Life Expectations of the People

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789811625060
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (25 download)

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Book Synopsis Life Expectations of the People by : Peilin Li

Download or read book Life Expectations of the People written by Peilin Li and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book compares the Chinese and Russian dreams, focusing on eight aspects: prosperity, affluence, family harmony, fairness and justice, diversity, green beauty, honesty and uprightness, and happiness. Based on large-scale survey data combined with the corresponding sociological theory for analysis, it presents detailed information, compelling arguments, and well-founded conclusions, offering insights into the commonalities and differences between these two countries' dreams. .

Health Expectations for Older Women

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317956001
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis Health Expectations for Older Women by : Sarah B. Laditka

Download or read book Health Expectations for Older Women written by Sarah B. Laditka and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-06-11 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explore international trends in health and longevity--with a special focus on older women! This essential book examines the latest research on life expectancy and “active life expectancy”--the number of years that women can expect to live free from major disability--in developed and developing countries around the world. It also explores the policy implications of the contributors’ findings. Here you'll find a global study using data from the World Health Organization, a European study using data from OECD countries, and studies of women in the United Kingdom, Fiji, The Netherlands, Japan, Canada, and the United States. With contributions from demographers, economists, epidemiologists, gerontologists, medical statisticians, policy analysts, physicians, public health directors, and sociologists, International Perspectives on Health Expectancies for Older Women compares mortality and morbidity trends in various populations. In addition to reviewing the current literature on active life expectancy, this informative book looks at: the distribution of total, unimpaired, and impaired life for several groups of older women defined by race, education, and marital history gender differences in health profiles in The Netherlands gender differences in life with and without six major diseases, including both morbid and mortal conditions in the United States how mortality and morbidity patterns differ for Canadian women and men 45 years of age and older, focusing on risk factors and chronic conditions such as low income, low education, abnormal body mass index, lack of physical activity, smoking, cancer, diabetes, and arthritis patterns of healthy life expectancy for older women around the globe a comparison of the development and progression of physical disability in Japanese men and women and more!

Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309217105
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries by : National Research Council

Download or read book Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-06-27 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last 25 years, life expectancy at age 50 in the United States has been rising, but at a slower pace than in many other high-income countries, such as Japan and Australia. This difference is particularly notable given that the United States spends more on health care than any other nation. Concerned about this divergence, the National Institute on Aging asked the National Research Council to examine evidence on its possible causes. According to Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries, the nation's history of heavy smoking is a major reason why lifespans in the United States fall short of those in many other high-income nations. Evidence suggests that current obesity levels play a substantial part as well. The book reports that lack of universal access to health care in the U.S. also has increased mortality and reduced life expectancy, though this is a less significant factor for those over age 65 because of Medicare access. For the main causes of death at older ages -- cancer and cardiovascular disease -- available indicators do not suggest that the U.S. health care system is failing to prevent deaths that would be averted elsewhere. In fact, cancer detection and survival appear to be better in the U.S. than in most other high-income nations, and survival rates following a heart attack also are favorable. Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries identifies many gaps in research. For instance, while lung cancer deaths are a reliable marker of the damage from smoking, no clear-cut marker exists for obesity, physical inactivity, social integration, or other risks considered in this book. Moreover, evaluation of these risk factors is based on observational studies, which -- unlike randomized controlled trials -- are subject to many biases.

Expectations of Modernity

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Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 052092228X
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Expectations of Modernity by : James Ferguson

Download or read book Expectations of Modernity written by James Ferguson and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1999-10-01 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Once lauded as the wave of the African future, Zambia's economic boom in the 1960s and early 1970s was fueled by the export of copper and other primary materials. Since the mid-1970s, however, the urban economy has rapidly deteriorated, leaving workers scrambling to get by. Expectations of Modernity explores the social and cultural responses to this prolonged period of sharp economic decline. Focusing on the experiences of mineworkers in the Copperbelt region, James Ferguson traces the failure of standard narratives of urbanization and social change to make sense of the Copperbelt's recent history. He instead develops alternative analytic tools appropriate for an "ethnography of decline." Ferguson shows how the Zambian copper workers understand their own experience of social, cultural, and economic "advance" and "decline." Ferguson's ethnographic study transports us into their lives—the dynamics of their relations with family and friends, as well as copper companies and government agencies. Theoretically sophisticated and vividly written, Expectations of Modernity will appeal not only to those interested in Africa today, but to anyone contemplating the illusory successes of today's globalizing economy.

