Interference Coordination For 5g Cellular Networks

Download Interference Coordination For 5g Cellular Networks full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Interference Coordination For 5g Cellular Networks ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Interference Coordination for 5G Cellular Networks

Author : Lu Yang
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319247239
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Interference Coordination for 5G Cellular Networks by : Lu Yang

Download or read book Interference Coordination for 5G Cellular Networks written by Lu Yang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-23 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SpringerBrief presents interference coordination techniques for future 5G cellular networks. Starting with an overview of existing interference management techniques, it focuses on practical interference coordination schemes based on beamforming and user scheduling. The proposed schemes aim to deal with the inter-cell interference in multi-cell MIMO networks, cross-tier interference in device-to-device communications underlaying cellular network, and inter-network interference in cognitive radio networks. The performances of the proposed schemes are evaluated both analytically and numerically in terms of several performance parameters, including the sum rate, multiplexing gain, and outage probability of the networks. The results show that the proposed schemes can significantly reduce the effect of interference and improve the quality of service of the networks. Interference Coordination for 5G Cellular Networks is suitable for researchers and advanced students interested in interference coordination or 5G cellular networks.

Interference Mitigation and Energy Management in 5G Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

Author : Yang, Chungang
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522517138
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Interference Mitigation and Energy Management in 5G Heterogeneous Cellular Networks by : Yang, Chungang

Download or read book Interference Mitigation and Energy Management in 5G Heterogeneous Cellular Networks written by Yang, Chungang and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2016-11-22 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, wireless networks have become more ubiquitous and integrated into everyday life. As such, it is increasingly imperative to research new methods to boost cost-effectiveness for spectrum and energy efficiency. Interference Mitigation and Energy Management in 5G Heterogeneous Cellular Networks is a pivotal reference source for the latest research on emerging network architectures and mitigation technology to enhance cellular network performance and dependency. Featuring extensive coverage across a range of relevant perspectives and topics, such as interference alignment, resource allocation, and high-speed mobile environments, this book is ideally designed for engineers, professionals, practitioners, upper-level students, and academics seeking current research on interference and energy management for 5G heterogeneous cellular networks.

Cognitive Interference Management in Heterogeneous Networks

Author : Dania Marabissi
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319201913
Total Pages : 77 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Cognitive Interference Management in Heterogeneous Networks by : Dania Marabissi

Download or read book Cognitive Interference Management in Heterogeneous Networks written by Dania Marabissi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-24 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This brief investigates the role of interference management in Heterogeneous Networks (Het Nets), focusing on cognitive approaches and the use of beamforming. Key concepts of Het Nets are introduced and different deployment strategies are examined, such as sharing the same frequency band of the macro cells or using new high frequency bands. Particular attention is devoted to co-channel deployment and to the problem of interference management, addressing various strategies that can be adopted to handle the interference between the cells. In addition, the brief explores cognitive small cells which are able to avoid or limit interference by using suitable beamforming and resource allocation schemes. The suggested solutions are supported by numerical results in terms of performance evaluations and comparisons.

UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond

Author : Yong Zeng
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119575699
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond by : Yong Zeng

Download or read book UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond written by Yong Zeng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-12-14 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explore foundational and advanced issues in UAV cellular communications with this cutting-edge and timely new resource UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond delivers a comprehensive overview of the potential applications, networking architectures, research findings, enabling technologies, experimental measurement results, and industry standardizations for UAV communications in cellular systems. The book covers both existing LTE infrastructure, as well as future 5G-and-beyond systems. UAV Communications covers a range of topics that will be of interest to students and professionals alike. Issues of UAV detection and identification are discussed, as is the positioning of autonomous aerial vehicles. More fundamental subjects, like the necessary tradeoffs involved in UAV communication are examined in detail. The distinguished editors offer readers an opportunity to improve their ability to plan and design for the near-future, explosive growth in the number of UAVs, as well as the correspondingly demanding systems that come with them. Readers will learn about a wide variety of timely and practical UAV topics, like: Performance measurement for aerial vehicles over cellular networks, particularly with respect to existing LTE performance Inter-cell interference coordination with drones Massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) for Cellular UAV communications, including beamforming, null-steering, and the performance of forward-link C&C channels 3GPP standardization for cellular-supported UAVs, including UAV traffic requirements, channel modeling, and interference challenges Trajectory optimization for UAV communications Perfect for professional engineers and researchers working in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles, UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond also belongs on the bookshelves of students in masters and PhD programs studying the integration of UAVs into cellular communication systems.

Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks

Author : Wen Sun
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000653285
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks by : Wen Sun

Download or read book Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks written by Wen Sun and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-14 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Driven by the ever-increasing amount of mobile data, cellular networks evolve from small cell network to ultra-dense heterogeneous networks, to provide high system capacity and spectrum efficiency. By bringing base stations (BSs) to the approximate spatial scale and number magnitude, ultra-dense heterogeneous networks would definitely bring unprecedented paradigm changes to the network design. Firstly, along with densification of small cells, inter-cell interference becomes severe and may deteriorate performance of mobile users. Assigning network resources including bandwidth and time slots, while avoiding interference, desires serious consideration. Secondly, the coverage area of BSs becomes small and irregular, resulting in much frequent and complicated handovers when mobile users move around. How to ensure continuous communication and implement effective mobility management, and inter-cell resource allocation and cooperation, remains a challenging issue. Thirdly, such dynamic change in spatial dimension enables us to re-investigate available and ongoing communications and networking techniques, such as massive MIMO, CoMP, millimeter waves (mmWaves), carrier aggregation, full duplex radio, and D2D communications. To address the aforementioned challenging research issues, this book will investigate the service and QoE provisioning in ultra-dense heterogeneous networks. In particular, firstly we introduce ultra-dense heterogeneous networks by careful definition regarding spatial deployment, generic characteristics, and requirements of ultra-dense heterogeneous networks in order to ensure QoE of mobile users. Secondly, we depict the resource management among small cells in close proximity, mobility management for mobile users (address the super-frequent handovers), and interference management (dealing with the interference due to frequency-reuse in the vicinity). Thirdly, we study the enabling factors, and the integration of ultra-dense heterogeneous networks with enabling technologies, such as massive-MIMO, cloud-RAN, mmWaves, D2D, IoT. Finally, we conclude the book and indicate future directions and challenges.

UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond

Author : Yong Zeng
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119575729
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond by : Yong Zeng

Download or read book UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond written by Yong Zeng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-12-08 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explore foundational and advanced issues in UAV cellular communications with this cutting-edge and timely new resource UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond delivers a comprehensive overview of the potential applications, networking architectures, research findings, enabling technologies, experimental measurement results, and industry standardizations for UAV communications in cellular systems. The book covers both existing LTE infrastructure, as well as future 5G-and-beyond systems. UAV Communications covers a range of topics that will be of interest to students and professionals alike. Issues of UAV detection and identification are discussed, as is the positioning of autonomous aerial vehicles. More fundamental subjects, like the necessary tradeoffs involved in UAV communication are examined in detail. The distinguished editors offer readers an opportunity to improve their ability to plan and design for the near-future, explosive growth in the number of UAVs, as well as the correspondingly demanding systems that come with them. Readers will learn about a wide variety of timely and practical UAV topics, like: Performance measurement for aerial vehicles over cellular networks, particularly with respect to existing LTE performance Inter-cell interference coordination with drones Massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) for Cellular UAV communications, including beamforming, null-steering, and the performance of forward-link C&C channels 3GPP standardization for cellular-supported UAVs, including UAV traffic requirements, channel modeling, and interference challenges Trajectory optimization for UAV communications Perfect for professional engineers and researchers working in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles, UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond also belongs on the bookshelves of students in masters and PhD programs studying the integration of UAVs into cellular communication systems.

Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

Author : Rose Qingyang Hu
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118555317
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (185 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Heterogeneous Cellular Networks by : Rose Qingyang Hu

Download or read book Heterogeneous Cellular Networks written by Rose Qingyang Hu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-03 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A timely publication providing coverage of radio resourcemanagement, mobility management and standardization inheterogeneous cellular networks The topic of heterogeneous cellular networks has gained momentumin industry and the research community, attracting the attention ofstandardization bodies such as 3GPP LTE and IEEE 802.16j, whoseobjectives are looking into increasing the capacity and coverage ofthe cellular networks. This book focuses on recentprogresses, covering the related topics including scenariosof heterogeneous network deployment, interference management in theheterogeneous network deployment, carrier aggregation in aheterogeneous network, cognitive radio, cell selection/reselectionand load balancing, mobility and handover management, capacity andcoverage optimization for heterogeneous networks, trafficmanagement and congestion control. This book enables readers to better understand the technicaldetails and performance gains that are madepossible by this state-of-the-art technology. It contains theinformation necessary for researchers and engineers wishing tobuild and deploy highly efficient wireless networks themselves. Toenhance this practical understanding, the book is structured tosystematically lead the reader through a series of case-studies ofreal world scenarios. Key features: Presents this new paradigm in cellular network domain: aheterogeneous network containing network nodes with differentcharacteristics such as transmission power and RF coveragearea Provides a clear approach by containing tables, illustrations,industry case studies, tutorials and examples to cover the relatedtopics Includes new research results and state-of-the-arttechnological developments and implementation issues

Massive MIMO in 5G Networks: Selected Applications

Author : Long Zhao
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319684094
Total Pages : 93 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Massive MIMO in 5G Networks: Selected Applications by : Long Zhao

Download or read book Massive MIMO in 5G Networks: Selected Applications written by Long Zhao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-21 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SpringerBrief focuses mainly on the basic theory and applications of massive MIMO in 5G networks. The significance of massive MIMO for 5G or future communications is first briefly discussed. Then, the basic theory of massive MIMO technology is comprehensively analyzed, i.e., a variety of 5G scenarios and their improvements are described when massive MIMO is taken into account. Art physical-layer techniques and various networking techniques for interference mitigation and resource scheduling are introduced as well. This SpringerBrief also examines the selected applications of massive MIMO in 5G networks, i.e., massive MIMO-aided millimeter communications and energy transfer. The physical-layer design, multiple access control (MAC) mechanism and networking techniques are discussed for millimeter-wave communications aided by massive MIMO technology. Then, massive MIMO is covered for hybrid information and energy transfer. A downlink precoder and a uplink pilot scheme is proposed for single cell networks, and both non-cooperative and cooperative energy transfer in multi-cell are presented. Communication researchers in the area of MIMO technology, as well as researchers and practitioners working in millimeter communications and energy transfer seeking new research topics, and topic areas with communication system design, centralized and distributed algorithms, will find this brief useful as a reference. Advanced-level students studying communication engineering will also find this book useful as a secondary text.

Game-theoretic Interference Coordination Approaches for Dynamic Spectrum Access

Author : Yuhua Xu
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811000247
Total Pages : 93 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Game-theoretic Interference Coordination Approaches for Dynamic Spectrum Access by : Yuhua Xu

Download or read book Game-theoretic Interference Coordination Approaches for Dynamic Spectrum Access written by Yuhua Xu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-09 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by experts in the field, this book is based on recent research findings in dynamic spectrum access for cognitive radio networks. It establishes a game-theoretic framework and presents cutting-edge technologies for distributed interference coordination. With game-theoretic formulation and the designed distributed learning algorithms, it provides insights into the interactions between multiple decision-makers and the converging stable states. Researchers, scientists and engineers in the field of cognitive radio networks will benefit from the book, which provides valuable information, useful methods and practical algorithms for use in emerging 5G wireless communication.

