Internal Frontiers

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Interior Frontiers

Author : Ann Laura Stoler
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190076372
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Interior Frontiers by : Ann Laura Stoler

Download or read book Interior Frontiers written by Ann Laura Stoler and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-06-03 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, Ann Laura Stoler navigates the shadows and shatterzones of democratic policies, considering how imperial features are folded through (il)liberal orders, where racial inequities thicken in the borderlands of interior frontiers. Sometimes those frontiers, or the lines that define the contours of belonging and not belonging, are porous--often fixed and firm. For those on the wrong side of the fabulated division between inside and out, entry requirements can be opaque, neither verbal nor visible. Illegibilities are secured in code. The sites of inequity are disparate, the sensibilities that produce and sustain those inequities are as well. Borrowing Ralph Ellison's phrase, Stoler exposes unexpected sites and scenes that register the lower frequencies of denigration. Seemingly benign sites are laid bare as toxic, as in her essay eviscerating the warped criteria assigned to taste and who can have it, and in her study of the seared lives that longing, envy, and humiliation inscribe. In so doing, she hews close to the soft violences of sentiments that ascribe, distribute, and assess human kinds. But the project of these essays turns as much to those who reject those violences, who distil refusal in poetic rage--the phrase Stoler invokes to describe the anti-colonial avant-garde. Stoler casts this aesthetic of dissent through a surge of multi-media archiving ventures among Palestinians bent on creating and conjuring landscapes beyond Israeli violences-for the future and today. Stoler hugs close to the dark corridors where racial inequalities thrive. These inequities may be blatant but unnoticed, others are neither muted nor unseen. Each essay iterates a (sub)metric of inequality as a fictive measure of human worth. With an optic, ever bold and subtle, she turns the reader to the social ecologies and racial logics targeting the body and the senses. These are hazardous zones for the instruments and infrastructures in which (il)liberalisms invest. Increasingly unsettled and challenged by a more radically just demos, these sites of contest may be the emergent political scenes of racial sovereignty's unmaking and where the weapons of that unmaking are readied, and stored.

Controlling Frontiers

Author : Elspeth Guild
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351948709
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

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Book Synopsis Controlling Frontiers by : Elspeth Guild

Download or read book Controlling Frontiers written by Elspeth Guild and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing in particular on the European borders, this volume brings together an interdisciplinary group of academics to consider questions of immigration and the free movement of people, linking control within the state to the role of the police and internal security. The contributors all take as the point of departure the significance of European governmentality within the Foucauldian meaning as opposed to the European governance perspective which is already well represented in the literature. They discuss the relation between control of borders, introduction of biometrics and freedom. The book makes available in English an analysis of an important and politically highly charged field from a major French critical perspective. It draws on different disciplines including law, politics, international relations and philosophy.

Ethnic Frontiers And Peripheries

Author : Oren Yiftachel
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429723695
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

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Book Synopsis Ethnic Frontiers And Peripheries by : Oren Yiftachel

Download or read book Ethnic Frontiers And Peripheries written by Oren Yiftachel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-03-12 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The idea for editing this book originated during an international conference titled ""Regional Development: The Challenge of the Frontier,"" held in December 1993 at the Dead Sea and which was organized by the Negev Center for Regional Development at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. In this conference we noticed that little has been said about the impact of Israel's complex mosaic of ethnic groups on the shaping of the country's social and spatial frontiers. We have therefore endeavored to bring together a number of perspectives on the evolution of ethnic frontiers in Israel and the role they play in shaping the cultural landscape of this country. Yet we later realized that ""frontier"" is too limited a term, and that it may through various processes have turned into a mosaic of spatial, social, economic, and political peripheries. More specifically we attempted to present the process of frontier development as perceived by Israel's ethnic and national minorities. We therefore invited contributions from various other Israeli experts on these issues: geographers, sociologists, anthropologists, and political scientists, which have now become the main body of chapters in this book. We trust that they are representative of the main dimensions of the subject."

Frontiers of the European Union

Author : M. Anderson
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230507972
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Frontiers of the European Union by : M. Anderson

Download or read book Frontiers of the European Union written by M. Anderson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2001-03-30 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on original research this book is a unique attempt at a general assessment of EU frontiers. Internal frontiers are losing some of their key functions but there are many responses to the new situation, as a case study of French frontiers abundantly illustrates. An examination of the EU external frontier shows that the EU is acquiring some state-like features, but the eastern frontier provides abundant evidence of the external frontier's complexity. The authors conclude that the increasing openness of national frontiers will continue, but their effective abolition, whether by European integration or through 'globalization', is improbable.

