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Lesser Harms
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Download or read book Lesser Harms written by Sydney A. Halpern and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2006-08-01 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research physicians face intractable dilemmas when they consider introducing new medical procedures. Innovations carry the promise of preventing or curing life-threatening diseases, but they can also lead to injury or even death. How have clinical scientists made high-stakes decisions about undertaking human tests of new medical treatments? In Lesser Harms, Sydney Halpern explores this issue as she examines vaccine trials in America during the early and mid-twentieth century. Today's scientists follow federal guidelines for research on human subjects developed during the 1960s and 1970s. But long before these government regulations, medical investigators observed informal rules when conducting human research. They insisted that the dangers of natural disease should outweigh the risks of a medical intervention, and they struggled to accurately assess the relative hazards. Halpern explores this logic of risk in immunization controversies extending as far back as the eighteenth century. Then, focusing on the period between 1930 and 1960, she shows how research physicians and their sponsors debated the moral quandaries involved in moving vaccine use from the laboratory to the clinic. This probing work vividly describes the efforts of clinical investigators to balance the benefits and dangers of untested vaccines, to respond to popular sentiment about medical hazards, and to strategically present risk laden research to sponsors and the public. “Concise and extremely well-written. . . . A fascinating synthesis of sociology, history, and institutional theory.”—Samuel C. Blackman, Journal of the American Medical Association
Download or read book Less written by Marc Lesser and published by New World Library. This book was released on 2010-10-04 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A certain kind of busyness is crucial to life, allowing us to earn a living, create art, and achieve success. But too often it consumes us and we become crazy busy, nonstop busy, and we expend extraneous effort that gets us nowhere. Marc Lesser’s new book shows us the benefits of doing less in a world that has increasingly embraced more — more desire, more activity, more things, more exhaustion. Less is about stopping, about the possibility of finding composure in the midst of activity. The ideas and practices that Lesser outlines offer a radical yet simple approach to transforming a lifestyle based on endless to-do lists into a more meaningful approach that is truly more productive in every sense.
Download or read book In Harm's Way written by Joel Feinberg and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1994-06-24 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 1994 volume contains fifteen essays by leading philosophers exploring themes developed in the work of Joel Feinberg.
Book Synopsis Distributing the Harm of Just Wars by : Sara Van Goozen
Download or read book Distributing the Harm of Just Wars written by Sara Van Goozen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-03-10 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues that the risk of harm in armed conflict should be divided equally between combatants and enemy non-combatants. International law requires that combatants in war take ‘all feasible precautions’ to minimise damage to civilian objects, injury to civilians, and incidental loss of civilian life. However, there is no clear explanation of what ‘feasible precautions’ means in this context, or what would count as sufficiently minimised incidental harm. As a result, it is difficult to judge whether a particular war or offensive actually satisfies this requirement. Just war theorists often consider it common sense that merely not intending to harm innocent civilians is not sufficient, but there is little clarity in the literature regarding what this means. One crucial question that is almost always overlooked is that of what the appropriate baseline distribution of risk should be. This book defends the Minimal Harm Requirement (MHR), which states that combatants should make an effort to reduce merely foreseen harm to enemy non-combatants to the lowest reasonable level. In order to assess which risk impositions are reasonable, and which are not, an egalitarian baseline should be adopted, suggesting that other things being equal risk of harm should be distributed equally between just combatants and unjust non-combatants. This book will be of much interest to students of just war theory, ethics, security studies, and international relations.