Interference and Resource Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Author : Jiandong Li
Publisher : Artech House
ISBN 13 : 1630815098
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Interference and Resource Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks by : Jiandong Li

Download or read book Interference and Resource Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks written by Jiandong Li and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative resource offers a comprehensive overview of heterogeneous wireless networks, small cells, and device-to-device (D2D) communications. The book provides insight into network modeling and performance analysis of heterogeneous wireless networks. Interference management framework and design issues are covered as well as details about resource mobility, channel models, and typical and statistical interference modeling. This resource explains leveraging resource heterogeneity in interference mitigation and presents the challenges and feasible solutions for concurrent transmission. Moreover, complete coverage of interference alignment in MIMO heterogeneous networks for both downlink and uplink is presented. This book provides performance results for an ideal partially connected interference network as well as a practical heterogeneous network. Readers find practical guidance for LTE and LTE-Advanced as well as 5G in this resource. New techniques and designs for heterogeneous wireless networks are included.

Fundamentals of 5G Mobile Networks

Author : Jonathan Rodriguez
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118867521
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Fundamentals of 5G Mobile Networks by : Jonathan Rodriguez

Download or read book Fundamentals of 5G Mobile Networks written by Jonathan Rodriguez and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-22 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of 5G Mobile Networks provides an overview of the key features of the 5th Generation (5G) mobile networks, discussing the motivation for 5G and the main challenges in developing this new technology. This book provides an insight into the key areas of research that will define this new system technology paving the path towards future research and development. The book is multi-disciplinary in nature, and aims to cover a whole host of intertwined subjects that will predominantly influence the 5G landscape, including the future Internet, cloud computing, small cells and self-organizing networks (SONs), cooperative communications, dynamic spectrum management and cognitive radio, Broadcast-Broadband convergence , 5G security challenge, and green RF. This book aims to be the first of its kind towards painting a holistic perspective on 5G Mobile, allowing 5G stakeholders to capture key technology trends on different layering domains and to identify potential inter-disciplinary design aspects that need to be solved in order to deliver a 5G Mobile system that operates seamlessly.

Backhauling / Fronthauling for Future Wireless Systems

Author : Kazi Mohammed Saidul Huq
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119170362
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Backhauling / Fronthauling for Future Wireless Systems by : Kazi Mohammed Saidul Huq

Download or read book Backhauling / Fronthauling for Future Wireless Systems written by Kazi Mohammed Saidul Huq and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-09-26 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent widespread use of mobile Internet together with the advent of numerous smart applications has led to the explosive growth of the mobile data traffic in the last few years. This momentum of mobile traffic will continue due to the emerging needs of connecting people, machines, and applications through mobile infrastructure. As a result, the current and projected dramatic growth of mobile data traffic necessitates the development of fifth-generation (5G) mobile communications technology. As a result, there is significant interest in the development of innovative backhaul and fronthaul solutions for ultra-dense heterogeneous networks. This book brings together mobile stakeholders from academia and industry to identify and promote technical challenges and recent results related to smart backhaul/fronthaul research for future communication system such as 5G. Moreover, it presents a comprehensive analysis on different types of backhaul/fronthaul technology and topology. It considers already available topology for backhauling/fronthauling and explains all fundamental requirements for deploying future smart and efficient backhauling/fronthauling infrastructure from an architectural, technical and business point of view and presents real life applications and use cases. Expanding on standardization activities, this book consists of multiple channels on specific research topics. The chapters are logically organized as the authors approach the subject from overview to specifics and from a lower to higher layer direction.

