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Kinetics And Mechanisms For The Oxidation Of Unsaturated Organic Acids And Esters Under Atmospheric Conditions
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Book Synopsis Kinetics and Mechanisms for the Oxidation of Unsaturated Organic Acids and Esters Under Atmospheric Conditions by : Lisa Viero
Download or read book Kinetics and Mechanisms for the Oxidation of Unsaturated Organic Acids and Esters Under Atmospheric Conditions written by Lisa Viero and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Chemical Kinetics and Mechanisms of Unsaturated Organic Aerosol Oxidation by : Theodora Nah
Download or read book Chemical Kinetics and Mechanisms of Unsaturated Organic Aerosol Oxidation written by Theodora Nah and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the heterogeneous oxidation of organic particulate matter ("aerosol") is an active area of current research in atmospheric and combustion chemistry. The chemical evolution of organic aerosol is complex and dynamic since it can undergo multiple oxidation reactions with gas phase oxidants to form a mixture of different generations of oxidation products that control the average aerosol mass and volatility. In many of these systems, hydrocarbon free radicals, formed by reaction with gas phase oxidants, play key roles as initiators, propagators and terminators of surface reactions. This dissertation presents a detailed study of the reaction kinetics and mechanisms of the heterogeneous oxidation of unsaturated organic aerosol, and aims to provide new molecular and mechanistic insights into the reaction pathways in heterogeneous organic aerosol oxidation. The heterogeneous oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid C18H34O2, linoleic acid C18H32O2 and linolenic acid C18H30O2) aerosol by hydroxyl (OH) radicals is first studied in Chapter 2 to explore how surface OH addition reactions initiate chain reactions that rapidly transform the chemical composition of unsaturated organic aerosol. Oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid have the same linear C18 carbon backbone structure with one, two and three C=C double bonds, respectively. By studying carboxylic acids with different numbers of C=C double bonds, the role that multiple reactive sites plays in controlling reaction rates can be observed. The kinetic parameter of interest in these studies is the effective uptake coefficient, defined as the number of particle phase unsaturated fatty acid molecules reacted per OH-particle collision. The effective uptake coefficients for the unsaturated fatty acids are larger than unity, providing clear evidence for particle-phase secondary chain chemistry. The effective uptake coefficients for the unsaturated fatty acids decrease with increasing O2 concentration, indicating that O2 promotes chain termination in the unsaturated fatty acid reactions. The kinetics and products of squalene (a C30 branched alkene with 6 C=C double bonds) oxidation are compared to that of the unsaturated fatty acids in Chapters 3 and 4 to understand how molecular structure and chemical functionality influence reaction rates and mechanisms. The squalene effective uptake coefficient, which is also larger than one, is smaller than that of linoleic acid and linolenic acid despite the larger number of C=C double bonds in squalene. In contrast to the unsaturated fatty acids, the squalene effective uptake coefficient increases with O2 concentration, indicating that O2 promotes chain propagation in the squalene reaction. Elemental and product analysis of squalene aerosol shows that O2 promotes particle volatilization in the squalene reaction, suggesting that fragmentation reactions are important when O2 is present in the OH oxidation of branched unsaturated organic aerosol. In contrast, elemental and product analysis of linoleic acid aerosol shows that O2 does not influence the rate of particle volatilization in the linoleic acid reaction, suggesting that O2 does not alter the relative importance of fragmentation reactions in the OH oxidation of linear unsaturated organic aerosol. Lastly, depending on the aerosol phase (e.g. solid and semi-solid) and the timescale for homogeneous mixing within the aerosol particle, the chemical composition may vary spatially within an aerosol particle. This necessitates the need for new techniques to characterize the interfacial chemical composition of aerosol particles. In the last portion of the dissertation, direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) is used to analyze the surface chemical composition of nanometer-sized organic aerosol particles in real time at atmospheric pressure. By introducing a stream of aerosol particles in between the DART ionization source and the atmospheric pressure inlet of the mass spectrometer, the aerosol particles are exposed to a thermal flow of helium or nitrogen gas containing some fraction of metastable helium atoms or nitrogen molecules. In this configuration, the molecular constituents of organic aerosol particles are desorbed, ionized and detected with reduced molecular ion fragmentation, allowing for compositional identification. The reaction of ozone with sub-micron oleic acid particles is also measured to demonstrate the ability of DART-MS to identify products and quantify reaction rates in a heterogeneous reaction.
