Landlord In Zhou Dynasty

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Author :
Publisher : Funstory
ISBN 13 : 1649357591
Total Pages : 640 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (493 download)

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Book Synopsis Landlord In Zhou Dynasty by : Jian QiangDeAHua

Download or read book Landlord In Zhou Dynasty written by Jian QiangDeAHua and published by Funstory. This book was released on 2020-05-24 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a traveler, Chen shouxin's dream was to be a happy small landlord in the zhou dynasty. How beautiful would it be to pen some land, brew some wine, raise a few herds of cattle and sheep, and marry a few beautiful wives? Which idea, the family affairs, the state affairs, the world affairs all together poured over. Pacify the rebellion, suppress the Japanese pirates, open the sea ban, prosper the civil affairs, on behalf of the sky patrol to kill the corrupt officials... The emperor of big zhou is willing to allow him to superfine maharaja position, the prime minister of the government, in exchange for big zhou zuanshan. But he really just wants to be a f*cking little landlord.

Landlord In Zhou Dynasty

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Author :
Publisher : Funstory
ISBN 13 : 1649759363
Total Pages : 614 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (497 download)

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Book Synopsis Landlord In Zhou Dynasty by : Jian QiangDeAHua

Download or read book Landlord In Zhou Dynasty written by Jian QiangDeAHua and published by Funstory. This book was released on 2020-07-11 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a traveler, Chen shouxin's dream was to be a happy small landlord in the zhou dynasty. How beautiful would it be to pen some land, brew some wine, raise a few herds of cattle and sheep, and marry a few beautiful wives? Which idea, the family affairs, the state affairs, the world affairs all together poured over. Pacify the rebellion, suppress the Japanese pirates, open the sea ban, prosper the civil affairs, on behalf of the sky patrol to kill the corrupt officials... The emperor of big zhou is willing to allow him to superfine maharaja position, the prime minister of the government, in exchange for big zhou zuanshan. But he really just wants to be a f*cking little landlord.

Landlord In Zhou Dynasty

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Author :
Publisher : Funstory
ISBN 13 : 1649756666
Total Pages : 621 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (497 download)

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Book Synopsis Landlord In Zhou Dynasty by : Jian QiangDeAHua

Download or read book Landlord In Zhou Dynasty written by Jian QiangDeAHua and published by Funstory. This book was released on 2020-07-07 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a traveler, Chen shouxin's dream was to be a happy small landlord in the zhou dynasty. How beautiful would it be to pen some land, brew some wine, raise a few herds of cattle and sheep, and marry a few beautiful wives? Which idea, the family affairs, the state affairs, the world affairs all together poured over. Pacify the rebellion, suppress the Japanese pirates, open the sea ban, prosper the civil affairs, on behalf of the sky patrol to kill the corrupt officials... The emperor of big zhou is willing to allow him to superfine maharaja position, the prime minister of the government, in exchange for big zhou zuanshan. But he really just wants to be a f*cking little landlord.

BUREAUCRACY IN CHINA

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Author :
Publisher : American Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 1631816209
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis BUREAUCRACY IN CHINA by : YANAN WANG

Download or read book BUREAUCRACY IN CHINA written by YANAN WANG and published by American Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-09-04 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, being included in China’s Modern Academic Work Series, is the first scientific and systematic work analyzing Chinese traditional politics with Marxist methodology. Meanwhile, it serves as the theoretical weapon in criticizing bureaucracy. Yanan Wang, the author of the book, interpreted bureaucracy which had been in China for over 2000 years through the lens of dialectical materialism. This is a book with well-organized contents and meticulously arranged arguments. The layout of the book is organized as follows. First, the author gave definition as well as classification of bureaucracy, which is followed by a brief comment on bureaucracy in other countries in the world; Second, the author demonstrated the forms of bureaucracy in China, made a profound analysis of the societal and economic foundations of bureaucracy in China - the feudal system of landlord economy, and expounded two leverages backing developed bureaucracy - Dual Taxation system and Imperial Examination system. Moreover, the author elaborated on the political and socio-economic lives of peasants, bureaucrats, and hereditary powerful family in traditional system of Chinese bureaucracy. The author finalized the book with a demonstration of the collapse of traditional old bureaucracy, and the evolvement and transformation from the old to new bureaucracy, and with a forecast of the future of Chinese bureaucracy.

Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Economy

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317663551
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Economy by : Gregory C. Chow

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Economy written by Gregory C. Chow and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-08-13 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China's rapid rise to become the world's second largest economy has resulted in an unprecedented impact on the global system and an urgent need to understand the more about the newest economic superpower. The Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Economy is an advanced-level reference guide which surveys the current economic situation in China and its integration into the global economy. An internationally renowned line-up of scholars contribute chapters on the key components of the contemporary economy and their historical foundations. Topics covered include: the history of the Chinese economy from ancient times onwards; economic growth and development; population, the labor market, income distribution, and poverty; legal, political, and financial institutions; and foreign trade and investments. Offering a cutting-edge overview of the Chinese economy, the Handbook is an invaluable resource for academics, researchers, economists, graduate, and undergraduate students studying this ever-evolving field.