Boundaries, Borders and Frontiers in Archaeology

Author : Bryan Feuer
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 1476624240
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (766 download)

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Book Synopsis Boundaries, Borders and Frontiers in Archaeology by : Bryan Feuer

Download or read book Boundaries, Borders and Frontiers in Archaeology written by Bryan Feuer and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2016-02-17 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until fairly recently, archaeological research has been directed primarily toward the centers of societies rather than their perimeters. Yet frontiers and borders, precisely because they are peripheral, promote interaction between people of different polities and cultures, with a wide range of potential outcomes. Much work has begun to redress this disparity of focus. Drawing on contemporary and ethnographic accounts, historical data and archaeological evidence, this book covers more than 30 years of research on boundaries, borders and frontiers, beginning with The Northern Mycenaean Border in Thessaly in 1983. The author discusses various theoretical and methodological issues concerning peripheries as they apply to the archaeological record. Political, economic, social and cultural processes in border and frontier zones are described in detail. Three case study societies are examined--China, Rome and Mycenaean Greece.

Internal Frontiers

Author : Jon Soske
Publisher : Ohio University Press
ISBN 13 : 082144610X
Total Pages : 454 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Internal Frontiers by : Jon Soske

Download or read book Internal Frontiers written by Jon Soske and published by Ohio University Press. This book was released on 2017-12-01 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this ambitious new history of the antiapartheid struggle, Jon Soske places India and the Indian diaspora at the center of the African National Congress’s development of an inclusive philosophy of nationalism. In so doing, Soske combines intellectual, political, religious, urban, and gender history to tell a story that is global in reach while remaining grounded in the everyday materiality of life under apartheid. Even as Indian independence provided black South African intellectuals with new models of conceptualizing sovereignty, debates over the place of the Indian diaspora in Africa (the “also-colonized other”) forced a reconsideration of the nation’s internal and external boundaries. In response to the traumas of Partition and the 1949 Durban Riots, a group of thinkers in the ANC, centered in the Indian Ocean city of Durban and led by ANC president and Nobel Peace Prize winner Albert Luthuli, developed a new philosophy of nationhood that affirmed South Africa’s simultaneously heterogeneous and fundamentally African character. Internal Frontiers is a major contribution to postcolonial and Indian Ocean studies and charts new ways of writing about African nationalism.

Frontiers of Fear

Author : Ariane Chebel d'Appollonia
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 0801464382
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Frontiers of Fear by : Ariane Chebel d'Appollonia

Download or read book Frontiers of Fear written by Ariane Chebel d'Appollonia and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2012-03-15 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On both sides of the Atlantic, restrictive immigration policies have been framed as security imperatives since the 1990s. This trend accelerated in the aftermath of 9/11 and subsequent terrorist attacks in Europe. In Frontiers of Fear, Ariane Chebel d’Appollonia raises two central questions with profound consequences for national security and immigration policy: First, does the securitization of immigration issues actually contribute to the enhancement of internal security? Second, does the use of counterterrorist measures address such immigration issues as the increasing number of illegal immigrants, the resilience of ethnic tensions, and the emergence of homegrown radicalization? Chebel d’Appollonia questions the main assumptions that inform political agendas in the United States and throughout Europe, analyzing implementation and evaluating the effectiveness of policies in terms of their stated objectives. She argues that the new security-based immigration regime has proven ineffective in achieving its prescribed goals and even aggravated the problems it was supposed to solve: A security/insecurity cycle has been created that results in less security and less democracy. The excesses of securitization have harmed both immigration and counterterrorist policies and seriously damaged the delicate balance between security and respect for civil liberties.