Book Synopsis Kinetics and Mechanisms for the Oxidation of Fluorinated and Oxygenated Organic Compournds Under Atmospheric Conditions by : Rebecca Morris
Download or read book Kinetics and Mechanisms for the Oxidation of Fluorinated and Oxygenated Organic Compournds Under Atmospheric Conditions written by Rebecca Morris and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere by : Ralf Koppmann
Download or read book Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere written by Ralf Koppmann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every day, large quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted into the atmosphere from both anthropogenic and natural sources. The formation of gaseous and particulate secondary products caused by oxidation of VOCs is one of the largest unknowns in the quantitative prediction of the earth’s climate on a regional and global scale, and on the understanding of local air quality. To be able to model and control their impact, it is essential to understand the sources of VOCs, their distribution in the atmosphere and the chemical transformations which remove these compounds from the atmosphere. In recent years techniques for the analysis of organic compounds in the atmosphere have been developed to increase the spectrum of detectable compounds and their detection limits. New methods have been introduced to increase the time resolution of those measurements and to resolve more complex mixtures of organic compounds. Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere describes the current state of knowledge of the chemistry of VOCs as well as the methods and techniques to analyse gaseous and particulate organic compounds in the atmosphere. The aim is to provide an authoritative review to address the needs of both graduate students and active researchers in the field of atmospheric chemistry research.
Book Synopsis Surface Water Photochemistry by : Paola Calza
Download or read book Surface Water Photochemistry written by Paola Calza and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015-11-20 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Borne out of the current widespread interest in the pollution of water bodies, this book explores the latest research concerning the photochemical fate of organic pollutants in surface water. The main objective is to give insight into both the functioning of ecosystems and the behaviour of emerging pollutants in those ecosystems. Particular importance is dedicated to techniques that can be used in the field and in the laboratory for the detection of pollutants and of their transformation intermediates. The inclusion of photochemical processes that have not gained previous coverage will afford the reader novel insights, whilst the focus on modelling and transformation intermediates will ensure the title's relevance to academics, the chemical manufacturing industries and environmental assessment experts alike.
Book Synopsis The Mechanisms of Pyrolysis, Oxidation, and Burning of Organic Materials by : Leo Aloysius Wall
Download or read book The Mechanisms of Pyrolysis, Oxidation, and Burning of Organic Materials written by Leo Aloysius Wall and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Miroslav Radojevic Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :9781851667772 Total Pages :624 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (677 download)
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Acidity by : Miroslav Radojevic
Download or read book Atmospheric Acidity written by Miroslav Radojevic and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1992-12-31 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first publication to offer a comprehensive and balanced view of atmospheric acidity. It is organised in three sections. The first part consists of reviews of sources of acidic compounds, the second part outlines the environmental consequences and the final part discusses the technological, legal and political aspects of control strategies.
Download or read book Food Antioxidants written by B. J. Hudson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antioxidants are present naturally in virtually all food commodities, providing them with a valuable degree of protection against oxidative attack. When food commodities are subjected to processing, such natural antioxidants are often depleted, whether physically, from the nature of the process itself, or by chemical degradation. In conse quence, processed food products usually keep less well than do the commodities from which they originated. Ideally, food producers would like them to keep better. This objective can often be achieved by blending natural products rich in antioxidants with processed foods, or by using well recognised antioxidants as food additives. In order to understand their action, and hence to apply antioxidants intelligently in food product formulation, some knowledge of the mechanisms by which they function is necessary. This is complex and of antioxidative may rely on one or more of several alternative forms intervention. Accordingly, the various mechanisms that may be relevant are discussed in Chapter 1, in each case including the 'intervention' mechanism. When present in, or added to, foods antioxidants are functional in very small quantities, typically, perhaps, at levels of 0·01 % or less.
Book Synopsis Theories of Molecular Reaction Dynamics by : Niels E. Henriksen
Download or read book Theories of Molecular Reaction Dynamics written by Niels E. Henriksen and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2008 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with a central topic at the interface of chemistry and physics - the understanding of how the transformation of matter takes place at the atomic level. Building on the laws of physics, the book focuses on the theoretical framework for predicting the outcome of chemical reactions. The style is highly systematic with attention to basic concepts and clarity of presentation. Molecular reaction dynamics is about the detailed atomic-level description of chemical reactions. Based on quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics or, as an approximation, classical mechanics, the dynamics of uni- and bi-molecular elementary reactions are described. The book features a detailed presentation of transition-state theory which plays an important role in practice, and a comprehensive discussion of basic theories of reaction dynamics in condensed phases. Examples and end-of-chapter problems are included in order to illustrate the theory and its connection to chemical problems.
Author :Sponsored by The Health Effects Institute Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309037263 Total Pages :703 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (9 download)
Book Synopsis Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public Health by : Sponsored by The Health Effects Institute
Download or read book Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public Health written by Sponsored by The Health Effects Institute and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking." â€"William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is knownâ€"and not knownâ€"about the human health risks of automotive emissions.
