in Calcareous Soils by : Erin C. Rooney

Download or read book Effects of Cover Crops and Compost on Phosphorus Cycling in Calcareous Soils written by Erin C. Rooney and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Producers of dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the High Plains region of the western United Stated (US) are challenged by low crop available moisture and calcareous soils. Attempts to reduce wind erosion and increase yields are a balancing act of maintaining profitability while improving soil health. In 2016-2017, greenhouse and incubation studies were conducted to evaluate a one-time high rate compost application followed by cover crop treatments on subsequent winter wheat biomass and phosphorus (P) availability. Selected cover crop species included forage radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum L.), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and oat ( Avena sativa L.). Soil was analyzed for available, reserve, fixed, and organic P. Microbial parameters included enzyme assays for acid phosphatase as well as carbon and nitrogen cycling enzymes. Incorporated faba and radish residues led to greater wheat biomass, available P, and reserve P, while soil with faba residue had significantly more activity of every enzyme measured as well as more organic P concentration compared to soil mixed with residue from any other species. While compost addition increased the fixed P fraction in the soil, it also had greater wheat biomass compared with biomass in the un-amended soil. The effect of compost addition on available P was most significant following initial application. When any cover crop treatment was substituted for fallow, wheat biomass and available P increased. These findings emphasize the importance of timing to integrating cover crops into a non-irrigated system, and identify the benefits of implementing cover crops in a calcareous soil.

Phosphorus Dynamics in a Changing Agroecosystem Landscape

Author : Curt McConnell
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (138 download)

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Book Synopsis Phosphorus Dynamics in a Changing Agroecosystem Landscape by : Curt McConnell

Download or read book Phosphorus Dynamics in a Changing Agroecosystem Landscape written by Curt McConnell and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The availability of soil phosphorus (P) for plants changes as soil develops, limiting plant growth in early successional stages as P slowly releases from parent material and doing so again in late soil weathering stages as the little remaining P in system is slowly fixed by the soil matrix. Managing P deficiencies in many agricultural systems requires using P fertilizers, as grain and hay harvest export nutrients from the soil-plant systems. However, in the post-Green Revolution world, P excesses from over-fertilization are ubiquitous. Phosphorus removed with grain from one region is sometimes redeposited as manure in a different region, which gradually increases the soil P content and that which is lost from hydrologic transport. Agricultural P pollution is the principal driver of aquatic ecosystem eutrophication; optimizing on farm soil P levels is therefore essential to sustainable food and fuel production. Sustainable production systems are ever-more reliant on precision technology, predicated on analytical procedures that require a strong theoretical framework of the biogeochemical P cycle. Knowing when and where P will be in excess or deficient and how it cycles in varying soils and conditions are integral steps to building the most reliable nutrient models and decision support tools. Gaps in the understanding of P are reflected in poor model conceptualizations and in uncertainties of model results. Research efforts in this work towards filling these gaps (Chapter 2) include increasing the resolution of vertical P distribution measurements (Chapter 3), exploring the controls on the microbial cycling of P using oxygen-18 tracers (Chapter 4), and applying models to test new production systems that will ultimately shape the P cycle (Chapter 5). One example of a gap in understanding soil P dynamics was the failure to predict increased soluble P losses from no-till agricultural systems, despite long knowing the practice stratifies P at the surface. Prior to this research, measurements of stratification were taken in 5-10 cm increments, which may obscure the distribution of P at the surface extremes and thereby underestimate surface P loss potential. I designed a new sampling tool was designed to extract thin cross sections of the surface soil in 1-cm increments. It revealed that most nutrients are more stratified within the top 5-cm, a pattern typically obscured by routine sampling. Understanding the cycling of P has also been slowed by the absence of stable isotope P tracers. To overcome this limitation, using oxygen-18 to trace P dynamics has gained traction over the past decade. As microbes process phosphate labeled with oxygen-18 (18OPO4), the oxygen in the phosphate molecule reaches isotopic equilibrium with soil water; thus, the extent of the microbial P cycling can be tracked by following the oxygen-18 in phosphates. However, based on the research reviewed and conducted in this dissertation to test whether P saturation and P content affected microbial P use, there was no measured equilibration of 18OPO4. This points to either slower turnover of soil P than previously thought, a portion of the Mehlich-3 pool untapped by microbes, a lack of measurement sensitivity, or issues with divergent equilibration depending on the methods of 18O tracer introduction. These limitations have only been vaguely addressed in the literature before. Clarifying such limitations is a necessary step to improving the use of oxygen-18 as a P tracer, our understanding of P biogeochemical cycling, and ultimately the representation of P cycling in models. Systems modeling can represent complex, large scale processes without in-field experimentation that become unfeasible at the scope of watersheds. P losses from erosion, runoff, and through tile drains in agricultural systems are a significant contributor to P pollution. Planting cover crops is an effective means of controlling nutrient losses, but the earlier onset of winter in northern latitudes can hamper establishment of cover crops planted after the cash crop. Interseeding cover crops between the rows of growing cash crops can help improve cover crop establishment and provide ecosystem services. I used the Cycles model to simulate overall crop yields, interspecific competition, and nutrient losses and to determine at what latitude the tradeoffs of interseeding could be minimalized. The model showed this to be around latitude 41°N, where the benefits of interseeding outweigh the potential corn yield drag. The constant feedback between model performance and experimental results is what improves our understanding biogeochemical P cycling in agroecosystems. Knowing how P is distributed, how it is cycled, and how the surrounding landscape is changing due to aggressive human alteration of the P cycle globally, regionally, and within soil profiles, will enable better modeling and implementation of sustainable management practices.