A Theory of Legitimate Expectations for Public Administration

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192545558
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis A Theory of Legitimate Expectations for Public Administration by : Alexander Brown

Download or read book A Theory of Legitimate Expectations for Public Administration written by Alexander Brown and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-11-28 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is an unfortunate but unavoidable feature of even well-ordered democratic societies that governmental administrative agencies often create legitimate expectations (procedural or substantive) on the part of non-governmental agents (individual citizens, groups, businesses, organizations, institutions, and instrumentalities) but find themselves unable to fulfil those expectations for reasons of justice, the public interest, severe financial constraints, and sometimes harsh political realities. How governmental administrative agencies, operating on behalf of society, handle the creation and frustration of legitimate expectations implicates a whole host of values that we have reason to care about, including under non-ideal conditions-not least justice, fairness, autonomy, the rule of law, responsible uses of power, credible commitments, reliance interests, security of expectations, stability, democracy, parliamentary supremacy, and legitimate authority. This book develops a new theory of legitimate expectations for public administration drawing on normative arguments from political and legal theory. Brown begins by offering a new account of the legitimacy of legitimate expectations. He argues that it is the very responsibility of governmental administrative agencies for creating expectations that ought to ground legitimacy, as opposed to the justice or the legitimate authority of those agencies and expectations. He also clarifies some of the main ways in which agencies can be responsible for creating expectations. Moreover, he argues that governmental administrative agencies should be held liable for losses they directly cause by creating and then frustrating legitimate expectations on the part of non-governmental agents and, if liable, have an obligation to make adequate compensation payments in respect of those losses.

The Longevity Economy

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Publisher : PublicAffairs
ISBN 13 : 1610396650
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis The Longevity Economy by : Joseph F. Coughlin

Download or read book The Longevity Economy written by Joseph F. Coughlin and published by PublicAffairs. This book was released on 2017-11-07 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oldness: a social construct at odds with reality that constrains how we live after middle age and stifles business thinking on how to best serve a group of consumers, workers, and innovators that is growing larger and wealthier with every passing day. Over the past two decades, Joseph F. Coughlin has been busting myths about aging with groundbreaking multidisciplinary research into what older people actually want -- not what conventional wisdom suggests they need. In The Longevity Economy, Coughlin provides the framing and insight business leaders need to serve the growing older market: a vast, diverse group of consumers representing every possible level of health and wealth, worth about $8 trillion in the United States alone and climbing. Coughlin provides deep insight into a population that consistently defies expectations: people who, through their continued personal and professional ambition, desire for experience, and quest for self-actualization, are building a striking, unheralded vision of longer life that very few in business fully understand. His focus on women -- they outnumber men, control household spending and finances, and are leading the charge toward tomorrow's creative new narrative of later life -- is especially illuminating. Coughlin pinpoints the gap between myth and reality and then shows businesses how to bridge it. As the demographics of global aging transform and accelerate, it is now critical to build a new understanding of the shifting physiological, cognitive, social, family, and psychological realities of the longevity economy.

How People Learn II

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309459672
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis How People Learn II by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book How People Learn II written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-09-27 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are many reasons to be curious about the way people learn, and the past several decades have seen an explosion of research that has important implications for individual learning, schooling, workforce training, and policy. In 2000, How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition was published and its influence has been wide and deep. The report summarized insights on the nature of learning in school-aged children; described principles for the design of effective learning environments; and provided examples of how that could be implemented in the classroom. Since then, researchers have continued to investigate the nature of learning and have generated new findings related to the neurological processes involved in learning, individual and cultural variability related to learning, and educational technologies. In addition to expanding scientific understanding of the mechanisms of learning and how the brain adapts throughout the lifespan, there have been important discoveries about influences on learning, particularly sociocultural factors and the structure of learning environments. How People Learn II: Learners, Contexts, and Cultures provides a much-needed update incorporating insights gained from this research over the past decade. The book expands on the foundation laid out in the 2000 report and takes an in-depth look at the constellation of influences that affect individual learning. How People Learn II will become an indispensable resource to understand learning throughout the lifespan for educators of students and adults.

