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Ipo Pricing As A Function Of Your Investment Banks Past Mistakes
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Book Synopsis IPO Pricing as a Function of Your Investment Banks' Past Mistakes by : Laurie Krigman
Download or read book IPO Pricing as a Function of Your Investment Banks' Past Mistakes written by Laurie Krigman and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On May 18, 2012 Facebook held its initial public offering (IPO), raising over $16 billion making it one of the largest IPOs in history. To the surprise of many investors, there was no underpricing -- the stock closed the first day of trading flat from its offer price. The Facebook IPO was described as not only disappointing but also detrimental to the broader market. We explore why one IPO should have such widespread consequences. We document that the IPO market was silent for 41 days following Facebook. When it re-opened 41 days later, the average level of underpricing increased from 11% pre-Facebook to 20% post-Facebook. The common blame was an overall increase in risk-aversion among investors. We offer an alternative explanation. We show that the entire increase in underpricing is concentrated in the IPOs of the Facebook lead underwriters. We find no statistical difference in underpricing pre and post-Facebook for non-Facebook underwriters. We argue that investment bank loyalty to their institutional investor client based propelled the Facebook underwriters to increase underpricing to compensate for the perceived losses on Facebook.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of IPOs by : Douglas Cumming
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of IPOs written by Douglas Cumming and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-11-15 with total page 841 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Initial public offerings (IPOs), or new listings of companies on stock exchanges, are among the most important form of finance and generate considerable attention and excitement. They are used to raise capital or to monetize investments by the early generation of venture capital and other private investors. They are increasingly international in scope and reach, especially with non-American firms offering on American stock exchanges. This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of why companies list on stock exchanges, how IPOs are regulated, initially valued, and their performance in the short and long run. The first part examines the economics of IPOs, and offers statistics and regulatory insights from the United States and other countries around the world. The volume then covers mergers versus IPOs, as well as reverse mergers and special purpose acquisition companies. Part III analyzes institutional ties in IPOs, including analysts, investment banks, auditors, and venture capitalists. The fourth section provides international perspectives on IPOs from a number of countries around the world. Part V discusses alternatives to IPOs, including private marketplaces, and crowdfunding. Reflecting the range of disciplines that analyze IPOs, the contributors come from the fields of finance, international business and management, economics, and law. The chapters cover the latest information on a range of fundamental questions that are of interest to academics, practitioners, and policymakers alike.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Differences of Opinion and Market Conditions on the Pricing of IPOs by Investment Banks by : Michael O'Connor Keefe
Download or read book The Effect of Differences of Opinion and Market Conditions on the Pricing of IPOs by Investment Banks written by Michael O'Connor Keefe and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I model the pricing decision of an investment bank that manages a book-built IPO and faces a stochastic downward sloping demand curve for the firm's IPO shares. The model distinguishes between the effect of differences of opinion and valuation uncertainty on the pricing decision of the investment bank and hence average IPO initial returns. Without relying upon information asymmetries between agents, the model predicts several empirical regularities: average positive initial returns, the ubiquitous use of the over-allotment option, partial adjustment of offer prices to observable information, and extreme initial returns in a bubble. The model provides insight into the how investment banks interpret and price information. For example, news stories about the IPO firm attract potential new investors, many of which are plausibly sentiment investors. My model shows two effects of news stories on the stochastic demand curve. First, the new investors cause an outward shift out in the demand curve. Second, the new investors, many of whom are sentiment investors, increase valuation uncertainty. The investment bank raises the offer price due to the shift in demand caused by news stories, but only partially because of the increase in valuation uncertainty.