Use of Aquatic Cover Crops for Phosphorus Control on Organic Soils

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis Use of Aquatic Cover Crops for Phosphorus Control on Organic Soils by :

Download or read book Use of Aquatic Cover Crops for Phosphorus Control on Organic Soils written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Impacts of Freeze-thaw Processes on Phosphorus Release from a Variety of Cover Crop Species in a Temperate Climate

Author : James Cober
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Impacts of Freeze-thaw Processes on Phosphorus Release from a Variety of Cover Crop Species in a Temperate Climate by : James Cober

Download or read book Impacts of Freeze-thaw Processes on Phosphorus Release from a Variety of Cover Crop Species in a Temperate Climate written by James Cober and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover crops (CC) are grown by farmers as an agricultural best management practice (BMP) to improve soil health during the non-growing season (NGS), and potentially reduce soil erosion. Some managers have cautioned against the use of CC due to their potential to act as sources of phosphorus (P) following exposure to freeze-thaw cycles (FTC), given that P has been strongly linked to eutrophication and algal blooms in freshwater systems. Existing literature on the effects of FTC on CC has indicated that the degree of P leaching may be influenced by multiple factors, including the number and/or magnitude of FTC, CC species, and the duration, intensity, and type of leaching event. However, much of the research has been done in laboratory studies, using conditions that are not representative of temperate climates or practices used in Southern Ontario. The objectives of this thesis were to evaluate the effects of FTC intensity and CC species on P release, using conditions and CC species commonly used in Ontario. These objectives were addressed in two separate experiments. The first experiment was done in the laboratory, where clippings of five CC species were exposed to five FTC at varying intensities (4 °C, -4 to 4 °C, -18 to 4 °C, and -18 to 10 °C), prior to extraction of P and nitrogen (N). The impact of termination was evaluated by comparing living CC samples to CC which were terminated with glyphosate. The second experiment was done in the field, and included seven plots of different CC species and mixtures. Plant and soil samples were analysed for P content throughout the NGS, and runoff and shallow groundwater were sampled on an event basis to evaluate the timing of P release from CC and the pathways through which the P moved. This thesis showed that CC species ranged greatly in P released after FTC, but N leaching was unaffected. Heavy frost ( -18 °C) increased P release, particularly from frost-intolerant species, whereas minimal FTC ( -4 °C) did not. Termination resulted in increased P and ammonium-N release from all species, but did not have an additive effect in combination with FTC. In a field setting, P release from CC was smaller in magnitude than was observed in the lab, consistent with the more moderate air temperatures that occurred. However, P release from CC was not related to P concentrations in surface soils and shallow groundwater, and, the pool of water extractable P was much smaller in the CC than in surface soil (5 cm). This thesis has shown that the tested CC species did not present risk for increased edge of field P loss, which is predicted to be consistent with other CC species grown in temperate climates. Planting CC should continue to be promoted as a BMP in Southern Ontario; however, in regions with colder climates, frost-tolerant CC species are recommended.