Cultures of Border Control

Author : Ruben Zaiotti
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226977889
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (269 download)

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Book Synopsis Cultures of Border Control by : Ruben Zaiotti

Download or read book Cultures of Border Control written by Ruben Zaiotti and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2011-02-15 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, a number of European countries abolished national border controls in favor of Europe’s external frontiers. In doing so, they challenged long-established conceptions of sovereignty, territoriality, and security in world affairs. Setting forth a new analytic framework informed by constructivism and pragmatism, Ruben Zaiotti traces the transformation of underlying assumptions and cultural practices guiding European policymakers and postnational Europe, shedding light on current trends characterizing its politics and relations with others. The book also includes a fascinating comparison to developments in North America, where the United States has pursued more restrictive border control strategies since 9/11. As a broad survey of the origins, evolution, and implications of this remarkable development in European integration, Cultures of Border Control will be of interest to students and scholars of international relations and political geography.

Imagined Frontiers

Author : Carl Abbott
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806152400
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Imagined Frontiers by : Carl Abbott

Download or read book Imagined Frontiers written by Carl Abbott and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2015-09-10 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We live near the edge—whether in a settlement at the core of the Rockies, a gated community tucked into the wilds of the Santa Monica Mountains, a silicon culture emerging in the suburbs, or, in the future, homesteading on a terraformed Mars. In Imagined Frontiers, urban historian and popular culture scholar Carl Abbott looks at the work of American artists who have used novels, film, television, maps, and occasionally even performance art to explore these frontiers—the metropolitan frontier of suburban development, the classic continental frontier of American settlement, and the yet unrealized frontiers beyond Earth. Focusing on writers and artists working during the past half-century, an era of global economic and social reach, Abbott describes the dialogue between historians and social scientists seeking to understand these frontier places and the artists reimagining them in written and visual fictions. This book offers perspectives on such well-known authors as T. C. Boyle and John Updike and on such familiar movies and television shows as Falling Down and The Sopranos. By putting The Rockford Files and the cult favorite Firefly in conversation with popular fiction writers Robert Heinlein and Stephen King and literary novelists Peter Matthiessen and Leslie Marmon Silko, Abbott interweaves the disparate subjects of western history, urban planning, and science fiction in a single volume. Abbott combines all-new essays with others previously published but substantially revised to integrate western and urban history, literary analysis, and American studies scholarship in a uniquely compelling analysis of the frontier in popular culture.

Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices

Author : David Abulafia
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351918583
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

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Book Synopsis Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices by : David Abulafia

Download or read book Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices written by David Abulafia and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the 'medieval frontier' has been the subject of extensive research. But the term has been understood in many different ways: political boundaries; fuzzy lines across which trade, religions and ideas cross; attitudes to other peoples and their customs. This book draws attention to the differences between the medieval and modern understanding of frontiers, questioning the traditional use of the concepts of 'frontier' and 'frontier society'. It contributes to the understanding of physical boundaries as well as metaphorical and ideological frontiers, thus providing a background to present-day issues of political and cultural delimitation. In a major introduction, David Abulafia analyses these various ambiguous meanings of the term 'frontier', in political, cultural and religious settings. The articles that follow span Europe from the Baltic to Iberia, from the Canary Islands to central Europe, Byzantium and the Crusader states. The authors ask what was perceived as a frontier during the Middle Ages? What was not seen as a frontier, despite the usage in modern scholarship? The articles focus on a number of themes to elucidate these two main questions. One is medieval ideology. This includes the analysis of medieval formulations of what frontiers should be and how rulers had a duty to defend and/or extend the frontiers; how frontiers were defined (often in a different way in rhetorical-ideological formulations than in practice); and how in certain areas frontier ideologies were created. The other main topic is the emergence of frontiers, how medieval people created frontiers to delimit areas, how they understood and described frontiers. The third theme is that of encounters, and a questioning of medieval attitudes to such encounters. To what extent did medieval observers see a frontier between themselves and other groups, and how does real interaction compare with ideological or narrative formulations of such interaction?