Book Synopsis Empirical Evidence on IPO-Underpricing by : Marius Hamer
Download or read book Empirical Evidence on IPO-Underpricing written by Marius Hamer and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2008 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diploma Thesis from the year 2007 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: 1,3, European Business School - International University Schlo Reichartshausen Oestrich-Winkel, 80 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: This paper aims at establishing a link between the average level of initial return of IPO shares, existing underpricing explanations and the dot-com bubble. In years prior to the boom of the new economy, underpricing was explained by various theories, which have extensively been developed since decades. However, in the years 1998 to 2001 IPOs were overly underpriced, leading to assumptions about behavioural aspects and investor irrationality. Analysing a comprehensive dataset of 371 IPOs on the Frankfurter B rse between 1997 and 2007, this paper aims at providing evidence that the observed lower levels of initial returns in recent years can indeed be aligned with existing theories on the basis of rational behaviour of market participants. Firstly, the IPO process and its major participants will be presented followed by a review of relevant studies on the IPO phenomenon. In the next step, established underpricing theories are recapitulated. A descriptive analysis of the data sample points out the particularities concerning the company and transaction characteristics of the sample firms. In a last step, a regression analysis relates various proxies for information asymmetry to established underpricing theories. It gives reason to believe that the irrationality at the turn of the century has vanished and that underpricing can again be explained by established theories.
Book Synopsis IPOs and Equity Offerings by : Ross Geddes
Download or read book IPOs and Equity Offerings written by Ross Geddes and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-06-06 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An initial public offering (IPO) is one of the most significant events in corporate life. It follows months, even years of preparation. During the boom years of the late 1990s bull market, IPOs of growth companies captured the imagination and pocketbooks of investors like never before. This book goes behind the scenes to examine the process of an offering from the decision to go public to the procedures of a subsequent equity offering. The book is written from the perspective of an experienced investment banker describing the hows and whys of IPOs and subsequent equity issues. Each aspect of an IPO is illustrated with plenty of international examples pitched alongside relevant academic research to offer a combination of theoretical rigour and practical application. Topics covered are: - the decision to go public- legal and regulatory aspects of an offering; marketing and research- valuation and pricing- allocations of shares to investors - examination of fees and commissions * Global perpective: UK, European and US practices, regulations and examples, and case studies* First hand experience written by an IPO trader with academic rigour* Includes the changes in the market that resulted from 1998-2000 equity boom
Book Synopsis Assessing Earnings Quality at the IPO by : Melissa F. Lewis
Download or read book Assessing Earnings Quality at the IPO written by Melissa F. Lewis and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investors in initial public offering (IPO) firms face a dilemma: Should they rely on earnings containing income-increasing accruals when valuing IPOs? On one hand, these accruals could reflect information about managers' expectations of future cash flows. On the other hand, managers could use the discretion inherent in current accounting standards to opportunistically inflate earnings in hopes of increasing the offer price. This paper explores the extent to which reputable investment banks help resolve uncertainty about the quality of IPO firms' income-increasing accruals and resulting earnings. Investment bankers have the experience, knowledge, and incentives to accurately assess the quality of IPO firms' earnings and correctly price earnings components. Accordingly, I predict and find that income-increasing accruals are of higher quality for firms whose managers employ a reputable investment bank than for firms whose managers employ a less reputable investment bank. Further, IPO market participants capitalize earnings and positive accruals at higher multiples when firms employ reputable investment banks. The higher multiples applied to the earnings and income-increasing accruals of firms with reputable investment banks do not appear to be "over-priced" as Fama and French factor regressions show no evidence of long-run underperformance for the sample as a whole, or subsets of the sample with reputable investment bank representation. Overall, my findings are consistent with a sophisticated market for IPO securities, and suggest that market participants, on average, recognize and price differential earnings quality at the IPO.
Book Synopsis Correcting the Empirical Foundations of Ipo-Pricing Regulation by : Royce de Rohan Barondes
Download or read book Correcting the Empirical Foundations of Ipo-Pricing Regulation written by Royce de Rohan Barondes and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent events are replete with stories of fraudulent or opportunistic behavior in the initial public offering (IPO) process - behavior that extended to the highest-reputation investment banks. Curiously, notwithstanding this evidence, recent financial economics literature asserts investment bank conflicts of interest certify IPO issuers.This Article develops new empirical evidence that casts doubt on this certification hypothesis by examining the pre-IPO price adjustment of IPOs involving qualified independent underwriters (QIUs), particularly IPOs in which more than ten percent of the net proceeds are being directed to participating investment banks (e.g., to repay a prior extension of credit). These offerings have similar pre-IPO pricing patterns to those others interpret as involving certification. Investment bank exit, however, cannot comfortably be categorized as certification. These results, together with other recent results in the legal literature, support the view that factors other than quot;certificationquot; account for IPO pricing phenomena in IPOs involving investment bank conflicts of interest.The SEC has finally come to consider important proposals, put forward by the NASD and the NYSE, to reform IPO marketing, albeit five years after the internet bubble in IPOs and other securities transactions burst. These results support increased disclosure-focused regulation of the IPO process.