Plant Adaptations to Phosphate Deficiency

Author : Alex Joseph Valentine
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889667790
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Plant Adaptations to Phosphate Deficiency by : Alex Joseph Valentine

Download or read book Plant Adaptations to Phosphate Deficiency written by Alex Joseph Valentine and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-05-18 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phosphate is an essential mineral to all plants, and its availability in soils is an increasing challenge for agriculture. Phosphate is abundant in soils but its biological availability is often low due to the complexes that it forms with soil minerals and compounds. The biological availability of Phosphate is further reduced in acidic soils, which represent approximately 40% of earth’s arable agricultural lands. Agricultural systems compensate Phosphate deficiency with fertilizers coming from the mining of rock phosphate, which is estimated to exhaust within the next 50 years. For these reasons, Phosphate limitations in natural and agricultural ecosystems is going to become a global problem, and we urgently need to better understand how plants respond to Phosphate deficiency.

Linkages Between Phosphorus and Carbon Cycling in Forest Soils

Author : Noam Gressel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Linkages Between Phosphorus and Carbon Cycling in Forest Soils by : Noam Gressel

Download or read book Linkages Between Phosphorus and Carbon Cycling in Forest Soils written by Noam Gressel and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Annual Plant Reviews, Phosphorus Metabolism in Plants

Author : William Plaxton
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118958853
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis Annual Plant Reviews, Phosphorus Metabolism in Plants by : William Plaxton

Download or read book Annual Plant Reviews, Phosphorus Metabolism in Plants written by William Plaxton and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-15 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of phosphorus (P)-efficient crop varieties is urgently needed to reduce agriculture's current over-reliance on expensive, environmentally destructive, non-renewable and inefficient P-containing fertilizers. The sustainable management of P in agriculture necessitates an exploitation of P-adaptive traits that will enhance the P-acquisition and P-use efficiency of crop plants. Action in this area is crucial to ensure sufficient food production for the world’s ever-expanding population, and the overall economic success of agriculture in the 21st century. This informative and up-to-date volume presents pivotal research directions that will facilitate the development of effective strategies for bioengineering P-efficient crop species. The 14 chapters reflect the expertise of an international team of leading authorities in the field, who review information from current literature, develop novel hypotheses, and outline key areas for future research. By evaluating aspects of vascular plant and green algal P uptake and metabolism, this book provides insights as to how plants sense, acquire, recycle, scavenge and use P, particularly under the naturally occurring condition of soluble inorganic phosphate deficiency that characterises the vast majority of unfertilised soils, worldwide. The reader is provided with a full appreciation of the diverse information concerning plant P-starvation responses, as well as the crucial role that plant–microbe interactions play in plant P acquisition. Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 48: Phosphorus Metabolism in Plants is an important resource for plant geneticists, biochemists and physiologists, as well as horticultural and environmental research workers, advanced students of plant science and university lecturers in related disciplines. It is an essential addition to the shelves of university and research institute libraries and agricultural and ecological institutions teaching and researching plant science.

The Ecophysiology of Plant-Phosphorus Interactions

Author : Philip J. White
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9789048119967
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ecophysiology of Plant-Phosphorus Interactions by : Philip J. White

Download or read book The Ecophysiology of Plant-Phosphorus Interactions written by Philip J. White and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-08-29 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth. It is as phosphate that plants take up P from the soil solution. Since little phosphate is available to plants in most soils, plants have evolved a range of mechanisms to acquire and use P efficiently – including the development of symbiotic relationships that help them access sources of phosphorus beyond the plant’s own range. At the same time, in agricultural systems, applications of inorganic phosphate fertilizers aimed at overcoming phosphate limitation are unsustainable and can cause pollution. This latest volume in Springer’s Plant Ecophysiology series takes an in-depth look at these diverse plant-phosphorus interactions in natural and agricultural environments, presenting a series of critical reviews on the current status of research. In particular, the book presents a wealth of information on the genetic and phenotypic variation in natural plant ecosystems adapted to low P availability, which could be of particular relevance to developing new crop varieties with enhanced abilities to grow under P-limiting conditions. The book provides a valuable reference material for graduates and research scientists working in the field of plant-phosphorus interactions, as well as for those working in plant breeding and sustainable agricultural development.