From Xia Dynasty to Qing Dynasty: An Overview of the History of Chinese Dynasties

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Author :
Publisher : DeepLogic
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis From Xia Dynasty to Qing Dynasty: An Overview of the History of Chinese Dynasties by : Zhi Dao

Download or read book From Xia Dynasty to Qing Dynasty: An Overview of the History of Chinese Dynasties written by Zhi Dao and published by DeepLogic. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is the volume of "From Xia Dynasty to Qing Dynasty: An Overview of the History of Chinese Dynasties" among a series of books for "China Classified Histories".

Chinese Semiotic Thoughts in the Pre-imperial Age

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819959861
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Chinese Semiotic Thoughts in the Pre-imperial Age by : Dong Zhu

Download or read book Chinese Semiotic Thoughts in the Pre-imperial Age written by Dong Zhu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-11 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines practices on the relationship between sign and meaning in the Pre-Imperial period of China from the semiotics perspective. Although the Chinese civilization did not develop a comprehensive semiotics system in that period, they are highly semiotic in many ways. The thinking and application of signs of Chinese people can be found in many classics, such as The Book of Changes, The Analects of Confucius, Tao De Jing and Zhuangzi. This book begins its study by re-examining the semiotic thoughts contained in The Book of Changes and inquiries into the thoughts of the major philosophers of different schools. It provides insights into the findings of these philosophers concerning the relationship between sign and meaning. In particular, it concentrates on how the prosperity of the various contending semiotic thoughts complemented each other in forming a sign system. In addition, the book also emphasizes the wholeness and associativity of observing things and studying relevant signs of Chinese people. As the first monograph in any language to systematically summarize Chinese semiotic thought in the Pre-Imperial period, this book helps promote understanding of the traditional Chinese culture and mindset.

The Cultural History of the Chinese Concepts Fengjian (Feudalism) and Jingji (Economy)

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819926173
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cultural History of the Chinese Concepts Fengjian (Feudalism) and Jingji (Economy) by : Tianyu Feng

Download or read book The Cultural History of the Chinese Concepts Fengjian (Feudalism) and Jingji (Economy) written by Tianyu Feng and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-08-04 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book interprets the typical Chinese concepts of fengjian (feudalism) and jingji (economy) by reviewing the mistranslation and mismatching of concepts from ancient to modern times and from a Western language to Chinese and exploring Chinese and Western acculturation, which is in line with Mr. Chen Yinque’s theory—”To interpret a Chinese character is to write a history of culture”. In the coordinates of time and space for the transformation of Chinese concepts from ancient to modern times and their translation from Western languages, this book explores the generation and evolution of Chinese concepts; using the semantic window of Chinese characters, the book reviews the historical and cultural connotations of the semantic changes and the history of the long-lasting culture of Chinese characters. This volume moves from reviewing the semantic changes of fengjian and jingji to elaborating concepts of thought; it makes the study of the history of terms and concepts the study of the history of culture and thought; it analyzes words as part of cultural history to welcome the era of cultural and historical research with a focus on words. This book is both scholarly and readable, satisfying both the academic needs of specialized researchers and the cultural curiosity of those with secondary education or above.

A Concise History of Chinese Philosophy

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819900077
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis A Concise History of Chinese Philosophy by : Qi Feng

Download or read book A Concise History of Chinese Philosophy written by Qi Feng and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-07-03 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an abridged version of Feng Qi’s two major works on the history of philosophy, The Logical Development of Ancient Chinese Philosophy and The Revolutionary Course of Modern Chinese Philosophy. It is a comprehensive history of Chinese philosophy taking the reader from ancient times to the year 1949. It illuminates the characteristics of traditional Chinese philosophy from the broader vantage point of epistemology. The book revolves around important debates including those on “Heaven and humankind” (tian ren天人), “names and actualities” (mingshi名實), “principle and vital force” (liqi理氣), “the Way and visible things” (daoqi道器), “mind and matter/things” (xinwu心物), and “knowledge and action” (zhixing知行). Through discussion of these debates, the course of Chinese philosophy unfolds. Modern Chinese philosophy has made landmark achievements in the development of historical and epistemological theory, namely the “dynamic and revolutionary theory of reflection”. However, modern Chinese philosophy is yet to construct a systematic overview of logic and methodology, as well as questions of human freedom and ideals. Amid this discussion, the question of how contemporary China is to “take the baton” from the thinkers of the modern philosophical revolution is addressed.