Between Frontiers

Author : Noboru Ishikawa
Publisher : Ohio University Press
ISBN 13 : 0896804763
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (968 download)

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Book Synopsis Between Frontiers by : Noboru Ishikawa

Download or read book Between Frontiers written by Noboru Ishikawa and published by Ohio University Press. This book was released on 2010-03-15 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A staple of postwar academic writing, “nationalism” is a contentious and often unanalyzed abstraction. It is generally treated as something “imagined,” “fashioned,” and “disseminated,”as an idea located in the mind, in printed matter, on maps, in symbols such as flags and anthems, and in collective memory. Between Frontiers restores the nation to the social field from which it hasbeen abstracted by looking at how the concept shapes the existenceof people in border zones, where they live between nations. Noboru Ishikawa grounds his discussion of border zones in materials gathered during two years of archival research and fieldwork relating to the boundary that separates Malaysian from Indonesian territory in western Borneo. His book considers how the state maintains its national space and how people strategically situate themselves by their community, nation, and ethnic group designated as national territory.Examining these issues in the context of concrete circumstances, where a village boundary coincides with a national border, allows him to delineate the dialectical relationship between nation-state and borderland society both as history and as process. Scholars across the humanities and social sciences will learn from this masterful linking of history and ethnography, and of macro and micro perspectives.

Frontiers of Possession

Author : Tamar Herzog
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674745183
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis Frontiers of Possession by : Tamar Herzog

Download or read book Frontiers of Possession written by Tamar Herzog and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2015-01-06 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A “lucid” analysis of the territorial formation of Spain and Portugal in both Europe and the Americas (Publishers Weekly). Frontiers of Possession asks how territorial borders were established in Europe and the Americas during the early modern period and challenges the standard view that national boundaries are largely determined by military conflicts and treaties. Focusing on Spanish and Portuguese claims in the New and Old Worlds, Tamar Herzog reconstructs the different ways land rights were negotiated and enforced, sometimes violently, among people who remembered old possessions or envisioned new ones: farmers and nobles, clergymen and missionaries, settlers and indigenous peoples. Questioning the habitual narrative that sees the Americas as a logical extension of the Old World, Herzog portrays Spain and Portugal on both sides of the Atlantic as one unified imperial space. She begins in the Americas, where Iberian conquerors had to decide who could settle the land, who could harvest fruit and cut timber, and who had river rights for travel and trade. The presence of indigenous peoples as enemies to vanquish or allies to befriend, along with the vastness of the land, complicated the picture, as did the promise of unlimited wealth. In Europe, meanwhile, the formation and re-formation of boundaries could last centuries, as ancient entitlements clashed with evolving economic conditions and changing political views and juridical doctrines regarding how land could be acquired and maintained. Herzog demonstrates that the same fundamental questions had to be addressed in Europe and in the Americas. Territorial control was always subject to negotiation, as neighbors and outsiders, in their quotidian interactions, carved out and defended new frontiers of possession. Praise for Frontiers of Possession “Herzog succeeds in her aim of moving beyond the usually separate histories of Spain and Portugal—and of Europe and the Americas—to complicate the accepted understanding of national and imperial boundaries as immutable facts rather than as ongoing sites of contestation.” —William O’Connor, The Daily Beast “This book is about as thorough a research work as this reviewer has ever encountered . . . This is a truly innovative and well-documented interpretation of this topic.” —D. L. Tengwall, Choice “The best account we now have of the long legal and political rivalry between the world’s first modern imperial powers.” —Anthony Pagden, author of The Enlightenment and Why It Still Matters

The Frontiers of Europe

Author : Federiga Bindi
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0815721560
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis The Frontiers of Europe by : Federiga Bindi

Download or read book The Frontiers of Europe written by Federiga Bindi and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2011-08-18 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the European Union tries to increase both its visibility and its impact on the world stage, it cannot overlook the fact that until now enlargement has formed its most successful foreign policy. But is the EU's enlargement strategy still relevant today? Have the economic crisis and the speculative attack on the euro made the enlargement policy more uncertain? In The Frontiers of Europe, an international cast of leading experts and policymakers examine the EU's prospective borders from new perspectives. Indeed, the frontiers of Europe are as much a matter of values and the EU's international credibility as they are a matter of geographic definition. The contributors highlight the considerable yet different interests of the United States and Russia in the EU's enlargement strategy, paying special attention to the likely effects on the future of U.S.-EU relations. This comprehensive volume focuses not only on the European Union's outward expansion, but also on the internal dynamics within EU states and those states' abilities to deal with pressing issues such as terrorism, immigration, internal crime, and energy security. The EU must prioritize stability in both its enlargement strategy and its relations with the broader international neighborhood. The book raises a note of caution, however: as governance challenges increase, the EU's attention increasingly draws inward, thus diminishing its soft power. The Frontiers of Europe is important reading for anyone trying to understand the current geopolitical landscape of Europe and what it means for the rest of the world.