Transactions of the Section on Preventive and Industrial Medicine and Public Health of the American Medical Association

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Transactions of the Section on Preventive and Industrial Medicine and Public Health of the American Medical Association by : American Medical Association. Section on Preventive and Industrial Medicine and Public Health

Download or read book Transactions of the Section on Preventive and Industrial Medicine and Public Health of the American Medical Association written by American Medical Association. Section on Preventive and Industrial Medicine and Public Health and published by . This book was released on 1924 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Top Five Regrets of the Dying

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Publisher : Hay House, Inc
ISBN 13 : 1401956009
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Top Five Regrets of the Dying by : Bronnie Ware

Download or read book Top Five Regrets of the Dying written by Bronnie Ware and published by Hay House, Inc. This book was released on 2019-08-13 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Revised edition of the best-selling memoir that has been read by over a million people worldwide with translations in 29 languages. After too many years of unfulfilling work, Bronnie Ware began searching for a job with heart. Despite having no formal qualifications or previous experience in the field, she found herself working in palliative care. During the time she spent tending to those who were dying, Bronnie's life was transformed. Later, she wrote an Internet blog post, outlining the most common regrets that the people she had cared for had expressed. The post gained so much momentum that it was viewed by more than three million readers worldwide in its first year. At the request of many, Bronnie subsequently wrote a book, The Top Five Regrets of the Dying, to share her story. Bronnie has had a colourful and diverse life. By applying the lessons of those nearing their death to her own life, she developed an understanding that it is possible for everyone, if we make the right choices, to die with peace of mind. In this revised edition of the best-selling memoir that has been read by over a million people worldwide, with translations in 29 languages, Bronnie expresses how significant these regrets are and how we can positively address these issues while we still have the time. The Top Five Regrets of the Dying gives hope for a better world. It is a courageous, life-changing book that will leave you feeling more compassionate and inspired to live the life you are truly here to live.

Life Expectancy

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Publisher : Bantam
ISBN 13 : 0307414299
Total Pages : 498 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Life Expectancy by : Dean Koontz

Download or read book Life Expectancy written by Dean Koontz and published by Bantam. This book was released on 2007-06-15 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With his bestselling blend of nail-biting intensity, daring artistry, and storytelling magic, Dean Koontz returns with an emotional roller coaster of a tale filled with enough twists, turns, shocks, and surprises for ten ordinary novels. Here is the story of five days in the life of an ordinary man born to an extraordinary legacy—a story that will challenge the way you look at good and evil, life and death, and everything in between. Jimmy Tock comes into the world on the very night his grandfather leaves it. As a violent storm rages outside the hospital, Rudy Tock spends long hours walking the corridors between the expectant fathers' waiting room and his dying father's bedside. It's a strange vigil made all the stranger when, at the very height of the storm's fury, Josef Tock suddenly sits up in bed and speaks coherently for the frist and last time since his stroke. What he says before he dies is that there will be five dark days in the life of his grandson—five dates whose terrible events Jimmy will have to prepare himself to face. The first is to occur in his twentieth year; the second in his twent-third year; the third in his twenty-eighth; the fourth in his twenty-ninth; the fifth in his thirtieth. Rudy is all too ready to discount his father's last words as a dying man's delusional rambling. But then he discovers that Josef also predicted the time of his grandson's birth to the minute, as well as his exact height and weight, and the fact that Jimmy would be born with syndactyly—the unexplained anomal of fused digits—on his left foot. Suddenly the old man's predictions take on a chilling significance. What terrifying events await Jimmy on these five dark days? What nightmares will he face? What challenges must he survive? As the novel unfolds, picking up Jimmy's story at each of these crisis points, the path he must follow will defy every expectation. And with each crisis he faces, he will move closer to a fate he could never have imagined. For who Jimmy Tock is and what he must accomplish on the five days when his world turns is a mystery as dangerous as it is wondrous—a struggle against an evil so dark and pervasive, only the most extraordinary of human spirits can shine through. This ebook edition contains an excerpt of Dean Koontz’s The Silent Corner.

Raising expectations

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Publisher : The Stationery Office
ISBN 13 : 9780101706520
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (65 download)

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Book Synopsis Raising expectations by : Great Britain: Department for Education and Skills

Download or read book Raising expectations written by Great Britain: Department for Education and Skills and published by The Stationery Office. This book was released on 2007-03-22 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following on from the Leitch Review of Skills (ISBN 9780118404860) published in December 2006, this Green Paper sets out the Government's proposals to raise the level of the UK skills base in order to meet the needs of the UK economy and to promote social justice and social inclusion. It sets out proposals for consultation to raise the compulsory participation age for all young people in education or training until their 18th birthday, either at school or college, in work-based learning or in accredited training schemes, leading to accredited qualifications. It is proposed that this participation should be full-time for young people not in employment for a significant part of the week and part-time for those working more than 20 hours a week. This requirement would be phased in, introduced initially in 2013 for those aged 17 years old, with a later extension to require participation until 18 years old. It is judged that 2013 would be the earliest time by which a national entitlement to the new qualifications could be introduced, applicable to pupils who start Year 7 in September 2008, creating a clear expectation of continued participation for those young people right from the start of their secondary schooling. These proposals would apply to all 16 and 17 year olds resident in England.