Book Synopsis The Phenomenon of IPO Underpricing in the European and U.S. Stock Markets by : Oliver Reiche
Download or read book The Phenomenon of IPO Underpricing in the European and U.S. Stock Markets written by Oliver Reiche and published by Anchor Academic Publishing (aap_verlag). This book was released on 2014-06-23 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Initial Public Offering (IPO) marks one of the most important events of a company. Basically, the aim is to generate maximum proceeds by selling the company’s shares to investors. However, the shares that are sold seem to be underpriced as the price significantly soars on the first trading day. Since the very first detection of this phenomenon in the United States in 1969, several subsequent studies have documented the existence of worldwide IPO underpricing. This study focuses on IPO Underpricing in the European and United States Stock Markets by outlining and discussing the following essential issues: What is underpricing in the context of the IPO? Which motivations are there and how do they impact? Is there IPO underpricing in the markets of Europe and the United States of America?
Book Synopsis Ipo Pricing and Allocation by : Tim Jenkinson
Download or read book Ipo Pricing and Allocation written by Tim Jenkinson and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the central importance of investors to all IPO theories, relatively little is known about their role in practice. In this paper we survey institutional investors about how they assess IPOs, what information they provide to the investment banking syndicate, and the factors they believe influence allocations. Although the theoretical IPO literature has tended to focus on information revelation, the survey raises doubts as to the extent of incremental information production and whether bookrunners are, in practice, able to infer investors' valuations from their bids. We find that investor characteristics, in particular broking relationships with the bookrunner, are perceived to be the most important factors influencing allocations, which supports the view that IPO allocations are part of implicit quid pro quo deals with investment banks.
Book Synopsis IPOs for Everyone by : Linda R. Killian
Download or read book IPOs for Everyone written by Linda R. Killian and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2001-01-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Founders of Renaissance Capital and the IPO Aftermarket Fund get in on the cutting edge of today's economy The business press has declared IPOs-Initial Public Offerings-dead seven times in the past ten years. Every time they've been wrong. Far from being deterred by the IPO obituaries, the authors of IPOs for Everyone show that these times in the IPO market consistently present the best buys. Once reserved for a select group of Wall Street pros, there are now many opportunities for individual investors to take advantage of in the IPO groundswell. IPOs have become a must have for investors who wish to diversify their portfolio. IPOs for Everyone, reveals the twelve secrets used by the founders of Renaissance Capital, the leading IPO research and money management firm, to pick a winning IPO investment. This timely book provides the inside knowledge that investors must have to play the volatile IPO market successfully, including: finding the best companies on the block, getting favorable pricing and seeking out buying opportunities in the aftermarket.
Download or read book The IPO Decision written by Jason Draho and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2004-01-01 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation Initial public offerings (IPOs) garnered unprecedented positive attention in the 1990s for their spectacular returns and central role in entrepreneurial activity. Subsequent revelations of unscrupulous IPO allocation and promotion practices cast a less fa.
Book Synopsis Initial Public Offerings: Findings and Theories by : Seth Anderson
Download or read book Initial Public Offerings: Findings and Theories written by Seth Anderson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Initial public offerings (IPOs) play a crucial role in allocating resources in market economies. Because of the enormous importance of IPOs, an understanding of how IPOs work is fundamental to an understanding of financial markets generally. Of particular interest is the puzzling existence of high initial returns to equity IPOs in the United States and other free-market economies. Audience: Designed for use by anyone wishing to perform further academic research in the area of IPOs and by those practitioners interested in IPOs as investment vehicles.