Book Synopsis The Art of Writing Reasonable Organic Reaction Mechanisms by : Robert B. Grossman
Download or read book The Art of Writing Reasonable Organic Reaction Mechanisms written by Robert B. Grossman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-07-31 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intended for students of intermediate organic chemistry, this text shows how to write a reasonable mechanism for an organic chemical transformation. The discussion is organized by types of mechanisms and the conditions under which the reaction is executed, rather than by the overall reaction as is the case in most textbooks. Each chapter discusses common mechanistic pathways and suggests practical tips for drawing them. Worked problems are included in the discussion of each mechanism, and "common error alerts" are scattered throughout the text to warn readers about pitfalls and misconceptions that bedevil students. Each chapter is capped by a large problem set.
Book Synopsis Lipid Oxidation by : Edwin N. Frankel
Download or read book Lipid Oxidation written by Edwin N. Frankel and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-01-23 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this second edition, Edwin Frankel has updated and extended his now well-known book Lipid oxidation which has come to be regarded as the standard work on the subject since the publication of the first edition seven years previously. His main objective is to develop the background necessary for a better understanding of what factors should be considered, and what methods and lipid systems should be employed, to achieve suitable evaluation and control of lipid oxidation in complex foods and biological systems. The oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids is one of the most fundamental reactions in lipid chemistry. When unsaturated lipids are exposed to air, the complex, volatile oxidation compounds that are formed cause rancidity. This decreases the quality of foods that contain natural lipid components as well as foods in which oils are used as ingredients. Furthermore, products of lipid oxidation have been implicated in many vital biological reactions, and evidence has accumulated to show that free radicals and reactive oxygen species participate in tissue injuries and in degenerative disease. Although there have been many significant advances in this challenging field, many important problems remain unsolved. This second edition of Lipid oxidation follows the example of the first edition in offering a summary of the many unsolved problems that need further research. The need to understand lipid oxidation is greater than ever with the increased interest in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, the reformulation of oils to avoid hydrogenation and trans fatty acids, and the enormous attention given to natural phenolic antioxidants, including flavonoids and other phytochemicals.
Author :Frédérique Battin-Leclerc Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :1447153073 Total Pages :657 pages Book Rating :4.4/5 (471 download)
Book Synopsis Cleaner Combustion by : Frédérique Battin-Leclerc
Download or read book Cleaner Combustion written by Frédérique Battin-Leclerc and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-09-06 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This overview compiles the on-going research in Europe to enlarge and deepen the understanding of the reaction mechanisms and pathways associated with the combustion of an increased range of fuels. Focus is given to the formation of a large number of hazardous minor pollutants and the inability of current combustion models to predict the formation of minor products such as alkenes, dienes, aromatics, aldehydes and soot nano-particles which have a deleterious impact on both the environment and on human health. Cleaner Combustion describes, at a fundamental level, the reactive chemistry of minor pollutants within extensively validated detailed mechanisms for traditional fuels, but also innovative surrogates, describing the complex chemistry of new environmentally important bio-fuels. Divided into five sections, a broad yet detailed coverage of related research is provided. Beginning with the development of detailed kinetic mechanisms, chapters go on to explore techniques to obtain reliable experimental data, soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mechanism reduction and uncertainty analysis, and elementary reactions. This comprehensive coverage of current research provides a solid foundation for researchers, managers, policy makers and industry operators working in or developing this innovative and globally relevant field.
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Degradation of Organic Substances by : Walter Klöpffer
Download or read book Atmospheric Degradation of Organic Substances written by Walter Klöpffer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-01-08 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This compilation on the degradation of 1,100 commercially important chemical products is the first publication to make this knowledge publicly accessible in one book. The data and annotations have been painstakingly assembled over a 10-year period in a collaboration between academia and regulatory authorities. The work explains in detail the methods, including computational ones, for the environmental assessment of volatile and semi-volatile substances, and is rounded off with data tables of degradation rates. A key resource for manufacturers and regulators of such substances.
Book Synopsis Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids by : Gabriel Tojo
Download or read book Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids written by Gabriel Tojo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-31 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the second volume in a comprehensive encyclopedia of organic reactions, this work provides an elaborated description of the experimental methods used for the oxidation of alcohols to acids. It supplies important data on possible interferences from protecting groups and functional groups, as well as on potential side-reactions. This book is a must for anyone involved in the preparation of organic compounds.
Book Synopsis Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones by : Gabriel Tojo
Download or read book Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones written by Gabriel Tojo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-06-15 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to help people performing routine operations in Organic Synthesis in a laboratory. This book, the first one in a series, focuses on the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. Probably, this is the most important routine operation in Organic Synthesis.
Book Synopsis Single-Sided NMR by : Federico Casanova
Download or read book Single-Sided NMR written by Federico Casanova and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-01-28 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the design of the first functioning single-sided tomograph, the related measurement methods, and a number of applications in medicine, materials science, and chemical engineering. It will be the first comprehensive account of this new device and its applications. Among the key advances of this method is that images can be obtained in much shorter times than originally anticipated, and that even vector maps of flow fields can be measured although the magnetic fields are highly inhomogeneous. Furthermore, the equipment is small, mobile and affordable to small and medium enterprises and can be located in doctors’ offices.