Book Synopsis Contemporary Bioethics by : Mohammed Ali Al-Bar
Download or read book Contemporary Bioethics written by Mohammed Ali Al-Bar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-27 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the common principles of morality and ethics derived from divinely endowed intuitive reason through the creation of al-fitr' a (nature) and human intellect (al-‘aql). Biomedical topics are presented and ethical issues related to topics such as genetic testing, assisted reproduction and organ transplantation are discussed. Whereas these natural sources are God’s special gifts to human beings, God’s revelation as given to the prophets is the supernatural source of divine guidance through which human communities have been guided at all times through history. The second part of the book concentrates on the objectives of Islamic religious practice – the maqa' sid – which include: Preservation of Faith, Preservation of Life, Preservation of Mind (intellect and reason), Preservation of Progeny (al-nasl) and Preservation of Property. Lastly, the third part of the book discusses selected topical issues, including abortion, assisted reproduction devices, genetics, organ transplantation, brain death and end-of-life aspects. For each topic, the current medical evidence is followed by a detailed discussion of the ethical issues involved.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Consequentialism by : Douglas W. Portmore
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Consequentialism written by Douglas W. Portmore and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-09-17 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Consequentialism is a major moral theory in contemporary philosophy: it is the view that the only thing that matters when making moral decisions is the outcome of those decisions. Consequentialists hold that to morally assess an act, we must first evaluate and rank the various ways that things could turn out depending on whether it or some alternative act is performed. Whether we should perform that act thus depends on how its outcome ranks relative to those of its alternatives. Consequentialism rivals deontology, contractualism, and virtue ethics, but, more importantly, it has influenced contemporary moral philosophy such that the consequentialist/non-consequentialist distinction is one of the most central in normative ethics. After all, every plausible moral theory must concede that the goodness of an act's consequences is something that matters, even if it's not the only thing that matters. Thus, all plausible moral theories will accept that both 1) an act's producing good consequences constitutes a moral reason to perform it, and 2) the better its consequences, the more of a moral reason there is to perform it. In this way, much of consequentialist ethical theory is important for normative ethics in general. This Oxford Handbook contains thirty-two previously unpublished contributions by top moral philosophers examining the current state of play in consequentialism and pointing to new directions for future research. The volume is organized into four major sections: foundational issues; objections to consequentialism; its forms and limits; and consequentialism's implications for policy, practice, and social reform.
Author :F. M. Kamm Professor of Philosophy Harvard University Publisher :Oxford University Press, USA ISBN 13 :0195345908 Total Pages :521 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (953 download)
Book Synopsis Intricate Ethics : Rights, Responsibilities, and Permissible Harm by : F. M. Kamm Professor of Philosophy Harvard University
Download or read book Intricate Ethics : Rights, Responsibilities, and Permissible Harm written by F. M. Kamm Professor of Philosophy Harvard University and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2006-11-17 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Intricate Ethics, Kamm questions the moral importance of some non-consequentialist distinctions and then introduces and argues for the moral importance of other distinctions. The first section discusses nonconsequentialist ethical theory and the trolley problem; the second deals with the notions of moral status and rights; the third takes up the issues of responsibility and complicity and the possible moral significance of distance; and the fourth section analyzes the views of others in the non-consequentialist and consequentialist camps.
Book Synopsis Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy Volume 10 by : DAVID. WALL SOBEL (STEVEN.)
Download or read book Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy Volume 10 written by DAVID. WALL SOBEL (STEVEN.) and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-07-18 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the tenth volume of Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy. The series aims to publish some of the best contemporary work in the vibrant field of political philosophy and its closely related subfields, including jurisprudence, normative economics, political theory in political science departments, and just war theory.
Download or read book Morality written by Bernard Gert and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1998 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this final revision of the classic work, the author has produced the fullest and most sophisticated account of this influential theoretical model. Here, he makes clear that morality is an informal system that does not provide unique answers to every moral question but does always limit the range of morally acceptable options, and so explains why some moral disagreements cannot be resolved. The importance placed on the moral ideals also makes clear that the moral rules are only one part of the moral system. A chapter that is devoted to justifying violations of the rules illustrates how the moral rules are embedded in the system and cannot be adequately understood independently of it. The chapter on reasons includes a new account of what makes one reason better than another and elucidates the complex hybrid nature of rationality.
Book Synopsis The Mechanics of Claims and Permissible Killing in War by : Alec D. Walen
Download or read book The Mechanics of Claims and Permissible Killing in War written by Alec D. Walen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-15 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the dominant account of rights, there are two ways to permissibly kill people: they have done something to forfeit their right to life, or their rights are outweighed by the significantly greater cost of respecting them. Contemporary just war theorists tend to agree that it is difficult to justify killing in the second way. Thus, they focus on the conditions under which rights might be forfeited. But it has proven hard to defend an account of forfeiture that permits killing when and only when it is morally justifiable. In The Mechanics of Claims and Permissible Killing in War, Alec D. Walen develops an alternative account of rights according to which rights forfeiture has a much smaller role to play. It plays a smaller role because rights themselves are more contextually contingent. They systematically reflect the different kinds of claims people can make on an agent. For example, those who threaten to cause harm without a right to do so have weaker claims not to be killed than innocent bystanders or those who have a right to threaten to cause harm. By framing rights as the output of a balance of competing claims, and by laying out a detailed account of how to balance competing claims, Walen provides a more coherent account of when killing in war is permissible.