Book Synopsis Pricing and Performance of Initial Public Offerings in the United States by : Arvin Ghosh
Download or read book Pricing and Performance of Initial Public Offerings in the United States written by Arvin Ghosh and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this timely volume on newly emerging financial mar- kets and investment strategies, Arvin Ghosh explores the intriguing topic of initial public offerings (IPOs) of securities, among the most significant phenomena in the United States stock markets in recent years. Before the 2000-2001 market turndown, hardly a week went by when more than a few companies did not become public, either in the organized stock exchange or in the Over the Counter (OTC) market. In the often over-burdened, technology-heavy Nasdaq market, the role of IPOs was crucial for the market's new vigor and growth. Internet stocks were able to find a mode to supply key momentum to the market. In the so-called "New Economy" of the 1990s, it was the seductively accessible IPO that ushered in the world's information technology revolution.Ghosh sets out to examine the pricing and financial performance of IPOs in the United States during the period 1990-2001. In the opening chapter he discusses the rise and fall of IPOs in the preceding decade. Chapter 2 further delineates the IPO process from the start of the prospectus to the end of the "quiet period" and aftermarket stabilization. In chapter 3 Ghosh analyzes the mispricing and deliberately deceptive underpricing, or "flipping," of Internet IPOs. Chapter 4 delves deeper into the pricing and operating efficiency of Nasdaq IPOs. Chapter 5 analyzes the pricing and long-run performance of IPOs both in the New York Stock Exchange and in the Nasdaq markets. In chapters 6 and 7 the author deals with the pricing and performance of the venture-blocked and nonventure-backed IPOs in general and Internet IPOs in particular. In chapter 8 he analyzes the role of underwriters as market makers. In chapter 9 Ghosh discusses the accuracy of analysts' earnings forecasts. In the concluding chapter, he summarizes the principal findings of the study and the recent revival of the IPO market and its place in capital formation as well as the latest developments in t
Book Synopsis Risks during the IPO Process by : Tim Meierkord
Download or read book Risks during the IPO Process written by Tim Meierkord and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2016-12-21 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2016 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: 1,7, University of Applied Sciences Essen, language: English, abstract: Companies all over the world need liquid assets to start, grow or save their businesses. There are several options for companies to get access to these assets, such as the classical use of revenues or to raise a credit at a bank. But these options are maybe not sufficient enough or limited in time. To reach their goals companies can raise the funds in the capital market through an initial public offering. Due to the advancing globalization and digitalization companies theoretically can gather money through the IPO from all over the world. As the IPO is considered to be one of the most significant events in the life cycle of companies a profound analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of IPOs is needed to be conducted by the companies.
Book Synopsis IPO Pricing in the Dot-com Bubble by : Alexander Ljungqvist
Download or read book IPO Pricing in the Dot-com Bubble written by Alexander Ljungqvist and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis IPO Valuation and Investment Bank Reputation by : Luann Bangsund
Download or read book IPO Valuation and Investment Bank Reputation written by Luann Bangsund and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is a common practice for investment banks competing for the lead underwriting role in an IPO to provide estimates of firm value as part of a “beauty contest” presentation. A beauty contest, in which fifteen investment banks of varying reputation provided written proposals that included value estimates, provides an opportunity to observe any differences in valuation methodology relative to investment bank reputation. I expect to see, based on research by Hanley (1993) and Bradley and Jordan (2002), that the value ranges submitted vary in relation to investment bank reputation. The previous research finds that low prestige investment banks make fewer adjustments to the pricing range during the IPO (initial public offering) process than do high prestige firms. I find that high-reputation investment banks use fewer valuation methods and provide less support of their valuations in the written presentation, yet they provide narrower valuation ranges than do lower-reputation investment banks. The investment banks with lower reputation appear to be signaling both commitment and quality through more rigorous valuation however their value estimates are less precise. Further, I find that the most common methods used are the relative value method (multiple of earnings) and discounted cash flow.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on IPOs by : Mario Levis
Download or read book Handbook of Research on IPOs written by Mario Levis and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2013-11-29 with total page 599 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chapters offer some important new insights into issues that will be of interest not only to the academic community but also to professionals involved in the preparation, structure and execution of such transactions, market regulators, and private a