Managing Expectations

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Publisher : Addison-Wesley
ISBN 13 : 0133488667
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (334 download)

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Book Synopsis Managing Expectations by : Naomi Karten

Download or read book Managing Expectations written by Naomi Karten and published by Addison-Wesley. This book was released on 2013-07-15 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the digital version of the printed book (Copyright © 1994). People have expectations. Your clients, for example. Sometimes their expectations of you seem unreasonable. But sometimes your expectations of them seem just as unreasonable (in their eyes). The problem is that these mismatched expectations can lead to misunderstandings, frayed nerves, and ruffled feathers. More seriously, they often lead to flawed systems, failed projects, and a drain on resources. Managing Expectations shows how to identify expectations and suggests ways to gain more control of them. In today's turbulent business world, understanding and meeting your customers' expectations is indeed a challenge, and it's not hard to understand why: Expectations affect a range of interactions, including service responsiveness, service capability, product functionality, and project success. Expectations are difficult to control and impossible to turn off. However, by learning to identify and influence what your customers expect, you can dramatically improve the quality, impact, and effectiveness of your services. Contents include sections on communication skills, information gathering, policies and practices, building win-win relationships, as well as a concluding chapter on how to formulate an action plan. A Step-by-Step Guide to Managing Expectations Guard Against Conflicting Messages Use Jargon with Care Identify Communication Preferences Listen Persuasively Help Customers Describe Their Needs Become an Information-Gathering Skeptic Understand Your Customers' Context Try the Solution On for Size Clarify Perceptions Set Uncertainty-Managing Service Standards When Appropriate, Just Say Whoa Build Win-Win Relationships Formulate an Action Plan

Grande Expectations

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Publisher : Currency
ISBN 13 : 0307339726
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Grande Expectations by : Karen Blumenthal

Download or read book Grande Expectations written by Karen Blumenthal and published by Currency. This book was released on 2008-09-30 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Karen Blumenthal, like most people, is mystified by the stock market. Just why is it, she wonders, that seemingly good news can send a stock plummeting and bad news can send it skyrocketing again? In Grande Expectations, she shows how money is made and lost by following one of America’s hottest growth stocks, Starbucks, through a year of rapid store openings, fancy new drinks, and clever promotions, revealing how the many players—big and small investors, company management, analysts, and the media—propel its shares up and down. Blumenthal pulls back the curtain on the stock market to expose its quirks and inner workings, from the power of a penny of earnings and the unexpected impact of a stock split to the image-enhancing effects of a brand of bottled water. With a fly-on-the-wall, character-driven narrative, Grande Expectations not only makes investing interesting but also will help you make smarter and savvier investing choices by: •Understanding how big pension and mutual fund managers decide whether to buy more Starbucks—or dump it •Seeing the unique ways that analysts and other finance professionals assess an investment—dissecting not only the numbers but also the company’s management, demographics, and global opportunities •Learning how Starbucks executives manage our expectations and keep excitement percolating about the business—and the stock •Watching how a stock is traded and how that might affect your buying or selling •Gleaning how multibillion-dollar private hedge funds make money on infinitesimal changes in a stock’s price •Entering the dark, strange world of the short sellers •Realizing how different people can make absolutely opposite bets and all still come out ahead You’ll come away with new insights into how the stock market really works—the power of expectations, stock buybacks, and profits—and explore Starbucks’ phenomenal growth and whether it is sustainable. By unraveling the market’s mysteries, Grande Expectations shows how investing can be both profitable and understandable. Get ready for the ride of your life—and a lifetime of fruitful stock market success.