The Economic History in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

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Author :
Publisher : DeepLogic
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Economic History in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period by : Li Shi

Download or read book The Economic History in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period written by Li Shi and published by DeepLogic. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is the volume of “The Economic History in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period” among a series of books of “Deep into China Histories”. The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC) describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization.The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) supplanted the Shang and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The central Zhou government began to weaken due to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the country eventually splintered into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period. These states became independent and warred with one another in the following Warring States period. Much of traditional Chinese culture, literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times.In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or "emperor" of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China. However, the oppressive government fell soon after his death, and was supplanted by the longer-lived Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the emperor to control vast territories directly. In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912, routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar-officials. Young men, well-versed in calligraphy, history, literature, and philosophy, were carefully selected through difficult government examinations. China's last dynasty was the Qing (1644–1912), which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912, and in the mainland by the People's Republic of China in 1949.Chinese history has alternated between periods of political unity and peace, and periods of war and failed statehood – the most recent being the Chinese Civil War (1927–1949). China was occasionally dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were eventually assimilated into the Han Chinese culture and population. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang and Tibet, as at present. Traditional culture, and influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world (carried by waves of immigration, cultural assimilation, expansion, and foreign contact), form the basis of the modern culture of China.

Social History Of China

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Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1938368266
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (383 download)

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Book Synopsis Social History Of China by : Deshan Xiong

Download or read book Social History Of China written by Deshan Xiong and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2015-01-01 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book was written by the past Historian, Professor Xiong Deshan. It explained the origin and development of China civilization from the point of view of economy and society by making full use of archaeology materials and deep analysis of the long and slow development of Chinese society. For the researchers on China history and social history, it could be an important reference.Published by SCPG Publishing Corporation and distributed by World Scientific for all markets except China

Foundations of Modern Slavery

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 100040739X
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Foundations of Modern Slavery by : Caf Dowlah

Download or read book Foundations of Modern Slavery written by Caf Dowlah and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-07-29 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an academic inquiry into how labor power has been dehumanized and commodified around the world through the ages for capital accumulation and industrialization, and colonial and post-colonial economic transformation. The study explores all major episodes of slaveries beginning from the ancient civilizations to the end of Transatlantic Slave Trade in the eighteenth century; the worlds of serfdoms in the context of Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and Russia; the worlds of feudalisms in the context of Latin America, Japan, China, and India; the worlds of indentured servitudes in the context of the Europeans, the Indians, and the Chinese; the worlds of guestworkers in the contexts of the United States and Western Europe; the worlds of migrant labor programs in the context of the Gulf States; and the contemporary world of neoslavery focusing on human trafficking in both developing and developed countries, and forced labor in global value chains. The book is designed not only for students and academia in labor economics, labor history, and global socio-economic and political transformations, but also for the intelligent and inquiring policy makers, reformers, and general readers across the disciplinary pursuits of Economics, Political Science, History, Sociology, Anthropology, and Law.

The Economic History in Qin and Han Dynasty

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Author :
Publisher : DeepLogic
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Economic History in Qin and Han Dynasty by : Li Shi

Download or read book The Economic History in Qin and Han Dynasty written by Li Shi and published by DeepLogic. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is the volume of “The Economic History in Qin and Han Dynasty” among a series of books of “Deep into China Histories”. The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC) describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization.The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) supplanted the Shang and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The central Zhou government began to weaken due to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the country eventually splintered into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period. These states became independent and warred with one another in the following Warring States period. Much of traditional Chinese culture, literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times.In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or "emperor" of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China. However, the oppressive government fell soon after his death, and was supplanted by the longer-lived Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the emperor to control vast territories directly. In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912, routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar-officials. Young men, well-versed in calligraphy, history, literature, and philosophy, were carefully selected through difficult government examinations. China's last dynasty was the Qing (1644–1912), which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912, and in the mainland by the People's Republic of China in 1949.Chinese history has alternated between periods of political unity and peace, and periods of war and failed statehood – the most recent being the Chinese Civil War (1927–1949). China was occasionally dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were eventually assimilated into the Han Chinese culture and population. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang and Tibet, as at present. Traditional culture, and influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world (carried by waves of immigration, cultural assimilation, expansion, and foreign contact), form the basis of the modern culture of China.