Interference Mitigation in Device-to-Device Communications

Author : Masood Ur Rehman
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111978879X
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Interference Mitigation in Device-to-Device Communications by : Masood Ur Rehman

Download or read book Interference Mitigation in Device-to-Device Communications written by Masood Ur Rehman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-03-21 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explore this insightful foundational resource for academics and industry professionals dealing with the move toward intelligent devices and networks Interference Mitigation in Device-to-Device Communications delivers a thorough discussion of device-to-device (D2D) and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications as solutions to the proliferation of ever more data hungry devices being attached to wireless networks. The book explores the use of D2D and M2M technologies as a key enabling component of 5G networks. It brings together a multidisciplinary team of contributors in fields like wireless communications, signal processing, and antenna design. The distinguished editors have compiled a collection of resources that practically and accessibly address issues in the development, integration, and enhancement of D2D systems to create an interference-free network. This book explores the complications posed by the restriction of device form-factors and the co-location of several electronic components in a small space, as well as the proximity of legacy systems operating in similar frequency bands. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to device-to-device communication, including its history and development over the last decade, network architecture, standardization issues, and regulatory and licensing hurdles An exploration of interference mitigation in device-to-device communication underlaying LTE-A networks A rethinking of device-to-device interference mitigation, including discussions of the challenges posed by the proliferation of devices An analysis of user pairing for energy efficient device-to-device content dissemination Perfect for researchers, academics, and industry professionals working on 5G networks, Interference Mitigation in Device-to-Device Communications will also earn a place in the libraries of undergraduate, graduate, and PhD students conducting research into wireless communications and applications, as well as policy makers and communications industry regulators.

Mobile Networks and Management

Author : Seng W. Loke
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030640027
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Mobile Networks and Management by : Seng W. Loke

Download or read book Mobile Networks and Management written by Seng W. Loke and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-12-21 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed post-conference proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Mobile Networks and Management, MONAMI 2020, held in Chiba, Japan, in November 2020. The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The 19 full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 41 submissions. The papers are divided into groups of content as follows: Application of artificial intelligence for smart city; Advanced technology in edge computing; Recent advances in mobile communications and computing; Emerging technologies and applications in mobile networks and management.

Towards 5G Wireless Networks

Author : Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535128337
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Towards 5G Wireless Networks by : Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki

Download or read book Towards 5G Wireless Networks written by Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-12-14 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book intends to provide highlights of the current research topics in the field of 5G and to offer a snapshot of the recent advances and major issues faced today by the researchers in the 5G physical layer perspective. Various aspects of 5G system is deeply discussed (in three parts and ten chapters) with emphasis on its physical layer. Each chapter provides a comprehensive survey of the subject area and ends with a rich list of references to provide an in-depth coverage of the application at hand.

Intelligent Data Communication Technologies and Internet of Things

Author : D. Jude Hemanth
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030340805
Total Pages : 781 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Intelligent Data Communication Technologies and Internet of Things by : D. Jude Hemanth

Download or read book Intelligent Data Communication Technologies and Internet of Things written by D. Jude Hemanth and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-10 with total page 781 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the emerging advances in distributed communication systems, big data, intelligent computing and Internet of Things, presenting state-of-the-art research in frameworks, algorithms, methodologies, techniques and applications associated with data engineering and wireless distributed communication technologies. In addition, it discusses potential topics like performance analysis, wireless communication networks, data security and privacy, human computer interaction, 5G Networks, and smart automated systems, which will provide insights for the evolving data communication technologies. In a nutshell, this proceedings book compiles novel and high-quality research that offers innovative solutions for communications in IoT networks.

Information Theoretic Perspectives on 5G Systems and Beyond

Author : Shlomo Shamai (Shitz)
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108416470
Total Pages : 767 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Information Theoretic Perspectives on 5G Systems and Beyond by : Shlomo Shamai (Shitz)

Download or read book Information Theoretic Perspectives on 5G Systems and Beyond written by Shlomo Shamai (Shitz) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-05-05 with total page 767 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understand key information-theoretic principles that underpin the design of next-generation cellular systems with this invaluable resource. This book is the perfect tool for researchers and graduate students in the field of information theory and wireless communications, as well as for practitioners in the telecommunications industry.