Improve Your Career Performance (Collection)

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Publisher : FT Press
ISBN 13 : 0133739848
Total Pages : 577 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (337 download)

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Book Synopsis Improve Your Career Performance (Collection) by : Ken Blanchard

Download or read book Improve Your Career Performance (Collection) written by Ken Blanchard and published by FT Press. This book was released on 2013-08-19 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Leading at a Higher Level , Updated Edition, Blanchard and his colleagues bring together everything they've learned about world-class leadership. You'll discover how to create targets and visions based on the "triple bottom line"...and make sure people know who you are, where you're going, and the values that will guide your journey. From start to finish, this book extends Blanchard's breakthrough work on delivering legendary customer service, creating "raving fans," and building "Partnerships for Performance" that empower everyone who works for and with you. Updated throughout, this new edition contains two powerful, important new chapters: one on coaching to create higher-level leaders, and another on creating a higher-level culture throughout your organization. It also offers the definitive, most up-to-date techniques for leading yourself, individuals, teams, and entire organizations. Most importantly, it will help you dig deep within, discover the personal "leadership point of view" all great leaders possess-and apply it throughout your entire life. In Helping People Win at Work , WD-40 Company President/CEO Garry Ridge reveals how his company has used Blanchard's techniques to "Partner for Performance" with every employee, and achieve unprecedented levels of employee engagement and commitment. Ridge introduces WD-40's performance review system, explaining its goals, its features, and the cultural changes it required. Next, Ridge shares his "leadership point of view": what he expects of people, what they can expect of him, and where his beliefs about leadership and motivation came from. Finally, in Part IV, Ken Blanchard explains why WD-40's Partnering for Performance program works so well and how it can work for you, too. This book isn't about cheerleading: it's about transforming performance review one step at a time and reaping record-breaking results!

Consumer Expectations

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107004691
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Consumer Expectations by : Richard Thomas Curtin

Download or read book Consumer Expectations written by Richard Thomas Curtin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-07 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proposes a new comprehensive theory about how expectations are formed and how they shape the macro economy.

An Audience of One

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Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 110198175X
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis An Audience of One by : Srinivas Rao

Download or read book An Audience of One written by Srinivas Rao and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2018-08-07 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The creator of the Unmistakable Creative podcast makes a counterintuitive argument: By focusing your creative work on pleasing yourself, you can increase your productivity, happiness, and (eventually, paradoxically) the size of your audience. Creating for your own pleasure--whether you're writing a novel, composing songs, or painting a landscape--can seem pointless. It's tempting to focus on pursuing money and fame, rather than the process itself. But as Srini Rao warns, creating then turns into a chore that can harm your self-esteem and suck the pleasure out of life, rather than being a source of joy. Rao, host of the podcast The Unmistakable Creative, argues that we should counter this thinking by intentionally creating art for ourselves alone--an audience of one. In this book he shares the fascinating true stories of creatives who took this path, along with actionable tips and the research of creativity experts. You'll learn, for example: • How Oprah's intentional focus on her own work rather than the opinions of everyone else catapulted her into one of the most popular talk shows of all time. • How being process-driven can not only help you produce more work, but can make you happier outside of your creative time. • How to put together a creative "team of rivals" whose feedback can help you hone your craft and filter out useless feedback. By playing to an audience of one, we can find more happiness, increased productivity, and a greater sense of community.

Expectations, Life Expectancy and Economic Behavior

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Expectations, Life Expectancy and Economic Behavior by : Daniel S. Hamermesh

Download or read book Expectations, Life Expectancy and Economic Behavior written by Daniel S. Hamermesh and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unlike price expectations, which are central to macroeconomic theory and have been examined extensively using survey data, formation of individuals' horizons, which are central to the theory of life-cycle behavior, have been completely neglected. This is especially surprising since life expectancy of adults has increased especially rapidly in Western countries in the past ten years. This study presents the results of analyzing responses by two groups--economists and a random sample--to a questionnaire designed to elicit subjective expectations and probabilities of survival. It shows that people do not extrapolate past improvements in longevity when they determine their subjective horizons, though they are fully aware of levels of and movements within today's life tables. They skew subjective survival probabilities in a way that implies the subjective distribution has greater variance than its actuarial counterpart; and the subjective variance decreases with age. They also base their subjective horizons disproportionately on their relatives' longevity, and long-lived relatives increase uncertainty about the distribution of subjective survival probabilities. As one example of the many areas of life-cycle behavior to which the results are applicable, the study examines the consumption-leisure choices of the optimizing consumer over his lifetime. It finds that shortfalls in utility in old age because people's ex ante horizons had to be updated as -- average longevity increased are relatively small. This implies that large subsidies to retirees under today's Social Security system cannot be justified as compensation for an unexpectedly long retirement for which they failed to save.