Landlord and Labor in Late Imperial China

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Author :
Publisher : Harvard Univ Asia Center
ISBN 13 : 9780674508668
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (86 download)

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Book Synopsis Landlord and Labor in Late Imperial China by : Su Jing

Download or read book Landlord and Labor in Late Imperial China written by Su Jing and published by Harvard Univ Asia Center. This book was released on 1978 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Preliminary Material -- Introduction -- Notes on the Translation -- Preface (1957) -- Authors' Note (1959) -- Weights and Measures -- The Development of the Regional Economy of Shandong During the Qing Period -- The Development of Commercial and Handicraft Towns -- The Commercialization of Agriculture -- The Differentiation of the Peasantry -- Micro Studies of the Managerial Landlord Economy in Shandong During the Qing Period -- Field Data on Three Typical Managerial Landlords -- Field Data on two Rentier Landlords -- Field Data on 131 Managerial Landlords -- Analysis of the Economic and Social Significance of the Managerial Landlords and Conclusions -- Analysis of the Economic and Social Significance of the Managerial Landlords -- Preliminary Conclusions -- Appendixes -- Class Structure of 197 Villages in 42 Districts of Shandong, c. 1900 -- Economic Activities of 131 Managerial Landlords From 46 Districts of Shandong, c. 1900 -- Conditions of Starting and Stopping Work and Sources of Income of Wage Laborers in 141 Villages in 47 Districts of Shandong, c. 1900 -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Glossary -- Index -- Harvard East Asian Monographs.

The Development Trajectory of Eastern Societies and the Theories and Practices of Socialism

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000807916
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis The Development Trajectory of Eastern Societies and the Theories and Practices of Socialism by : Zhao Jiaxiang

Download or read book The Development Trajectory of Eastern Societies and the Theories and Practices of Socialism written by Zhao Jiaxiang and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-07-30 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the four volumes of The Development Trajectory of Eastern societies and the Theories and Practices of Socialism, the author re-examines Marx and Engels’ theories on the development trajectory of Eastern societies by integrating theoretical analysis of Marxist theories and an historical investigation of socialist revolution and socialist construction around the world. The collection challenges some predominant interpretations of Marx and Engels' historical materialism by focusing on that materialism, explaining the general laws of historical development and its particular trajectory in Eastern societies; discussing the attempts of the Russian Commune to avoid the torments of the capitalist system and tracing the victories and failures of the 100-year trajectory of socialism. The significance of Marx and Engels' socialist theories for contemporary social development in the Eastern societies is henceforth laid bare. The book will be a key reference for readers studying Marxism, Marxist philosophy and the history of philosophy.

Growth of Feudal Society in the Qin and Han Dynasties

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Author :
Publisher : DeepLogic
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Growth of Feudal Society in the Qin and Han Dynasties by : Da Xue

Download or read book Growth of Feudal Society in the Qin and Han Dynasties written by Da Xue and published by DeepLogic. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is the volume of “Growth of Feudal Society in the Qin and Han Dynasties” among a series of books of “Chinese Dynastic History”. The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC) describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization. The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) supplanted the Shang and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The central Zhou government began to weaken due to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the country eventually splintered into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period. These states became independent and warred with one another in the following Warring States period. Much of traditional Chinese culture, literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times. In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or "emperor" of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China. However, the oppressive government fell soon after his death, and was supplanted by the longer-lived Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the emperor to control vast territories directly. In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912, routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar-officials. Young men, well-versed in calligraphy, history, literature, and philosophy, were carefully selected through difficult government examinations. China's last dynasty was the Qing (1644–1912), which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912, and in the mainland by the People's Republic of China in 1949. Chinese history has alternated between periods of political unity and peace, and periods of war and failed statehood – the most recent being the Chinese Civil War (1927–1949). China was occasionally dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were eventually assimilated into the Han Chinese culture and population. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang and Tibet, as at present. Traditional culture, and influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world (carried by waves of immigration, cultural assimilation, expansion, and foreign contact), form the basis of the modern culture of China.

Prosperity in Sui and Tang Dynasties

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Author :
Publisher : DeepLogic
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Prosperity in Sui and Tang Dynasties by : Da Xue

Download or read book Prosperity in Sui and Tang Dynasties written by Da Xue and published by DeepLogic. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is the volume of “Prosperity in Sui and Tang Dynasties” among a series of books of “Chinese Dynastic History”. The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC) describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization. The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) supplanted the Shang and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The central Zhou government began to weaken due to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the country eventually splintered into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period. These states became independent and warred with one another in the following Warring States period. Much of traditional Chinese culture, literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times. In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or "emperor" of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China. However, the oppressive government fell soon after his death, and was supplanted by the longer-lived Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the emperor to control vast territories directly. In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912, routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar-officials. Young men, well-versed in calligraphy, history, literature, and philosophy, were carefully selected through difficult government examinations. China's last dynasty was the Qing (1644–1912), which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912, and in the mainland by the People's Republic of China in 1949. Chinese history has alternated between periods of political unity and peace, and periods of war and failed statehood – the most recent being the Chinese Civil War (1927–1949). China was occasionally dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were eventually assimilated into the Han Chinese culture and population. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang and Tibet, as at present. Traditional culture, and influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world (carried by waves of immigration, cultural assimilation, expansion, and foreign contact), form the basis of the modern culture of China.