Book Synopsis Saving People from the Harm of Death by : Espen Gamlund
Download or read book Saving People from the Harm of Death written by Espen Gamlund and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-01 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Death is something we mourn or fear as the worst thing that could happen--whether the deaths of close ones, the deaths of strangers in reported accidents or tragedies, or our own. And yet, being dead is something that no one can experience and live to describe. This simple truth raises a host of difficult philosophical questions about the negativity surrounding our sense of death, and how and for whom exactly it is harmful. The question of whether death is bad has occupied philosophers for centuries, and the debate emerging in philosophical literature is referred to as the "badness of death." Are deaths primarily negative for the survivors, or does death also affect the deceased? What are the differences between death in fetal life, just after birth, or in adolescence? In order to properly evaluate deaths in global health, we must find answers to these questions. In this volume, leading philosophers, medical doctors, and economists discuss different views on how to evaluate death and its relevance for health policy. This includes theories about the harm of death and its connections to population-level bioethics. For example, one of the standard views in global health is that newborn deaths are among the worst types of death, yet stillbirths are neglected. This raises difficult questions about why birth is so significant, and several of the book's authors challenge this standard view. This is the first volume to connect philosophical discussions on the harm of death with discussions on population health, adjusting the ways in which death is evaluated. Changing these evaluations has consequences for how we prioritize different health programs that affect individuals at different ages, as well as how we understand inequality in health.
Book Synopsis E-Cigarettes and the Comparative Politics of Harm Reduction by : Virginia Berridge
Download or read book E-Cigarettes and the Comparative Politics of Harm Reduction written by Virginia Berridge and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-05-30 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book offers the first in-depth study of the history and current debates surrounding electronic cigarettes comparing the UK, US and Australia. Since their introduction, e-cigarettes have been the subject of much public, media and regulatory attention, with discussion centring on whether these devices encourage or discourage smoking. This study delves into the history of policymaking and institutions in three countries which have taken different approaches to the regulation of e-cigarettes. In the UK, the tradition of harm reduction through nicotine has helped form a response which has endorsed e-cigarettes, though not without considerable controversy. In contrast, the US has a cessation-only anti-tobacco agenda, and Australia has effectively banned e-cigarettes. This book argues that each country frames the long-term use of nicotine differently and prioritises the health of different groups within the population of smokers or non-smokers, set against a broad backdrop of national responses to addiction. By taking this comparative approach, the authors explore the relationship between history, evidence and policy in public health more widely.
Book Synopsis Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy by : David Sobel
Download or read book Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy written by David Sobel and published by Oxford Studies in Political Ph. This book was released on 2015 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the inaugural volume of 'Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy'. The series aims to publish some of the best contemporary work in the vibrant field of political philosophy and its closely related subfields, including jurisprudence, normative economics, political theory in political science departments, and just war theory.
Download or read book Beyond Just War written by D. Chan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-01 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unlike most books on the ethics of war, this book rejects the 'just war' tradition, proposing a virtue ethics of war to take its place. Like torture, war cannot be justified. It answers the question: 'If war is a very great evil, would a leader with courage, justice, compassion, and all the other moral virtues ever choose to fight a war?'
Book Synopsis The Palgrave Handbook of Social Harm by : Pamela Davies
Download or read book The Palgrave Handbook of Social Harm written by Pamela Davies and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-09 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook explores the concept of 'harm' in criminological scholarship and lays the foundation for a future zemiological agenda. 'Social harm' as a theoretical construct has become established as an alternative, broader lens through which to understand the causation and alleviation of widespread harm in society, thus moving beyond criminology and state definitions of crime and extending the range of criminological research. Applying zemiological concepts, this book comprehensively explores topics including violence, moral indifference, workplace injury, corporate and state harms, animal rights, migration, gender, poverty, security and victimisation. This definitive work covers theory, research, scholarship and future visions across four sections, and includes contributions from areas such as criminology, sociology, socio-legal and cultural studies, social policy and international relations. It offers readers up-to-date, original theoretical perspectives and an analysis of a broad range of issues from a 'social harm' perspective.
Book Synopsis Casebook on benefit and harm by : UNESCO
Download or read book Casebook on benefit and harm written by UNESCO and published by UNESCO. This book was released on 2011-12-30 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Information Pollution as Social Harm by : Anita Lavorgna
Download or read book Information Pollution as Social Harm written by Anita Lavorgna and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2021-04-30 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By relying on a virtual ethnography approach carried out on Italian-speaking alternative lifestyle and counter-information online communities, this book shows how the nature of personal interactions online and the construction of both personal and group identities, are central to the creation and propagation of medical misinformation.