Scarcity and Frontiers

Author : Edward B. Barbier
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139493469
Total Pages : 767 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Scarcity and Frontiers by : Edward B. Barbier

Download or read book Scarcity and Frontiers written by Edward B. Barbier and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-12-23 with total page 767 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout much of history, a critical driving force behind global economic development has been the response of society to the scarcity of key natural resources. Increasing scarcity raises the cost of exploiting existing natural resources and creates incentives in all economies to innovate and conserve more of these resources. However, economies have also responded to increasing scarcity by obtaining and developing more of these resources. Since the agricultural transition over 12,000 years ago, this exploitation of new 'frontiers' has often proved to be a pivotal human response to natural resource scarcity. This book provides a fascinating account of the contribution that natural resource exploitation has made to economic development in key eras of world history. This not only fills an important gap in the literature on economic history but also shows how we can draw lessons from these past epochs for attaining sustainable economic development in the world today.

Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers C. 1600-1800

Author : Andrew MacKillop
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9789004129702
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (297 download)

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Book Synopsis Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers C. 1600-1800 by : Andrew MacKillop

Download or read book Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers C. 1600-1800 written by Andrew MacKillop and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines Scots serving as governors in the empires of Denmark-Norway, Sweden, Russia, and the Atlantic and South Asian sectors of the British Empire with a view to understanding Scotland's distinctive participation within European imperialism.

The Archaeology of Medieval Islamic Frontiers

Author : A. Asa Eger
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 1607328771
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Medieval Islamic Frontiers by : A. Asa Eger

Download or read book The Archaeology of Medieval Islamic Frontiers written by A. Asa Eger and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2019-05-15 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Archaeology of Medieval Islamic Frontiers demonstrates that different areas of the Islamic polity previously understood as “minor frontiers” were, in fact, of substantial importance to state formation. Contributors explore different conceptualizations of “border,” the importance of which previously went unrecognized, examining frontiers in regions including the Magreb, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Nubia, and the Caucasus through a combination of archaeological and documentary evidence. Chapters highlight the significance of these respective regions to the emergence of new sociopolitical, cultural, and economic practices within the Islamic world. These studies successfully overcome the dichotomy of civilization’s center and peripheries in academic discourse by presenting the actual dynamics of identity formation and the definition, both spatial and cultural, of boundaries. The Archaeology of Medieval Islamic Frontiers is a rare combination of a new reading of written evidence with results from archaeological studies that will modify established opinions on the character of the Islamic frontiers and stimulate similar studies for other regions. The book will be relevant to medieval Islamic studies as well as to research in the medieval world in general. Contributors: Karim Alizadeh, Jana Eger, Kathryn J. Franklin, Renata Holod, Tarek Kahlaoui, Anthony J. Lauricella, Ian Randall, Giovanni R. Ruffini, Tasha Vorderstrasse

Revolution and Non-Violence in Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Mandela

Author : Imraan Coovadia
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192609084
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Revolution and Non-Violence in Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Mandela by : Imraan Coovadia

Download or read book Revolution and Non-Violence in Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Mandela written by Imraan Coovadia and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-21 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dangers of political violence and the possibilities of non-violence were the central themes of three lives which changed the twentieth century—Leo Tolstoy, writer and aristocrat who turned against his class, Mohandas Gandhi who corresponded with Tolstoy and considered him the most important person of the time, and Nelson Mandela, prisoner and statesman, who read War and Peace on Robben Island and who, despite having led a campaign of sabotage, saw himself as a successor to Gandhi. Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Mandela tried to create transformed societies to replace the dying forms of colony and empire. They found the inequalities of Russia, India, and South Africa intolerable yet they questioned the wisdom of seizing the power of the state, creating new kinds of political organisation and imagination to replace the old promises of revolution. Their views, along with their ways of leading others, are closely connected, from their insistence on working with their own hands and reforming their individual selves to their acceptance of death. On three continents, in a century of mass mobilization and conflict, they promoted strains of nationalism devoid of antagonism, prepared to take part in a general peace. Looking at Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Mandela in sequence, taking into account their letters and conversations as well as the institutions they created or subverted, placing at the centre their treatment of the primal fantasy of political violence, this volume reveals a vital radical tradition which stands outside the conventional categories of twentieth-century history and politics.